1198:
889:
184:
195:
1365:
824:, and other "puppets of the Entente", as a political expediency against counterrevolution. He also suggested that Bolshevik "despotism" was preferable to either anarchism or liberal democracy. In his letter to Rolland, he referred to the Bolshevik insurgency as "the eldest daughter" of France's 1789 uprising. Such theorizing did not quell the Bolsheviks' suspicion: Lenin "didn't think much" of Sadoul, and merely referred to him as an agent of "French imperialism". Vaucher claims that Trotsky and other high-ranking Bolsheviks "speak of Sadoul with an ironic smile" but "put him to good use." Sadoul's "weakness in front of discerning politicians such as Trotsky" is also noted by Lejeune.
28:
569:
728:
historian also highlights Lenin's own commentary on the news: "Please add my vote to those who are in favor of receiving food and weapons from the AngloâFrench imperialist robbers." Scholar Jean Delmas notes that the
Bolshevik pledge to the Entente "rested solely on the personality of Trotsky": "even Sadoul acknowledged that Lenin wrote off any military adventure." According to researcher Dominique Lejeune, Niessel's offer of assistance was itself unconvincing, and mutual trust was sabotaged by the
4480:
801:
1002:" and complained that it was splitting the Communist Group. Serge recalls that the Group's was "completely demoralized" by the GuilbeauxâSadoul conflict. He contrasts the two as irreconcilable characters: Guilbeaux was a "failure", while Sadoul embodied "a great charmer, a splendid raconteur, a sybarite, and a cool careerist to boot." Later that year, his Thomas diaries were published by Ăditions de la SirĂšne of Paris, as
1473:. His erstwhile friend Serge, who stood by Trotsky, claimed that Sadoul was corrupted, quoting his quip to the Opposition leaders: "They're not going to eat you alive, why even get yourself persecuted? Life is so beautiful!" In 1930, Pascal returned to France, to work strictly in the academic field. He privately decried Soviet rule, arguing: "No regime has ever been a regime of lies to this extent."
876:". According to Body, his typographers included Menshevik opponents of the Commissars' government. The editorial staff also refused to publish official Bolshevik statistics after Pascal discovered that these had been faked. These hesitations caused a rift within the Group: Sadoul, who fought for leadership against Pascal, denounced the latter to the
1102:, it showed that the SFIO was "duping" its voters, and adopting the "hateful principles of the Lenins and the Trotskys". As noted by historian Nicolas Texier, "the will of certain socialist to maintain the unity of the left" by granting eligible positions to Sadoul and other Bolsheviks cemented in France the notion of a "Red Peril".
1610:. In a show of solidarity with Serge, Trotsky referred to Sadoul as a "servile philistine" and a hypocrite: "The Comintern is doomed to destruction. The Sadouls will desert the sinking ship like rats." Rosmer, who had praised Sadoul's work in 1918, observed that his 1937 dispatches from Moscow were "grossly mendacious".
955:(Comintern, or "Third International"). Welcoming the Asian delegates at a public rally on December 5, he voiced his hope for a socialist revolution in France, and suggested that the Communist Group take over representation of French interests in Moscow. He was then dispatched, together with others, to assist the
1715:
On April 29, 1945, Sadoul was elected Mayor of Sainte-Maxime. In this capacity, he confiscated the Villa
Massilia, owned by a collaborationist, and assigned it to the Union of Jews for Resistance and Mutual Aid, which turned it into a haven for the orphans of the Holocaust. He was working on his last
718:
remained the only credible obstacle to German advances in the East. Both
Trotsky and Sadoul believed that the stage was set for an understanding between the "Russian bourgeoisie" and the Germans, which made the Bolsheviks natural allies of France. In his letters to Thomas, Sadoul also argued that the
713:
Reportedly, Sadoul insisted to accompany
Niessel as the latter decided to return to France, but he was ordered to stay behind and assist Niessel's replacement, General Bernard Lavergne. Lavergne resented Sadoul's radicalized socialism. Nevertheless, he also pledged assistance for Trotsky, noting that
1193:
in Paris, noting that the confiscation of Sadoul's belongings by the French state had left her without an income. Jacques' brother Marcel had also settled in Moscow to do business, and worked as a
Belgian representative in the Russian capital. According to his own words, he was "full of sympathy for
723:
on the
Western Front. Decades later, he noted that "despite their caste hatred for the regime of the masses, most of these officers still understood the material usefulness of partaking in the construction of a new Russian army, one sooner or later capable of resuming the fight against Germany,
727:
According to Ulam, such notions reveal Sadoul as "one of the world's greatest optimists: how could a few Allied military specialists reorganize an army that did not exist?" Ulam describes Sadoul as "rather foolish", and sees his reading of the temporary FrancoâRussian alliance as "idiotic". The
1420:
charged with sedition against French rule. However, in July, the bar association stripped him of his membership following a complaint addressed by a group of lawyers and war veterans. He was readmitted in
February 1927, the bar having decided that the authorship of his propaganda tracts was in
852:
During those months, Sadoul refused to return and complete his service in the French Army, although he later claimed that he had never received his orders. The People's
Commissars dissolved the French mission, but Sadoul remained in Moscow, sharing a villa with Pascal (their landlord was a
844:
movement, recording the spread of sex communes, but was reassured by
Trotsky that these "were not to be taken seriously." His other letters comprise ample praises of Bolshevik policies in culture, art, and science. His other enthusiastic reflections on such topics were published in 1918 as
1017:
Eventually, Sadoul was expelled from the
Communist Group, but without losing his faith in Bolshevism. Also in 1919, he prefaced a propaganda brochure by Serge, in which he announced to the French proletariat that: "Capitalist society is definitely doomed. The war and its consequences, the
1056:. During the FrancoâRussian deliberations, he claimed that the French captives were volunteers in the Red Army and would not be released before fulfilling their duty. Such news renewed the scandal in France, and, in October, Sadoul became the subject of a military inquiry. He was tried
1109:
noted at the time: "in coming up with Sadoul, present themselves as a target for chauvinistic passions, without gaining much; this Sadoul would be a nobody in Paris were it not for his stay in Russia." Bolshevism and Sadoul's candidacy also alienated moderate leftists from the
827:
Over the following years, Sadoul remained a major admirer of Trotsky, celebrating his great capacity for work and intellectual achievements. In his view, Trotsky represented the Revolution's "soul of steel". The former French captain also met other Bolsheviks of note, including
1384:. Thomas and Rakovsky were present as defense witnesses. The latter stated that Sadoul "never participated in Soviet governance". The defense also introduced a letter from Trotsky, which claimed that Sadoul had been the only "good-faith member" of the military mission.
1375:
The PCF initially took distance from Sadoul, claiming that he was merely a party sympathizer and that his return was spontaneous, but, faced with public uproar, acknowledged his membership. In early 1925, Sadoul was retried for desertion by the War Council of the
1185:, explains that Sadoul was still formally a SFIO member and his only other credentials were from the Communist Group. The decision angered Radek, who also "detested Guilbeaux for personal reasons". In the end, both Sadoul and Guilbeaux were given half-mandates.
1437:
as a PCF man, but finished third. Soon after, Sadoul found himself marginalized within the PCF, which excluded from promotion those cadres that had been directly involved in Soviet politics. Subsequently, he worked mainly as a foreign correspondent for
1638:(intended for Daladier's notice), he blamed the Pact on France's "excessive distrust" of the Soviets. He suggested that the Allies could win back the support of Moscow by showing their readiness "to fight a total war" against Nazism. Historian
1039:
also noted that Sadoul had no redeeming contribution to the repatriation of French hostages in Russia. Together with another expatriate, the Marquis Delafarre, he acted as a Red Army recruiter among the captured French soldiers. In July,
509:âthe last vote before the outbreak of World War I later that summer. For the next three years, he stood on the SFIO's center, but was sympathetic to its far-left wing, the "Committee for the Resumption of International Relations".
1720:("Birth of the USSR"). Published in 1946 by Ăditions Charlot, it revisited his own contribution to the 1917 events, with Sadoul taking credit for General Niessel's departure from Petrograd. According to the Catholic magazine
540:. The ThomasâSadoul link remained especially strong, to the point where observers called him "Thomas' personal informant" or "Thomas' creature". For the next year, Sadoul was to keep a political diary, described by historian
868:. Due to shortages, it originally had only two pages per issue, and was printed on wrapping paper. Although introduced as the "organ of the French communists in Moscow", it was not fully Bolshevik in tone. The revolutionary
1188:
Although still legally married, Sadoul took an official mistress. Unaware of this liaison, Yvonne left for Moscow in May 1920, arriving there just as Sadoul's Russian son was about to be born. In January 1921, she sued for
402:
Finally moving back to France in 1924, and acquitted upon retrial, Sadoul remained at the center of controversy. He joined the PCF, but failed to win any elections, and was generally marginalized by the party leadership. A
1194:
Bolshevism, but not a communist". However, he criticized the Soviet regime for its bureaucracy and for keeping "the bulk of its population in misery"; Jacques Sadoul and Pierre Pascal were dismissive of such observations.
632:. Sadoul believed that Trotsky intended to share power with the Mensheviks. Recording Trotsky's modest demeanor, he claims that the Commissar had moved out of his home because the concierge threatened to have him killed.
1395:, he remained heckled and disgraced. Having obtained readmission into the bar association, he was involved in a fistfight with some of his anti-communist colleagues, then physically assaulted during a political rally in
1168:
During the Comintern's negotiations with the SFIO, Sadoul approved of maintaining the unity of the party and of not stripping moderates of their membership. However, he played a part in expelling from Russia the SFIO's
1533:
1321:. Rather than promising social reforms, the Cartel focused on symbolic causes, including amnesty for Sadoul, which was also one of the PCF's key demands. On December 3, Sadoul reentered France through Belgium, just as
1361:. At the time, Renoult announced that Herriot was ready to use his pardoning power in case Senate refused to pass the law. Sadoul himself made clear his intent of standing trial, and employed Berthon as his lawyer.
4509:
3325:
1690:, Sadoul returned to his old stances. In December 1944, he spoke out in support of a new pact between France and the Soviet Union, and castigated Laval and his regime for having broken the earlier one. Writing in
1018:
impossibility, given the resources available to us, of resolving the new problems, have cleared the way for the victorious march of the Third International." Other such pieces by him and Pascal were carried in
693:. Sadoul held the Entente's "shortsightedness" as the main cause of this pact. General Niessel's mission was not evacuated from Petrograd, but continued to negotiate its retreat with Trotsky, who took over as
676:
948:) among the French troops. The French commanders recorded that the effect of such work was pervasive and infuriating, leading them to capture and execute the Communist Group's Jeanne Labourde in retaliation.
1177:. As he put it: "Many whose conscience is clearer have had to be shot." Sadoul himself was stripped of his delegate position at the Comintern, in favor of Guilbeaux, and demoted to a consultative office.
4514:
1302:" strategy, were circulated by Longuet at the SFIO Congress of 1923, and taken as proof that the PCF was to be mistrusted. The PCF intended to present Sadoul and Guilbeaux as its main candidates in the
1197:
544:
as "elegantly composed in the form of letters addressed to his French protector and fellow Socialist, Albert Thomas." Other Frenchmen also joined Sadoul in his diplomatic effort, including Lieutenant
4559:
1010:. The publication was advised by Lenin himself, after copies of the letters had been seized from Sadoul during a random house-search. Nevertheless, as a record of Russian life under communism, the
697:. During such talks, Sadoul offered French material support for the Bolsheviks, prompting Niessel to suspect that his subordinate was turning communist, being "very much influenced by Trotsky."
1033:
Sadoul's work for the Red Army and the Comintern was branded a treasonous act in France, particularly after revelations about his activities in the Ukraine. In January 1919, a source quoted by
4524:
782:, and also taken up in the Bolshevik press. The Swiss correspondent Robert Vaucher read it and concluded: " is an irreducible Bolshevist in French uniform." Nevertheless, a Swiss newspaper,
4624:
1244:. Like Serge, he felt emotional about the demise of "this peasant Party of significance", his intervention ensuring that no SRs were executed. In September, Sadoul prepared for a trip to
277:
1118:. As a result, the Bloc came first across the countryâSadoul himself won some 41,300 votes, short of the threshold. The news was welcomed in Europe's right-wing circles: the Romanian
888:
1755:, survived her husband by almost five decades, dying in 1993, aged 103 or 104. Their direct descendants include great-grandson Eric Lemonnier, a Paris psychiatrist specializing in
3300:
Parti socialiste (Section Française de l'Internationale OuvriÚre). XXIe CongrÚs national: 30, 31 janvier, 1-2-3 février 1924. Rapports de la Commission administrative permanente
4193:
4634:
1998:
4544:
1182:
46:
3318:
612:, stating its intention to withdraw from the "imperialistic" war. Not dissuaded by the events, both Niessel and Sadoul gave free lectures on the French war effort at the
4604:
1676:
418:
379:, and then to Germany, where he set up communist cells. Sadoul also mediated between the International and the SFIO's left-wing, attracting members for what became the
1642:
argues that, with Sadoul's help, Stalin sought to downplay his Nazi alliance as a "reversible strategy", and therefore to alleviate the fears of Herriot and Daladier.
1391:
closed the file on a second charge against the former Captain, that of "collaboration with the enemy". Although he was received back into the Army and assigned to the
4619:
1540:
Yvonne and Ary Sadoul returned to Russia as guests of the VOKS later in the 1930s. They both worked as artists and scenic designers. Noted for his earlier work with
532:. What Thomas hoped to obtain from Sadoul was a direct line of communication between the SFIO and the various socialist groups which either supported or opposed the
4659:
4654:
1579:âthis barrage of anti-fascist parties was disliked by Thorez, who still centered his discourse on criticism of the SFIO. He returned to the Soviet Union during the
297:
123:
3694:
1364:
4639:
1237:
1122:
noted the socialists' "brazenness" in putting up "the traitor Sadoul"; the results, he argued, showed that "the fatherland ideal" prevailed over the Comintern.
647:
against the Germans. Trotsky used his services to send out parallel offers to the Entente, in exchange for international recognition. In February 1918, as the
1217:(December 1920), of which Yvonne Sadoul was a secretary. At the time, Captain Sadoul was in Germany, returning to Moscow in 1921 on the same convoy as Radek,
771:
605:
376:
337:
200:
4519:
2131:
1045:
1399:. In March 1926, he spoke about Russian intellectual life for the French learned societies. The event ended in a brawl provoked by the far-right youth of
764:
639:
for a peace deal, but the negotiations stalled when the Bolsheviks were confronted with the enemy's demands. Sadoul was enthusiastic about peace through
4644:
2003:
1560:
4614:
1735:
Having lost his mayor's office in 1947, Sadoul spent nine more years in retirement. He died on November 18, 1956. His conversations with journalist
1725:
490:
944:. The Russian government dispatched Sadoul, by then an officer in the Red Army, on a mission to spread anti-war and mutinous propaganda (including
4649:
1866:
251:
4564:
3022:
1606:, with attacks on Serge. The latter defended himself against Sadoul's allegations, including that he was a careerist who had supported violent
1544:, Ary died at age 28 in December 1936, of cancer or tuberculosis. He was survived by wife Marie-ZĂ©line, youngest daughter of the art historian
1249:
4609:
4569:
4353:
4232:
4214:
4097:
4061:
4011:
3987:
3876:
3044:
2833:
2323:
1311:
671:, who agreed to fight under a communist banner "to secure the defeat of Germany". Despite Sadoul's interventions, Lenin refused to work with
1885:
528:, where he arrived in late September 1917, leaving behind his wife and son. He reached Russia by way of Scotland and Sweden, crossing in at
4549:
1082:
On November 7, 1919, Sadoul was ultimately sentenced to death. This did not prevent the SFIO from putting him up as a top candidate in the
617:
1068:
described as "a precedent for the attitude of Allied and associated powers toward other nationals who have aided the Bolsheviki [
1026:; Sadoul contributed an introduction to Souvarine's essay on the Comintern. He centered his polemics against the SFIO representatives in
4629:
1154:
1134:
4599:
4574:
1531:. Urging Prokofiev to sever his links with the Whites and presenting him with the speeches of Lenin, Sadoul inspired him to write the
702:
694:
27:
4447:
4422:
4401:
4336:
4299:
4278:
4221:
Le triangle impossible. Les relations franco-soviĂ©tiques et le facteur polonais dans les questions de sĂ©curitĂ© en Europe (1924â1935)
3809:
3206:
2736:
836:. He describes Kollontai as "seductive", and, Ulam recounts, left "solicitous" records of her affair with the "ferocious" Bolshevik
1595:, Sadoul defended the legality and accuracy of the trials, citing "irrefutable proof" that the defendants were "common criminals".
1434:
956:
585:
4529:
4201:
Jean Delmas, "La paix de Brest-Litovsk et le maintien en Russie de la mission militaire française", in Jean-Marc Delaunay (ed.),
1516:
1477:
1303:
1083:
729:
506:
396:
991:. Overall, his activity was minimal, as he could speak neither Russian nor German (the two working languages of the Comintern).
568:
4594:
872:, who spent time attending the Communist Group's sessions, Pascal was more inclined to support the anarchists and Kollontai's "
763:, who told him that Bolshevism was being infected by "impure and dangerous elements", and, Sadoul claims, plotted his very own
3887:
Sabine Dullin, "L'Union soviĂ©tique et la France Ă un tournant: conjoncture extĂ©rieure et Ă©volution interne en 1936â1937", in
3801:
533:
517:
309:
3707:, Vol. 151, Issue 4598, June 1928, p. 15; "DerniĂšre heure. Mgr Cerretti obtient gain de cause contre M. Jacques Sadoul", in
3527:"DerniÚre heure. Trois des manifestants qui «sabotÚrent» une réunion ou M. Sadoul devait parler ont comparu en justice", in
1387:
Sadoul was ultimately acquitted, and, reportedly, was due to participate in FrenchâSoviet negotiations. By August 1925, the
933:
929:
629:
372:
4589:
4539:
4534:
2315:
1444:, briefly returning to the Soviet Union during the celebration of the October Revolution. He was an official guest of the
1233:
976:
897:
821:
1663:, which, he argued, concentrated "the most clairvoyant and proud among us." His wife had escaped the country, and was in
4584:
4382:
Dmitry Shlapentokh, "The French and Russian Revolutions as Observed by Foreign Witnesses of the Russian Revolution", in
3691:
1929:
1764:
1481:
1406:
1358:
939:
609:
1619:
292:; May 22, 1881 â November 18, 1956), was a French lawyer, communist politician, and writer, one of the founders of the
4291:
690:
656:
648:
557:
234:
4370:
EncyclopĂ©die socialiste, syndicale et coopĂ©rative de l'Internationale ouvriĂšre; 3, 9â12. La France socialiste. Tome 3
4258:
Romain Ducoulombier, "Le premier communisme français (1917â1925). Un homme nouveau pour rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rer le socialisme", in
3514:
719:
Bolshevik regime hoped to undo Brest-Litovsk, and therefore cheered for the AngloâAmericanâFrench forces during the
520:, appointed Sadoul as his Undersecretary of State for Artillery. Thomas obtained that Sadoul be assigned to General
4579:
4270:
1392:
1126:
494:
485:. Their son, Ary, was born in 1908. Jacques soon entered party politics, joining the SFIO. He was its secretary in
417:
maintain contacts with the French establishment, and represented Soviet interests in France. He was pressured into
313:
4554:
4206:
3353:
3251:
3110:
2698:
2443:
2241:
2079:
1332:. He was welcomed in the home of industrialist Albert Vidal, who had been his friend since before the world war.
4164:
3106:
Moscow in Leninâs Days: 1920â21. Chapter XI: Among the Delegates to the Second Congress of the Communist Int'n'l
1671:, Sadoul was arrested by the Nazis but released upon the intervention of Vichy dignitary (and former PCF cadre)
1507:, where, in 1931, he defended in court a group of sailors that had been accused of mutiny. Living mainly on the
1086:, on its list for the Second Sector of Paris. He was rejected by most of the local socialists, but supported by
668:
4414:
4003:
3852:
2956:"«L'ennemi intérieur»: l'armée et le Parti communiste français de la Libération aux débuts de la guerre froide"
1672:
1322:
1030:, accusing them of corruption and moderation, while publishing eulogistic portraits of the Russian Bolsheviks.
672:
513:
481:, and a reserve officer, Sadoul married Yvonne Mezzara (born 1889), who was distantly related to the historian
467:
305:
2994:
2339:"DerniĂšre heure. Deux anciens ministres, un ambassadeur des soviets deposent en faveur de Jacques Sadoul", in
1253:
3900:
Catherine Lemagnen, "La diffusion des procÚs de Moscou en France: un exemple de «glasnost'» stalinienne", in
2633:"Sadoul est arrĂȘtĂ©. L'Ex-capitaine a Ă©tĂ© apprĂ©hendĂ© rue Jouffroy par le directeur de la SĂ»retĂ© GĂ©nĂ©rale", in
1591:
were being used by the prosecution as evidence of Bukharin's "bourgeois" ideas. In a February 1937 letter to
4245:
3198:
2173:
1459:
1377:
1371:
taking the stand as a hostile witness during Sadoul's 1925 retrial. Sadoul is sitting in the defendants' box
1174:
952:
784:
720:
686:
459:
425:
during World War II, but openly returned to communism in 1944, and ended his career in politics as mayor of
341:
293:
2822:
The Disarmament of Hatred: Marc Sangnier, French Catholicism and the Legacy of the First World War, 1914â45
2795:
Yves Santamaria, "Passions pacifistes et violence révolutionnaire aux origines du communisme français", in
2075:
Moscou sous LĂ©nine. VIII: Moscou. Au ComitĂ© exĂ©cutif de l'Internationale Communiste SadoulâRadekâBoukharine
1173:âhe accused Lafont of not wanting to divulge information he had received about the Polish maneuvers in the
805:
545:
360:
4460:
4224:
3962:
3765:"Une intĂ©ressante affiche. OĂč l'on voit ce que rapporte Ă ses exploiteurs la dĂ©fense des prolĂ©taires", in
3164:
3058:
2307:
1760:
1631:
1576:
1568:
1396:
1295:
1285:
1142:
1115:
972:
873:
854:
502:
380:
356:
131:
127:
65:
1862:
RGâ43.029M. Inventaire analytique de 202 cotes des archives concernant les camps d'internement du Loiret
1618:
In August 1939, shortly before the start of World War II, France and the PCF were shocked by news of the
1087:
4147:
4024:
2285:
1450:
1430:
1307:
1125:
Meanwhile, Sadoul left his Ukrainian post and again headed for Berlin, where he tried to reorganize the
1111:
652:
537:
321:
188:
101:
1150:
613:
4504:
4499:
1639:
1485:
1257:
664:
3567:, February 18, 1926, p. 2; "Le conseil de l'ordre des avocats décide la radiation de M. Sadoul", in
3266:
1860:
4304:
3865:
The Modernist Imagination:Essays in Intellectual History and Critical Theory in Honor of Martin Jay
3271:
1752:
1748:
1724:, its description of the Soviet state was "too beautiful to be true", as the revelations about the
1703:
1687:
1627:
1607:
1603:
1346:
1130:
905:
833:
760:
752:
593:
549:
447:
3975:
1841:
L. F., "Une affaire a élucider: Les bolsheviks français de Moscou. Sadoul, Pascal, Delafarre", in
1549:
705:, was more suspicious than Niessel, believing Sadoul to be an agent for the Bolshevik government.
3953:
3502:"Le traßtre Sadoul chassé du Quartier latin par les étudiants d'A.F. et les camelots du Roi", in
2825:
2073:
1455:
1417:
1318:
1306:, but the authorities censured this move; the communist list was consequently changed to include
1206:
1041:
581:
325:
241:
2692:
2437:
1325:
1273:
1256:
issued a warning for the Comintern not to get involved. Around 1923, he was again in Berlin, at
443:
2235:
1298:
as a ruse by the French industrial lobby. His other articles, outlining the core ideas of the "
4464:
4443:
4418:
4397:
4373:
4349:
4332:
4295:
4283:
4274:
4249:
4228:
4210:
4057:
4007:
3983:
3872:
3805:
3709:
3597:
3582:
3563:
3548:
3529:
3508:
3489:
3414:
3357:
3286:
3245:
3228:
3202:
3040:
2829:
2732:
2608:
2341:
2319:
1843:
1736:
1683:
1635:
1497:
1058:
1035:
1027:
984:
817:
751:'s call to terrorist action against the Commissars. By April 1918, Sadoul was frequenting the
748:
679:
391:
352:
246:
1527:, for which he was attacked as a hypocrite in the press. He rented this home to the composer
4484:
4411:
The Bolsheviks: The Intellectual and Political History of the Triumph of Communism in Russia
4394:"Da Proudhon a Lenin" e "L'Europa sotto la tormenta". In appendice Lettres Ă Mario Missiroli
4320:
3752:
3737:
3323:. Le Parti communiste français, les travailleurs immigrĂ©s, et l'anti-impĂ©rialisme (1920â24)"
2900:
1699:
1646:
1588:
1584:
1528:
1496:, where he addressed the railway workers. Reportedly, their trade union was banned from the
1190:
1162:
1146:
1091:
1064:
951:
Upon his return to Moscow, Sadoul became directly implicated in the effort to establish the
901:
813:
744:
733:
698:
644:
573:
486:
317:
301:
281:
4102:
1290:
971:. In March 1919, Sadoul was a co-founder of the Comintern, representing a still-to-be-born
385:
4452:
4308:
4237:
3698:
3329:
3104:
1470:
1413:
1401:
1350:
1261:
1241:
1019:
995:
921:
853:
prestigious architect). Together with other exiles, they founded the politically unstable
800:
474:
463:
364:
1667:, a Free French haven, before moving to California. According to a testimony in court by
1630:
cabinet; meanwhile, other communists voluntarily broke with Stalinism and sided with the
1354:
988:
4358:
J. Kim Munholland, "The French Army and Intervention in Southern Russia, 1918â1919", in
3372:"Movement Politique et Social. Le Parti communiste formule à son tour ses volontés", in
442:
The son of a magistrate, Sadoul was born in Paris on May 22, 1881. He was an alumnus of
4341:
4039:
3868:
3457:
2231:
1695:
1623:
1592:
1508:
1342:
1214:
1202:
1133:. In the early months of 1920, he acted as instructor of SFIO members who attended the
1007:
829:
779:
775:
660:
636:
597:
333:
4079:
1555:
During the mid 1930s, Sadoul served as a direct link between the Soviet diplomats and
1229:. In 1922, reinstated by the Comintern, he was admitted into its executive committee.
4493:
4389:
4365:
3860:
3100:
2122:
2069:
1938:
1580:
1552:. She was herself involved with the PCF, which also organized Ary's funeral service.
1545:
1524:
1523:. He only won 1,800 votes. Sadoul acquired a luxurious villa and other properties in
1466:
1368:
1178:
1170:
1138:
1106:
917:
913:
909:
861:
837:
640:
521:
455:
426:
149:
580:
Upon arrival, Sadoul noticed "the desire for an immediate peace, at any cost". The
451:
4169:
3653:
3314:
3241:
2688:
2433:
1668:
1656:
1626:
took up the defense of Soviet policies, and consequently the PCF was banned by the
1556:
1512:
1489:
1329:
1299:
869:
789:
621:
498:
482:
422:
414:
345:
2747:
Munholland, pp. 49â50. See also Elwood, pp. 225â226; Langevin & Cogniot, p. 10
1337:
1095:
3412:"M. René Renoult fait des réserves au sujet de l'amnistie de Jacques Sadoul", in
4439:
3856:
3442:
3345:
2439:
Year One of the Russian Revolution. The Famine and the Czechoslovak Intervention
1660:
1572:
1409:. The latter was found guilty of assault and sentenced to six months in prison.
1218:
1049:
999:
229:
3829:
Sabine Dullin, "Les ambassades soviétiques en Europe dans les années 1930", in
4000:
A Pact with Vichy: Angelo Tasca from Italian Socialism to French Collaboration
3703:
2724:
1708:
1651:
1520:
1381:
1281:
1222:
1158:
329:
816:, Sadoul was one of the first foreign observers to compare the Bolshevik and
344:, which took her out of the war, but, having established close contacts with
4406:
4022:"Paris Welcomes Soviet Pact. Newspapers Hail It with Joyful Enthusiasm", in
3226:"L'accord sur la question d'Orient. La mission de M. Franklin-Bouillon", in
3151:
3020:: Raymond Lefebvre and the Formation of the French Communist Party", in the
1891:
1659:". Privately, he expressed his affection for the extraterritorial armies of
1564:
1541:
1349:. By then, the government was advancing an amnesty law project, defended in
1226:
980:
893:
841:
792:
read it out in front of the delegates to the SFIO Congress in October 1918.
756:
625:
589:
541:
525:
404:
43:
584:
of late 1917 toppled the Provisional Government and brought in its stead a
4288:
The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century
320:, keeping contact with the socialist circles and steering them toward the
4377:
3061:, "Dix anées de crise socialiste. Nous restons pour le CongrÚs, XII", in
1768:
1440:
778:. On August 28, he wrote an anti-French letter addressed to the pacifist
715:
601:
478:
409:
368:
4468:
4318:
Dominique Lejeune, "Les missions de la SFIO dans la Russie de 1917", in
4253:
979:, and forfeiting his SFIO mandate. In his speech there, he attacked the
3954:"Interview: 'Menschenopfer ungeheuerlich'. StĂ©phane Courtois ĂŒber sein
3851:
Anson Rabinbach, "Paris, Capital of Anti-Fascism", in Warren Breckman,
3361:
2989:
1493:
1153:, whom he introduced to Lenin. He also played a part in organizing the
1119:
964:
553:
3546:, March 31, 1926, p. 2; "Me Jacques Sadoul va plaider Ă Beyrouth", in
2729:
Die revolutionĂ€re Illusion: Zur Geschichte des linken FlĂŒgels der USPD
2283:
Vincent Monteil, "Correspondance. Un témoin de la premiÚre heure", in
1074:]." Thomas attended the proceedings as Sadoul's friendly witness.
3195:
Intelligentsia and Revolution. Russian Views of Bolshevism, 1917â1922
2246:
1756:
1664:
1504:
1245:
1053:
968:
960:
740:
616:. Days after the Revolution, Sadoul had established contact with the
529:
183:
1567:, completely revising his earlier praise for Trotsky. Following the
458:, they founded a socialist people's university in the settlement of
395:, while the SFIO presented him, symbolically, as a candidate in the
3506:, No. 5, April 1926, p. 2; "AprĂšs la bagarre de la rue Danton", in
3350:
Action Française: Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth Century France
3180:"Movement Politique et Social. Le CongrĂšs socialiste de Tours", in
1706:, who stood accused of having financed a fascist movement known as
1317:
The election marked a decisive victory for the left-wing alliance,
3403:
Dessberg, pp. 79â80, 99â100; Furet, p. 510. See also Mazuy, p. 182
1006:("Notes on the Bolshevik Revolution")âwith prefaces by Thomas and
877:
567:
97:
4329:
Croire plutĂŽt que voir?: Voyages en Russie soviĂ©tique (1919â1939)
3637:
Faugerolas, "Notes & echos. Comme en régime «bourgeois»", in
1048:, assigned Sadoul to negotiate an exchange of prisoners with the
3512:, March 14, 1926, p. 2; P. F., "Contradictions communistes", in
1445:
924:. Sadoul is the left of the car, in profile, addressing Zinoviev
857:. Nominally led by Pascal, it had Sadoul for its main animator.
770:
Sadoul's letters to Thomas soon doubled as protests against the
3580:"M. Jacques Sadoul est réintégré dans l'ordre des avocats", in
3167:, "Dix anées de crise socialiste. L'Envers du décor, XIII", in
2475:
2473:
1634:. Sadoul took a conciliatory position. In a letter to diplomat
1098:. The initiative caused national indignation. According to the
1799:
Naissance de l'U.R.S.S. De la nuit féodale à l'aube socialiste
1284:
that the Comintern had provided for stirring up revolt in the
1149:, for whom Sadoul acted as guide, and the socialist organizer
1114:, who joined efforts with the mainstream conservatives of the
1070:
2955:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
655:, Sadoul offered his expertise as a military saboteur to the
493:. In August 1912, the SFIO selected him to run for a vacated
3136:"DerniÚres nouvelles. Mme Sadoul est arrivée en Russie", in
3007:
Langevin & Cogniot, p. 17; Lejeune, p. 385; Mazuy, p. 93
2171:
M., "Grains de bon sens. Une correspondence suggestive", in
4098:"Bonjour les enfants! Ă la villa Massilia de Sainte-Maxime"
2487:
2485:
2052:
Ducoulombier, pp. 41â42; Lejeune, pp. 379â386; Ulam, p. 411
1887:
Fondateur de L'Oréal: le passé sulfureux d'EugÚne Schueller
1675:. In return for this, Marion obtained that Sadoul agree to
1014:
received a chilly response in both France and Switzerland.
4198:. HAL-SHS archives, June 2014; retrieved October 25, 2015.
1759:; Lemmonier's mother was a politician of the conservative
1534:
Cantata for the 20th Anniversary of the October Revolution
1341:
arrested Sadoul in Paris (where he was visiting the PCF's
1328:
was contemplating the normalization of relations with the
1062:
for assisting the enemy and acts of sedition, in what the
4124:
C. B., "Revue des livres. Questions sociales. J. Sadoul,
3039:, p. 156. Geneva & Paris: Droz & Champion, 1980.
548:. A Russian studies scholar who was otherwise known as a
348:
and other communist leaders, became a communist himself.
336:
during the crisis of 1917â1918. He was unable to prevent
4510:
French Section of the Workers' International politicians
4311:, "Les premiers intellectuels communistes français", in
4132:, Vol. 80, Issue 255, OctoberâDecember 1947, pp. 132â133
1511:, and campaigning for the PCF in the local elections of
928:
In late 1918, a French expeditionary corps commanded by
864:
and Marcel Body, began putting out the political weekly
4515:
Members of the General Confederation of Labour (France)
4203:
Aux vents des puissances. Hommages Ă Jean-Claude Allain
4037:"La presse communiste française attaque la Suisse", in
2898:"Sadoul Trial Expected to Establish Precedent", in the
1702:. Nonetheless, Sadoul defended in court his old friend
635:
During winter, the Bolshevik government approached the
624:. Trotsky spoke to him about his efforts to pacify the
489:
during the 1910s, and also served as head of the local
1751:. Yvonne, having published her own memoirs in 1978 at
3722:
Rictus, "Crocs et griffes. Une décision stupide", in
3037:
Bureaucratie et bureaucrates en France au XIXe siĂšcle
2773:
M. D., "Le capitaine Sadoul est condamné à mort", in
2731:, p. 250. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1976.
1488:. The latter sued him for calumny and obtained 4,000
304:, and, by the time of World War I, was serving under
2621:
Mazuy, pp. 173, 182; Munholland, p. 49; Ulam, p. 494
2521:
Ducoulombier, pp. 44â46; Mazuy, p. 186; Ulam, p. 496
1583:, which prosecuted both Trotsky's partisans and the
994:
Confirmed as the new leader, Sadoul was seconded by
4324:, No. 564, OctoberâDecember 1987, pp. 373â386.
4195:
ElisĂ©e Reclus: une chronologie familiale, 1796â2014
4084:, Sainte-Maxime: Ville de Sainte-Maxime, 2011, p. 9
3982:, p. 220. Paris: Omnibus/Place des Editeurs, 2010.
3390:"Nouvelles de l'Ătranger. Le Capitaine Sadoul", in
1421:question (as well as covered by the 1924 amnesty).
1280:alleged that Sadoul had squandered the 1.4 million
222:
214:
206:
177:
172:
164:
156:
145:
137:
119:
107:
91:
86:
63:
41:
18:
4525:Executive Committee of the Communist International
4431:. Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin et Cie, 1919.
3284:J.-R. B., "Notes. Un essai de Jacques Sadoul", in
2508:
2506:
2463:
2461:
2090:Marcel Gillet, "Comptes rendus. Dr B. W. Schaper,
1732:dismissed the work as "partial" and "simplistic".
685:Eventually, on March 3, the Bolsheviks signed the
663:. As noted by Lenin, Sadoul also brought with him
1817:Full name as given in Brun & Ferretti, p. 101
743:on March 13. He witnessed there the start of the
739:Sadoul and the remainder of the mission moved to
695:People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs
389:. A French military court sentenced him to death
4396:. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1974.
3750:"En vue du deuxiÚme tour: les désistements", in
3678:"En vue des élections législatives de 1928", in
3123:
3121:
3119:
2250:, August 22, 1918). See also Delmas, pp. 225â226
1484:, Sadoul launched political accusations against
983:leaders of French socialism, including Longuet,
628:opposition on the left, while also quelling the
3735:"Tribunaux. Le procĂšs des mutins de Calvi", in
3455:"A l'Exterieur. De plus en plus réintegré", in
2755:
2753:
2108:
2106:
2104:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1563:. Sadoul was by then an outspoken supporter of
1454:society, in which capacity he was decorated by
936:and attempted to contain Bolshevik penetration
560:before being assigned to the military mission.
4560:Mayors of places in Provence-Alpes-CĂŽte d'Azur
4348:. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press, 2009.
4165:"Le docteur Eric Lemonnier, personnalité 2012"
2672:
2670:
2629:
2627:
2092:Albert Thomas, Trente ans de réformisme social
1559:, the French Prime Minister and signer of the
556:writer, he had fought with distinction on the
446:. While studying there, he met and befriended
359:in Russia, fighting for control of it against
4346:The People's Artist: Prokofiev's Soviet Years
4071:
4069:
4056:, p. 814. Paris: Ăditions Odile Jacob, 2013.
3649:
3647:
3619:Furet, p. 510; Morrison, p. 54; Werth, p. 183
3016:Langevin & Cogniot, p. 17; Robert Wohl, "
2992:, "Etapele creaÈiei (urmare Èi sfĂąrÈit)", in
2816:
2814:
2769:
2767:
2765:
1999:"Le départ des mobilisés «la fleur au fusil»"
1739:were used as sources in Desanti's 1969 book,
1465:In Moscow, he became a first-hand witness of
1288:. From abroad, Sadoul published in the PCF's
383:(PCF), and contributed doctrinaire essays in
8:
4625:People of the German Revolution of 1918â1919
3561:"La réintégration de Me Jacques Sadoul", in
3487:, March 3, 1926, p. 3; "DerniĂšre heure", in
3440:"CÄpitanul Sadoul scos de sub urmÄrire", in
3386:
3384:
3382:
2362:
2360:
2062:
2060:
2058:
1412:Shortly after, Sadoul prepared to leave for
592:faction. On November 8, Sadoul recorded the
298:French Section of the Workers' International
201:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
124:French Section of the Workers' International
4386:, Vol. 65, Issue 3, 1993, pp. 493â498.
3542:"Me Sadoul ira-t-il exercer en Syrie?", in
3054:
3052:
2912:
2910:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2132:Archives de sciences sociales des religions
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1416:, where he was due to work as a lawyer for
1248:, where he was supposed to reestablish the
860:In late 1918, Sadoul and Pascal, alongside
501:. He won some 3,900 votes, but lost to the
4635:People convicted of treason against France
4052:Renaud de Rochebrune, Jean-Claude Hazera,
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1515:, Sadoul was again a PCF candidate in the
1165:nationalists rather than just communists.
759:practices. He befriended their spokesman,
596:' lynchings of their opponents, including
413:correspondent in the 1930s, he helped the
351:Opting not to return to France during the
15:
4545:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
4362:, Vol. 22, Issue 1, 1981, pp. 43â66.
4267:Inessa Armand: Revolutionary and Feminist
4189:, Vol. 54, Issue 1, 1982, pp. 19â23.
3641:, Vol. 13, Issue 51, November 1927, p. 10
3302:, p. 34. Paris: Librairie Populaire, 1923
2684:
2682:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2125:, "Bulletin des ouvrages. Pierre Pascal,
1655:, which became the pro-Nazi rump state, "
1561:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
880:as a Menshevik and a Catholic dissident.
689:, which conceded a German victory on the
375:, where he instigated mutinies among the
4605:French military personnel of World War I
4315:, No. 136, December 1967, pp. 3â23.
3889:Matériaux Pour l'Histoire de Notre Temps
2881:
2879:
2877:
2312:An American Diplomat in Bolshevik Russia
1877:
1875:
1614:World War II controversy and final years
1363:
1213:The PCF was formally established at the
1196:
1161:for allowing the delegations to include
1046:Ukrainian Council of People's Commissars
887:
799:
572:Photograph of Sadoul during his time in
332:, pledging them his support against the
328:, he maintained close contacts with the
4436:Victor Serge: The Course Is Set on Hope
4141:Gilles Martinet, "D'un auteur l'autre.
3595:"L'Ălection des Grandes-CarriĂšres", in
3504:Les Chroniques Politiques et RĂ©gionales
3247:In a Time of Duplicity. Nicola Bombacci
2588:, No. 70, NovemberâDecember 1956, p. 31
1869:, 1996â1997; retrieved October 31, 2015
1867:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1810:
840:. Sadoul was interested in Kollontai's
820:, justifying the decimation of Whites,
804:Sadoul (second from right), flanked by
505:candidate. He ran a second time in the
4660:French politicians convicted of crimes
4655:French collaborators with Nazi Germany
4262:, No. 42, August 2004, pp. 7â209.
3867:, pp. 190â191. New York & Oxford:
3197:, pp. 108â110. New York & Oxford:
3076:Bulletin PĂ©riodique de la Presse Russe
3023:International Review of Social History
2004:La Nouvelle RĂ©publique du Centre-Ouest
959:, setting up Bolshevik "academies" in
772:Allied (including French) intervention
618:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
462:. In 1903, Sadoul registered with the
4640:People sentenced to death in absentia
4331:. Paris: Ăditions Odile Jacob, 2002.
4260:Les Notes de la Fondation Jean-JaurĂšs
4192:Christophe Brun, Federico Ferretti,
3820:Brun & Ferretti, pp. 100â101, 152
3800:, p. 80. Berkeley & Los Angeles:
3660:, No. 240, February 1937, pp. 442â443
2998:, Issues 23â24, December 1919, p. 464
2824:, p. 49. Basingstoke & New York:
2694:Memoirs of a Revolutionary, Chapter 4
2557:Langevin & Cogniot, pp. 13â14, 15
2135:, Vol. 45, Issue 2, 1978, pp. 288â289
1157:, but criticized Comintern Secretary
884:Comintern Congress and Odessa episode
316:Captain, he was Thomas' envoy to the
7:
4360:Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique
4242:The Prophet Armed. Trotsky 1879â1921
4081:Mémoires croisées du retour à la vie
1476:After unsuccessfully running in the
849:("Long Live the Soviet Republic!").
473:A provincial lawyer assigned to the
3952:Pierre Campguilhem, Peter Fischer,
3470:"Un incident Sadoul au Palais", in
3138:La Sentinelle. Quotidien Socialiste
1787:Notes sur la révolution bolchévique
1698:project to the point of lambasting
1492:in damages. In 1930, Sadoul was in
1155:Congress of the Peoples of the East
1078:Death sentence and related scandals
1004:Notes sur la révolution bolchévique
643:, but later switched to supporting
4620:People of the UkrainianâSoviet War
4520:French Communist Party politicians
3149:"La Vie qui passe. Tribunaux", in
2098:, Vol. 42, Issue 168, 1960, p. 452
1793:Quarante Lettres de Jacques Sadoul
1232:Sadoul was also a defender of the
1201:Yvonne Sadoul as Secretary of the
755:, praising their collectivism and
168:Lawyer, journalist, army organizer
14:
4185:Marcel Body, "Petr KarloviÄ", in
2885:"Le cas du capitaine Sadoul", in
1429:In June 1927, Sadoul contested a
998:, who nevertheless resented his "
808:and Marcel Body (1922 photograph)
774:in support of the anti-Bolshevik
653:its punitive advance on Petrograd
546:Pierre ("Piotr Karlovich") Pascal
536:, and thus to keep Russia on the
4645:Overturned convictions in France
4481:Works by or about Jacques Sadoul
3272:L'Abeille de la Nouvelle-Orléans
3078:, No. 87, November 1920, pp. 5â6
2500:Ducoulombier, pp. 44, 46â48, 102
2244:, 2002 (originally published in
1767:, and his father a producer for
1575:, he endorsed the creation of a
1240:, a last-minute replacement for
507:legislative election of May 1914
454:cosmetics empire. Together with
193:
182:
26:
4615:People of the Russian Civil War
3904:, Vol. 37, Issue 1, 2011, p. 52
3891:, Vol. 65, Issue 1, 2002, p. 59
3842:Deutscher, p. 288; Ulam, p. 496
3656:, "Insulte Ă grand tirage", in
2918:L'Oeil de Paris PĂ©nĂštre Partout
2314:, p. 86. Madison & London:
2289:, No. 371, December 1971, p. 48
2195:Deutscher, pp. 336â337, 348â349
2034:Delmas, p. 209; Lejeune, p. 381
1781:Vive la RĂ©publique des Soviets!
1503:Sadoul's work also took him to
946:Vive la RĂ©publique des Soviets!
847:Vive la RĂ©publique des Soviets!
4650:French prisoners and detainees
3802:University of California Press
3787:Mazuy, pp. 40â41, 166â167, 300
3726:, No. 21, September 1930, p. 3
3692:"Cardinal Cerretti Vindicated"
3254:(originally published in 1945)
3113:(originally published in 1955)
2920:, No. 165, January 1932, p. 13
2701:(originally published in 1945)
2446:(originally published in 1930)
2025:Furet, p. 510; Lejeune, p. 381
1312:Algerian independence militant
1105:The revolutionary syndicalist
586:Council of People's Commissars
534:Russian Provisional Government
524:'s French Military Mission in
1:
4565:20th-century French essayists
4429:L'Enfer bolshevik. Ă Petrogad
4054:Les Patrons sous l'Occupation
3431:, No. 2, February 1925, p. 16
2406:Lejeune, pp. 383â384, 385â386
2316:University of Wisconsin Press
1587:. His own conversations with
1548:and grandniece of geographer
1469:'s attacks against Trotsky's
1448:, but also a delegate of the
1234:Socialist Revolutionary Party
975:(PCF) at the International's
296:. He began his career in the
4610:French expatriates in Russia
4570:20th-century French diarists
3267:"Fonds secrets de la Russie"
2479:Langevin & Cogniot, p. 9
1747:were republished in 1971 by
1726:Soviet political repressions
1684:Allied landings in the South
1500:as punishment for this act.
1260:, playing host to Serge and
1084:French legislative elections
957:German revolutionary soviets
940:Southern Russia intervention
610:proletarian internationalism
32:Sadoul during his 1925 trial
4550:20th-century French lawyers
4372:. Paris: A. Quillet, 1921.
4292:University of Chicago Press
4205:, pp. 209â227. Paris:
4151:, No. 290, June 1970, p. 42
4145:par Dominique Desanti", in
4143:L'Internationale communiste
3833:, Issues 49â50, 1997, p. 23
3796:Paulo EmĂlio Salles Gomes,
3658:La Révolution Prolétarienne
3515:Feuille d'Avis de NeuchĂątel
3429:La Révolution Prolétarienne
3087:"Les Elus disciplinés", in
3026:, Vol. 7, 1962, pp. 197â198
2960:Revue Historique des Armées
2799:, Issues 67â68, 2001, p. 59
2777:, November 9, 1919, pp. 1â2
2710:Furet, pp. 101â104, 510â511
2370:, No. 110, April 1925, p. 4
1962:Brun & Ferretti, p. 101
1741:L'Internationale communiste
1252:. The plan fell apart when
1205:(December 1920). President
608:moved toward communism and
588:entirely controlled by the
4676:
4630:Fugitives wanted by France
4413:. Cambridge & London:
4271:Cambridge University Press
4002:, "Epilogue", . New York:
3980:Chronique de la RĂ©sistance
3769:, No. 181, July 1934, p. 2
3639:L'Ăconomiste Parlementaire
3290:, No. 10/1923, pp. 268â270
3232:, September 25, 1922, p. 1
2938:"L'Erreur Socialiste", in
2606:"Sadoul en Allemagne", in
2237:Letter to American Workers
1393:military governor of Paris
1335:Following a stakeout, the
1272:During that interval, the
669:Guy Louis Jean de Lubersac
657:Chairman of the Commissars
377:French intervention troops
141:Yvonne Mezzara (1889â1993)
4575:French newspaper founders
4438:. London & New York:
4207:Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle
4028:, December 13, 1944, p. 1
3586:, February 19, 1927, p. 1
3474:, February 10, 1926, p. 6
3427:"Ă propos de Sadoul", in
3418:, December 11, 1924, p. 1
3354:Stanford University Press
3252:Marxists Internet Archive
3184:, December 27, 1920, p. 3
3111:Marxists Internet Archive
2942:, November 15, 1919, p. 6
2699:Marxists Internet Archive
2444:Marxists Internet Archive
2242:Marxists Internet Archive
2177:, November 29, 1919, p. 1
2080:Marxists Internet Archive
1571:, siding with Doriot and
1480:for a deputy seat in the
1345:), and dispatched him to
1236:'s "second group" in the
1145:. Also joining them were
1135:Second Comintern Congress
1094:, and more indirectly by
908:, with foreign delegatesâ
822:Socialist Revolutionaries
708:
630:KerenskyâKrasnov uprising
285:
262:
82:
71:
52:
37:
25:
4415:Harvard University Press
4290:. Chicago & London:
4004:Fordham University Press
3682:, January 17, 1928, p. 2
3533:, October 15, 1926, p. 3
3394:, December 5, 1924, p. 3
3155:, January 18, 1921, p. 4
3091:, January 15, 1921, p. 2
3074:"L'incident Lafont", in
3018:La Revolution ou la mort
2904:, October 27, 1919, p. 2
2889:, October 25, 1919, p. 1
2637:, December 5, 1924, p. 1
2612:, January 28, 1919, p. 1
2491:Shlapentokh, pp. 496â497
1847:, January 16, 1919, p. 1
930:Louis Franchet d'EspĂšrey
866:TroisiĂšme Internationale
675:, personal envoy of the
468:Court of Appeal of Paris
450:, future founder of the
367:. Helping to set up the
355:, Sadoul co-founded the
4530:French Comintern people
4384:Revue des Ătudes Slaves
4246:Oxford University Press
4187:Revue des Ătudes Slaves
4126:Naissance de l'U.R.S.S.
4043:, January 9, 1945, p. 4
3724:Le Cheminot Indépendant
3461:, March 12, 1926, p. 12
3446:, August 18, 1925, p. 4
3199:Oxford University Press
2871:Ducoulombier, pp. 60â65
2366:"Le procĂšs Sadoul", in
2213:Ducoulombier, pp. 43â44
1932:Tels qu'en mon souvenir
1718:Naissance de l'U.R.S.S.
1647:German defeat of France
1602:, he also censured the
1460:Order of the Red Banner
1250:Turkish Communist Party
953:Communist International
721:German spring offensive
687:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
677:French Foreign Minister
606:Russian Soviet Republic
342:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
294:Communist International
4600:Lycée Condorcet alumni
4595:Politicians from Paris
4461:Henry Holt and Company
3741:, August 5, 1931, p. 4
3552:, March 31, 1926, p. 2
3518:, March 12, 1926, p. 5
3171:, April 19, 1930, p. 3
3165:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
3059:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
2424:Deutscher, pp. 402â403
1761:Rally for the Republic
1677:collaborate with Vichy
1372:
1296:occupation of the Ruhr
1286:French colonial empire
1210:
1143:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
973:French Communist Party
925:
855:French Communist Group
809:
796:French Communist Group
577:
491:Confederation of Labor
381:French Communist Party
357:French Communist Group
160:Ary Sadoul (1908â1936)
132:French Communist Party
128:French Communist Group
66:French Communist Group
4265:Ralph Carter Elwood,
4148:Le Nouvel Observateur
3913:Weissman, pp. 186â187
3713:, June 21, 1928, p. 3
3601:, June 13, 1927, p. 1
3493:, March 2, 1926, p. 3
3275:, June 14, 1923, p. 3
3065:, April 5, 1930, p. 3
2345:, April 7, 1925, p. 3
2286:Le Nouvel Observateur
2127:Mon Journal en Russie
1728:were becoming known.
1649:caught Sadoul in the
1405:, led into battle by
1367:
1200:
1112:Young Republic League
891:
803:
724:as an Entente ally."
571:
518:Minister of Armaments
310:Minister of Armaments
207:Years of service
189:Third French Republic
4590:Soviet propagandists
4540:Soviet Army officers
4535:French Army officers
3966:, Issue 4/1998, p. 3
3571:, July 7, 1926, p. 1
3376:, May 23, 1924, p. 3
3352:, p. 153. Stanford:
3140:, June 9, 1920, p. 3
2844:Ducoulombier, p. 178
2308:Dewitt Clinton Poole
2259:Lejeune, pp. 383â384
2186:Vaucher, pp. 248â249
2121:Furet, pp. 102â106;
2043:Lejeune, pp. 381â382
1209:is pictured standing
788:, reprinted it, and
667:officers, including
271:, commonly known as
4585:Marxist journalists
4219:Frédéric Dessberg,
3963:Das OstpreuĂenblatt
3778:Morrison, pp. 54â58
3756:, May 5, 1932, p. 8
3628:Mazuy, pp. 100, 338
2862:Furet, pp. 108, 509
2455:Shlapentokh, p. 496
2354:Delmas, pp. 221â226
2298:Delmas, pp. 220â221
1942:, July 1978, p. 109
1765:13th arrondissement
1694:, he supported the
1688:Liberation of Paris
1604:Anti-Stalinist left
1569:February 1934 riots
1482:18th arrondissement
1478:April 1928 election
1418:Syrian nationalists
1397:Angles-sur-l'Anglin
1347:Cherche-Midi prison
1183:Executive Committee
1131:Spartacist uprising
1129:in the wake of the
1088:Bracke-Desrousseaux
1024:Bulletin Communiste
906:Anatoly Lunacharsky
874:Workers' Opposition
834:Alexandra Kollontai
709:Niessel's departure
703:American Ambassador
550:Christian socialist
466:and worked for the
269:Jacques Numa Sadoul
47:Executive Committee
20:Jacques Numa Sadoul
4269:. Cambridge etc.:
3931:Werth, pp. 182â192
3697:2015-10-12 at the
3610:Mazuy, pp. 249â250
3328:2016-03-04 at the
2916:"En campagne", in
2826:Palgrave Macmillan
1456:Kliment Voroshilov
1373:
1319:Cartel des Gauches
1308:Hadjali Abdelkader
1304:May 1924 elections
1268:Return and retrial
1211:
1151:Lucien DesliniĂšres
1042:Christian Rakovsky
977:first-ever meeting
926:
818:French Revolutions
812:Like the American
810:
614:Alliance Française
582:October Revolution
578:
564:October Revolution
326:October Revolution
242:October Revolution
152:(co-father-in-law)
4580:Communist writers
4354:978-0-19-518167-8
4233:978-90-5201-466-1
4215:978-2-87854-420-6
4173:, January 1, 2013
4163:Laurence Guilmo,
4096:Philippe JĂ©rĂŽme,
4078:Comité Massilia,
4062:978-2-7381-7708-7
4012:978-0-8232-4564-2
3988:978-2-2580-8853-5
3877:978-1-84545-428-9
3855:, A. Dirk Moses,
3710:Le Petit Parisien
3598:Le Petit Parisien
3583:Le Petit Parisien
3569:Le Petit Parisien
3564:Le Petit Parisien
3549:Le Petit Parisien
3530:Le Petit Parisien
3509:Le Petit Parisien
3490:Le Petit Parisien
3415:Le Petit Parisien
3229:Le Petit Parisien
3045:978-2-600-03387-9
2962:, Issue 269, 2012
2834:978-0-230-21825-3
2609:Le Petit Parisien
2584:"Deux morts", in
2539:Deutscher, p. 343
2530:Deutscher, p. 288
2368:Dimanche Illustré
2342:Le Petit Parisien
2324:978-0-299-30224-5
2222:Deutscher, p. 351
2204:Deutscher, p. 345
2007:, August 16, 2014
1997:Jacques Chauvin,
1985:Rouger, pp. 95â96
1934:par Yvonne Sadou"
1844:Le Petit Parisien
1737:Dominique Desanti
1716:political essay,
1640:Stéphane Courtois
1636:Anatole de Monzie
1622:. The PCF leader
1498:Bourse du Travail
1486:Cardinal Cerretti
1435:Grandes-CarriĂšres
1294:, condemning the
1238:Moscow show trial
1181:, who sat on the
1127:German Communists
1036:Le Petit Parisien
985:Alphonse Merrheim
753:Moscow anarchists
749:Maria Spiridonova
730:Japanese landings
665:French monarchist
495:National Assembly
371:, he was sent to
353:Russian Civil War
340:from signing the
338:Bolshevist Russia
266:
265:
247:Russian Civil War
111:November 18, 1956
4667:
4555:French diplomats
4485:Internet Archive
4457:France 1940â1955
4434:Susan Weissman,
4427:Robert Vaucher,
4321:Revue Historique
4174:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4139:
4133:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4106:, March 18, 2011
4095:
4091:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4064:
4050:
4044:
4035:
4029:
4020:
4014:
3996:
3990:
3973:
3967:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3923:
3922:Weissman, p. 187
3920:
3914:
3911:
3905:
3898:
3892:
3885:
3879:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3834:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3763:
3757:
3748:
3742:
3733:
3727:
3720:
3714:
3689:
3683:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3651:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3593:
3587:
3578:
3572:
3559:
3553:
3540:
3534:
3525:
3519:
3500:
3494:
3481:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3453:
3447:
3438:
3432:
3425:
3419:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3388:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3343:
3337:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3282:
3276:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3239:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3191:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3169:Le Cri du Peuple
3162:
3156:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3114:
3098:
3092:
3089:Le Cri du Peuple
3085:
3079:
3072:
3066:
3063:Le Cri du Peuple
3056:
3047:
3033:
3027:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2954:Nicolas Texier,
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:Sisteron Journal
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2901:New-York Tribune
2896:
2890:
2883:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2818:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2771:
2760:
2757:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2722:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2686:
2677:
2674:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2646:Body, pp. 20, 21
2644:
2638:
2635:Cherbourg-Ăclair
2631:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2604:
2589:
2582:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2480:
2477:
2468:
2465:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2337:
2326:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2281:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2169:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2068:
2064:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1963:
1960:
1943:
1928:
1924:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1839:
1818:
1815:
1753:Ăditions Grasset
1749:François Maspero
1704:EugĂšne Schueller
1700:Swiss neutrality
1628:Ădouard Daladier
1620:NaziâSoviet Pact
1608:French anarchism
1589:Nikolai Bukharin
1585:Right Opposition
1529:Sergei Prokofiev
1359:Justice Minister
1191:legal separation
1175:Battle of Warsaw
1147:Raymond Lefebvre
1137:, in particular
1100:Sisteron Journal
1065:New-York Tribune
902:Grigory Zinoviev
814:Oliver M. Sayler
765:anarchist revolt
745:Left SR uprising
734:Russian Far East
699:David R. Francis
645:partisan warfare
600:, and rumors of
448:EugĂšne Schueller
419:collaborationism
318:Russian Republic
287:
280:
199:
197:
196:
187:
186:
173:Military service
114:
87:Personal details
76:
64:Delegate of the
57:
30:
16:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4490:
4489:
4477:
4453:Alexander Werth
4309:Georges Cogniot
4238:Isaac Deutscher
4182:
4177:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4140:
4136:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4051:
4047:
4036:
4032:
4021:
4017:
3997:
3993:
3974:
3970:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3895:
3886:
3882:
3853:Peter E. Gordon
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3764:
3760:
3749:
3745:
3734:
3730:
3721:
3717:
3699:Wayback Machine
3690:
3686:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3652:
3645:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3594:
3590:
3579:
3575:
3560:
3556:
3541:
3537:
3526:
3522:
3501:
3497:
3483:"ĂĂ et lĂ ", in
3482:
3478:
3469:
3465:
3454:
3450:
3439:
3435:
3426:
3422:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3344:
3340:
3336:, November 2006
3330:Wayback Machine
3311:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3283:
3279:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3240:
3236:
3225:
3221:
3217:Weissman, p. 54
3216:
3212:
3192:
3188:
3179:
3175:
3163:
3159:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3117:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3082:
3073:
3069:
3057:
3050:
3035:Guy Thuillier,
3034:
3030:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2908:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2820:GearĂłid Barry,
2819:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2758:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2723:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2605:
2592:
2583:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:Lejeune, p. 385
2511:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2467:Vaucher, p. 352
2466:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:Lejeune, p. 384
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2338:
2329:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2282:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2170:
2157:
2153:Lejeune, p. 382
2152:
2148:
2144:Body, pp. 19â20
2143:
2139:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2102:
2089:
2085:
2066:
2065:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:Lejeune, p. 381
2015:
2011:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1966:
1961:
1946:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1840:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1777:
1616:
1519:, this time in
1471:Left Opposition
1427:
1414:Greater Lebanon
1402:Camelots du Roi
1326:Ădouard Herriot
1270:
1262:Nicola Bombacci
1242:Antonio Gramsci
1080:
1020:Boris Souvarine
996:Henri Guilbeaux
922:Karl Steinhardt
886:
798:
711:
566:
475:appellate court
464:bar association
444:Lycée Condorcet
440:
435:
365:Henri Guilbeaux
276:
258:
194:
192:
191:
181:
130:
126:
120:Political party
112:
96:
77:
72:
58:
53:
33:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4673:
4671:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4476:
4475:External links
4473:
4472:
4471:
4450:
4432:
4425:
4404:
4387:
4380:
4363:
4356:
4342:Simon Morrison
4339:
4327:Rachel Mazuy,
4325:
4316:
4302:
4284:François Furet
4281:
4263:
4256:
4235:
4217:
4199:
4190:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4153:
4134:
4117:
4115:Delmas, p. 223
4108:
4086:
4065:
4045:
4030:
4015:
3998:Emanuel Rota,
3991:
3968:
3942:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3893:
3880:
3869:Berghahn Books
3844:
3835:
3822:
3813:
3789:
3780:
3771:
3758:
3743:
3728:
3715:
3684:
3671:
3662:
3643:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3588:
3573:
3554:
3535:
3520:
3495:
3476:
3463:
3448:
3433:
3420:
3405:
3396:
3378:
3365:
3338:
3304:
3292:
3277:
3256:
3234:
3219:
3210:
3193:Jane Burbank,
3186:
3173:
3157:
3142:
3129:
3115:
3093:
3080:
3067:
3048:
3028:
3009:
3000:
2982:
2980:Rouger, p. 156
2973:
2964:
2944:
2931:
2922:
2906:
2891:
2887:Le Petit Havre
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2810:
2801:
2788:
2779:
2761:
2749:
2740:
2712:
2703:
2678:
2666:
2664:Elwood, p. 225
2657:
2648:
2639:
2623:
2614:
2590:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2502:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2448:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2397:Delmas, p. 227
2390:
2388:Delmas, p. 225
2381:
2379:Delmas, p. 226
2372:
2356:
2347:
2327:
2300:
2291:
2261:
2252:
2232:Vladimir Lenin
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2174:Le Nouvelliste
2155:
2146:
2137:
2114:
2100:
2083:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
1987:
1978:
1964:
1944:
1914:
1912:Delmas, p. 209
1905:
1896:
1894:, May 25, 2013
1871:
1849:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1773:
1696:United Nations
1682:Following the
1624:Maurice Thorez
1615:
1612:
1593:Gaston Bergery
1509:French Riviera
1451:Amis de l'URSS
1426:
1423:
1378:5th Army Corps
1343:Jacques Doriot
1323:Prime Minister
1269:
1266:
1215:Tours Congress
1203:Tours Congress
1079:
1076:
1044:, head of the
1008:Henri Barbusse
900:. In the car,
885:
882:
830:Yakov Sverdlov
797:
794:
780:Romain Rolland
776:White movement
714:the projected
710:
707:
680:Stéphen Pichon
661:Vladimir Lenin
637:Central Powers
598:Prince Tumanov
565:
562:
439:
436:
434:
431:
407:apologist and
397:1919 elections
334:Central Powers
322:Entente Powers
273:Captain Sadoul
264:
263:
260:
259:
257:
256:
255:
254:
252:Southern Front
244:
239:
238:
237:
226:
224:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
179:
175:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
121:
117:
116:
115:(aged 75)
109:
105:
104:
93:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
69:
68:
61:
60:
50:
49:
42:Member of the
39:
38:
35:
34:
31:
23:
22:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4672:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:1-85984-987-3
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4423:0-674-07830-6
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:88-8498-746-6
4399:
4395:
4391:
4390:Georges Sorel
4388:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4366:Hubert Rouger
4364:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:2-7381-1153-X
4334:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4305:Luce Langevin
4303:
4301:
4300:0-226-27340-7
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4279:0-521-89421-2
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3946:
3943:
3940:Werth, p. 183
3937:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3861:Elliot Neaman
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3810:0-520-01676-9
3807:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3767:Le Chantecler
3762:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3669:Furet, p. 106
3666:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3316:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3207:0-19-504573-4
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3127:Mazuy, p. 259
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3101:Alfred Rosmer
3097:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2971:Sorel, p. 672
2968:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2929:Sorel, p. 210
2926:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2808:Mazuy, p. 304
2805:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:3-421-01781-6
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2655:Furet, p. 111
2652:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2566:Mazuy, p. 303
2563:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:Revue du Nord
2093:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:Alfred Rosmer
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1976:Furet, p. 510
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1903:Rouger, p. 97
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:Moscow Trials
1578:
1577:Popular Front
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1550:ĂlisĂ©e Reclus
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1525:Sainte-Maxime
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1467:Joseph Stalin
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1369:Henri Niessel
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:Mustafa Kemal
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1179:Alfred Rosmer
1176:
1172:
1171:Ernest Lafont
1166:
1164:
1163:anti-colonial
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:Marcel Cachin
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:National Bloc
1113:
1108:
1107:Georges Sorel
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:André Berthon
1089:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
941:
935:
931:
923:
919:
918:Fritz Platten
915:
914:Otto Grimlund
911:
910:Hugo Eberlein
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:Inessa Armand
858:
856:
850:
848:
843:
839:
838:Pavel Dybenko
835:
831:
825:
823:
819:
815:
807:
806:Pierre Pascal
802:
795:
793:
791:
787:
786:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
761:Alexander Gay
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
725:
722:
717:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:Eastern Front
688:
683:
681:
678:
674:
673:Charles Dumas
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:nonresistance
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
575:
570:
563:
561:
559:
558:Western Front
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:Henri Niessel
519:
515:
514:Albert Thomas
510:
508:
504:
503:Radical Party
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:Marcel Cachin
453:
449:
445:
437:
432:
430:
428:
427:Sainte-Maxime
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:
406:
400:
398:
394:
393:
388:
387:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:Pierre Pascal
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:Albert Thomas
303:
299:
295:
291:
283:
279:
274:
270:
261:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
243:
240:
236:
235:Eastern Front
233:
232:
231:
228:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
190:
185:
180:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
110:
106:
103:
99:
94:
90:
85:
81:
75:
70:
67:
62:
56:
51:
48:
45:
40:
36:
29:
24:
17:
4459:. New York:
4456:
4435:
4428:
4410:
4393:
4383:
4369:
4359:
4345:
4328:
4319:
4312:
4287:
4266:
4259:
4244:. New York:
4241:
4223:. Brussels:
4220:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4170:Ouest-France
4168:
4156:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4111:
4101:
4089:
4080:
4053:
4048:
4038:
4033:
4023:
4018:
3999:
3994:
3979:
3976:Alain Guérin
3971:
3961:
3956:Schwartzbuch
3955:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3918:
3909:
3901:
3896:
3888:
3883:
3864:
3847:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3816:
3797:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3736:
3731:
3723:
3718:
3708:
3702:
3687:
3679:
3674:
3665:
3657:
3654:Victor Serge
3638:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3606:
3596:
3591:
3581:
3576:
3568:
3562:
3557:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3523:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3488:
3485:Le Confédéré
3484:
3479:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3451:
3441:
3436:
3428:
3423:
3413:
3408:
3399:
3392:Le Confédéré
3391:
3373:
3368:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3320:
3315:Ian Birchall
3307:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3270:
3259:
3246:
3242:Victor Serge
3237:
3227:
3222:
3213:
3194:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3150:
3145:
3137:
3132:
3105:
3096:
3088:
3083:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3036:
3031:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3003:
2993:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2959:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2925:
2917:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2867:
2858:
2853:Furet, p. 86
2849:
2840:
2821:
2804:
2796:
2791:
2786:Ulam, p. 496
2782:
2774:
2759:Ulam, p. 494
2743:
2728:
2706:
2693:
2689:Victor Serge
2660:
2651:
2642:
2634:
2617:
2607:
2585:
2562:
2553:
2548:Ulam, p. 412
2544:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2496:
2451:
2438:
2434:Victor Serge
2429:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2367:
2350:
2340:
2311:
2303:
2294:
2284:
2255:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2172:
2149:
2140:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2112:Ulam, p. 404
2095:
2091:
2086:
2074:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2002:
1990:
1981:
1937:
1931:
1908:
1899:
1886:
1861:
1852:
1842:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1707:
1691:
1681:
1669:Angelo Tasca
1657:Vichy France
1650:
1644:
1617:
1599:
1598:Writing for
1597:
1557:Pierre Laval
1554:
1539:
1532:
1513:Saint-Tropez
1502:
1475:
1464:
1449:
1439:
1431:city council
1428:
1411:
1400:
1388:
1386:
1374:
1355:René Renoult
1336:
1334:
1330:Soviet Union
1316:
1300:united front
1289:
1277:
1274:White émigré
1271:
1231:
1212:
1187:
1167:
1124:
1104:
1099:
1081:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1003:
993:
989:LĂ©on Jouhaux
950:
945:
937:
927:
898:1st Congress
870:Victor Serge
865:
859:
851:
846:
826:
811:
790:Jean Longuet
783:
769:
747:, including
738:
726:
712:
684:
634:
622:Leon Trotsky
579:
538:Entente side
511:
499:Montmorillon
483:Ernest Renan
472:
441:
438:Early career
423:Vichy France
415:Soviet Union
408:
401:
390:
384:
350:
346:Leon Trotsky
324:. After the
289:
272:
268:
267:
223:Battles/wars
113:(1956-11-18)
95:May 22, 1881
73:
54:
4505:1956 deaths
4500:1881 births
4440:Verso Books
4161:(in French)
4094:(in French)
4076:(in French)
4040:L'Impartial
3950:(in German)
3902:Revue Russe
3857:Samuel Moyn
3458:L'Impartial
3346:Eugen Weber
3334:contretemps
3312:(in French)
3264:(in French)
2952:(in French)
2676:Body, p. 20
2067:(in French)
1995:(in French)
1927:(in French)
1884:Ian Hamel,
1882:(in French)
1857:(in French)
1743:. His 1919
1673:Paul Marion
1661:Free France
1573:Eugen Fried
1407:Jean Tixier
1282:chervontsev
1219:Enver Pasha
1207:Jules Blanc
1059:in absentia
1050:French Navy
1000:Bonapartism
934:the Ukraine
649:German Army
516:, the SFIO
460:La Chapelle
392:in absentia
373:the Ukraine
314:French Army
286:ĐĐ°Đș ĐĄĐ°ĐŽŃÌĐ»Ń
230:World War I
4494:Categories
4225:Peter Lang
4180:References
4103:L'Humanité
3831:Communisme
3704:The Tablet
3544:Le Radical
2995:LuceafÄrul
2797:Communisme
2775:Le Radical
2725:Curt Geyer
2123:Jean SĂ©guy
1939:L'Histoire
1865:, p. 147.
1859:B. Verny,
1709:La Cagoule
1692:L'Humanité
1652:zone libre
1600:L'Humanité
1546:Ălie Faure
1521:Draguignan
1291:L'Humanité
1223:Curt Geyer
1159:Karl Radek
1028:Parliament
785:La Feuille
604:. The new
594:Red Guards
576:, ca. 1912
386:L'Humanité
330:Bolsheviks
300:(SFIO) in
290:Zhak Sadul
178:Allegiance
165:Profession
150:Ălie Faure
4407:Adam Ulam
4313:La Pensée
4025:The Argus
3798:Jean Vigo
3680:Le Rappel
3374:Le Rappel
3182:Le Rappel
3152:Le Rappel
2586:La Pensée
1930:"Livres.
1892:Atlantico
1565:Stalinism
1542:Jean Vigo
1517:1932 race
1458:with the
1425:Stalinism
1258:Grunewald
1227:Paul Levi
1096:LĂ©on Blum
981:reformist
894:Comintern
842:free love
757:squatting
626:Menshevik
590:Bolshevik
542:Adam Ulam
526:Petrograd
512:In 1916,
433:Biography
405:Stalinist
278:âčSee Tfdâș
210:1916â1918
146:Relations
78:1919â1920
74:In office
55:In office
44:Comintern
4463:, 1956.
4442:, 2001.
4417:, 1998.
4378:18179004
4294:, 1999.
4273:, 2002.
4248:, 1954.
4227:, 2010.
4209:, 2008.
4006:, 2013.
3871:, 2009.
3863:(eds.),
3804:, 1971.
3753:Le Temps
3738:Le Temps
3695:Archived
3443:AdevÄrul
3356:, 1962.
3326:Archived
3321:Le Paria
3201:, 1989.
2828:, 2010.
2318:, 2014.
1769:France 3
1686:and the
1441:Izvestia
1433:seat at
932:entered
716:Red Army
602:war rape
497:seat in
479:Poitiers
410:Izvestia
369:Red Army
157:Children
4483:at the
4469:1534744
4254:2571311
3472:ComĆdia
2990:D. Nanu
1763:in the
1494:Algiers
1382:Orléans
1120:D. Nanu
965:Hamburg
732:in the
554:Thomist
452:L'Oréal
282:Russian
218:Captain
4467:
4446:
4421:
4400:
4376:
4352:
4335:
4298:
4277:
4252:
4231:
4213:
4130:Ătudes
4128:", in
4060:
4010:
3986:
3875:
3808:
3362:401078
3360:
3287:Europe
3205:
3043:
2832:
2735:
2322:
2247:Pravda
2129:", in
2094:", in
1801:, 1946
1795:, 1922
1789:, 1919
1783:, 1918
1757:autism
1730:Ătudes
1722:Ătudes
1665:Tahiti
1632:Allies
1505:Toulon
1490:francs
1389:Sûreté
1357:, the
1351:Senate
1338:Sûreté
1276:paper
1246:Ankara
1054:Odessa
969:Bremen
961:Berlin
920:, and
741:Moscow
701:, the
651:began
574:Vienne
530:Tornio
487:Vienne
308:, the
302:Vienne
198:
138:Spouse
102:France
4167:, in
4100:, in
3960:, in
3701:, in
3332:, in
3269:, in
2958:, in
2001:, in
1936:, in
1806:Notes
1775:Works
1745:Notes
1310:, an
1012:Notes
938:(see
878:Cheka
421:with
98:Paris
4465:OCLC
4444:ISBN
4419:ISBN
4398:ISBN
4374:OCLC
4350:ISBN
4333:ISBN
4296:ISBN
4275:ISBN
4250:OCLC
4229:ISBN
4211:ISBN
4058:ISBN
4008:ISBN
3984:ISBN
3873:ISBN
3806:ISBN
3358:OCLC
3203:ISBN
3041:ISBN
2830:ISBN
2733:ISBN
2320:ISBN
1645:The
1446:VOKS
1225:and
1141:and
1090:and
987:and
967:and
904:and
892:The
832:and
552:and
363:and
312:. A
215:Rank
108:Died
92:Born
59:1922
1380:in
1353:by
1278:Dni
1071:sic
1052:at
1022:'s
896:'s
477:of
4496::
4455:,
4409:,
4392:,
4368:,
4344:,
4307:,
4286:,
4240:,
4068:^
3978:,
3859:,
3646:^
3381:^
3348:,
3317:,
3250:,
3244:,
3118:^
3109:,
3103:,
3051:^
2909:^
2876:^
2813:^
2764:^
2752:^
2727:,
2715:^
2697:,
2691:,
2681:^
2669:^
2626:^
2593:^
2571:^
2505:^
2484:^
2472:^
2460:^
2442:,
2436:,
2359:^
2330:^
2310:,
2264:^
2240:,
2234:,
2158:^
2103:^
2078:,
2072:,
2057:^
1967:^
1947:^
1917:^
1890:,
1874:^
1822:^
1771:.
1712:.
1679:.
1537:.
1462:.
1314:.
1264:.
1221:,
963:,
916:,
912:,
767:.
736:.
682:.
659:,
620:,
470:.
429:.
399:.
288:,
284::
100:,
3958:"
3319:"
942:)
275:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
