422:(OHS). The objective of this structure is to detect and prevent diseases, thanks, in particular, to a network of dispensaries that covers the department. Virtually all dispensaries are installed next to or within local hospitals, whose infrastructure they can use; they are directed by a chief physician, assisted by "visiting nurses", who benefit from a special status, an innovation in the profession: they constitute a first model on which the profession of the social worker. Serious cases are sent to the Villemin central dispensary, which acts as a sorting platform and ensures their distribution between the Villemin hospital-sanatorium, the
471:. This project, discussed, finally led, on 28 November 1952, to the idea of an Institute for Social and Vocational Rehabilitation of the physically disabled. On 27 April 1953, the tripartite agreement creating the Rehabilitation Institute - which became in 1957 the Regional Institute of functional, professional and social rehabilitation of the northeast - is signed. Professor Louis Pierquin is the director, and Dr.
445:, cancer: the approach now consists in engaging "a real policy of public health thought on a territorial scale". Under its influence, Meurthe-et-Moselle is clearly at the forefront, the first department to apply legislation on social insurance; he campaigned, from the early 1930s, for the establishment of preventive medicine services and mutual insurance for students.
236:; his father, Pierre Parisot, renowned forensic doctor; his uncle, Albert Heydenreich, surgeon and dean of the Faculty of medicine. Parisot followed in their footstep as he won the Physiology Prize in 1902, Medicine Prize in 1903, and the Boarding School Prize and BĂ©nit Prize in 1906. In 1906, he was appointed head of the clinic; in 1907, he defended his thesis,
467:, sequelae related to occupational accidents and disabling diseases. In particular, he met Henri Poulizac, a consulting doctor. In 1951, it was again with him that he created a tripartite commission that brought together the Faculty of Medicine, the Regional Social Security Fund and the Regional Hospital Center, to study the opportunity to develop a
195:
Parisot came from a family of doctors and medical professionals. He achieved many distinctions in his early career, including several prizes for his research in endocrinology. During World War I, he served as a battalion doctor and was eventually promoted to doctor-consultant of the 10th army. He was
203:
After the war, Parisot turned his attention to preventive medicine and social action. He campaigned for the dangers of chemical warfare to be considered and was eventually appointed as a medical consultant of the 8th Army during World War II. He joined the
Resistance, but was eventually captured and
502:
The results obtained earned him national and international recognition. Interested in the work of the
Organisation for Hygiene of the League of Nations, he became a member of the French delegation in 1929, then, in 1937, took over the head of the organisation. This naturally led him to participate,
409:
At the end of the First World War, he agreed to teach general and experimental pathology at the Nancy
Faculty of Medicine. In 1927, he obtained the chair of hygiene and preventive medicine. In 1949, he was unanimously appointed dean of the Faculty of Medicine, a position he held until 1955 when he
526:
376:
but was soon discovered. Alerted, he organised his escape, but worried about the consequences that his disappearance could have for his relatives and students, he gave himself, on 4 June 1944 at 4 a.m., to the
Germans who came to arrest him. Questioned by the
768:Étienne Thévenin, « Autour de la médecine préventive. Jacques Parisot et l'Office d'hygiène sociale de Meurthe-et-Moselle des années 1920 aux années 1960 », dans Anne-Marie Flambard Héricher, Yannick Marec « Médecine et société »
283:. He progressed in the hierarchy in less than a year, assistant doctor and then major. He showed "his bravery and his composure, his innate sense of command and organisation, but also his deeply human qualities of dedication to the wounded".
31:
456:- and using the media: leaflets, posters, cinema are mobilised to disseminate prevention messages to the general public, in addition to the scientific communication provided by the journal created at the initiative of Jacques Parisot, the
397:. He did not return to Lorraine until more than a month later, on 18 May 1945. The Minister of War immediately proposes him to be elevated to the dignity of Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, a decoration given to him by the General
1517:
208:. After the war, he continued his academic career and became the dean of the Faculty of Medicine in Nancy. Parisot campaigned for the social background of diseases, emphasizing the importance of prevention and social action. The
413:
Convinced of the importance of acting on the social context to promote the treatment of certain diseases and in particular tuberculosis, which is the initial target, he actively participated in the creation, in 1920, of the
251:. He obtained the aggregation of general medicine in 1913, when he had many publications to his credit, especially in the field of endocrinology, which was still underdeveloped. The same year, he took charge of the
1605:
366:
309:, responsible for caring for gassed soldiers to the point of being hospitalized, and he published many notes on the effects of combat gases. When the Armistice occurs, he was appointed doctor-consultant of the
1076:
685:
1832:
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918:
213:
577:, on the proposal of the WHO regional committees. The awarding of the scholarship and a medal takes place at the World Health Assembly. However, the award was discontinued in 2015.
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1374:
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968:
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1136:
Jean-François Picard, Vincent Viet, « Quelques jalons pour une histoire de la santé publique en France du XIX siècle à nos jours » 12/2014, papier de recherche.
1597:
522:
1259:
1111:
International Health
Conference: New York, N.Y., 19 June to 22 July 1946 : Report of the United States Delegation Including the Final Act and Related Documents
507:(he is, for France, the signatory to the constitution of the organisation). In 1951, he was elected President of the WHO Executive Council, then, in 1956, of the
1140:
546:. Among the interventions presented on 14 February 1968, on the occasion of the solemn ceremony in memory of Jacques Parisot, in the Grand Amphitheatre of the
1837:
1068:
463:
In 1942, he created the
Commission for the Reclassification of Physical Decreases, having had the opportunity, during missions carried out as part of the
1842:
433:, of which a member regrets, in a 1939 report, that the Lorraine example was not further used in France. Gradually, other pathologies are taken care of:
692:
1251:
Anne Boyer, Alina Cantau « Regards sur quelques journaux éphémères d’hygiène du XIX siècle conservés à la
Bibliothèque nationale de France »
228:
to a family of a doctor. His grandfather, Victor
Parisot, held the chair of the internal clinic; his great-uncle, LĂ©on Parisot, holder of the chair of
1546:
1454:"" Toute économie nationale a pour base l'économie humaine ", nous déclare le professeur Parisot, président de l'Assemblée mondiale de la santé"
429:
The development of the OHS continued throughout the 1920s, with the support of local partners, legacies of individuals, but also, in 1921, the
382:
790:
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335:. In the interwar period, he campaigned for the dangers of the chemical war to be considered. He became a join the board of directors of the
209:
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Mémoire de Master 2 : Santé, Population, Politiques
Sociales, EHESS de Marie-Odile Frattini, September 2008, p. 52- 55.
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81:
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Healing is good, preventing is better: The effort made in social hygiene and medicine in the department of
Meurthe-et-Moselle
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389:. On 12 April 1945, he was part of a group of 360 prisoners who were far from the camp, and who, having arrived in
1028:
609:
The organization of the tuberculosis control in the departmental framework. Its realization in Meurthe-et-Moselle
562:, entitled The Patriot, traces the journey of a courageous and patriotic soldier during the two conflicts of the
504:
448:
OHS is also innovating in terms of communication, developing campaigns of vaccination — anti-tuberculosis stamp,
259:
in Nancy. More accustomed to laboratory work, Parisot Parisot became aware of the social background of diseases.
189:
133:
514:
He was elevated to the ultimate dignity of Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor on 3 March 1953, and awarded the
415:
295:
286:
In July 1915, he received a new assignment, in a front ambulance and he has been proposed three times for the
129:
358:
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430:
551:
903:"Urges Safety Plans Against Air Attack – French Expert Wants Population Taught How to Guard Against Gas"
508:
268:
137:
1316:, ouvrage publié à l'occasion du cinquantenaire de l'Institut régional de réadaptation de Nancy, 2004.
527:
French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases
499:, as one of the seven key people in the development of physical medicine and rehabilitation in France.
256:
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Then the Second World War broke out. On 3 September 1939, he was appointed medical consultant of the
305:
During the rest of the conflict, he worked on medical pathologies (freezing, nephritis). Assigned to
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184:- 7 October 1967, Nancy) was a French doctor, who is considered one of the initiators of health and
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De l'institut de réhabilitation des diminués physiques à l'institut régional de réadaptation
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Health, Civilization and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times
1645:
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321:
302:", renewed in January and March 1915). This award was finally given to him in April 1916.
185:
107:
86:
656:
496:
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317:
240:, for which he received the thesis prize of the faculty and the Bourceret prize of the
1360:
Coming to Terms with World Health: The League of Nations Health Organisation 1921-1946
1069:"Bainville-sur-Madon. La gestion de la crise du coronavirus au centre Jacques Parisot"
1048:
196:
recognised for his bravery and dedication, and received several awards, including the
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225:
181:
69:
51:
964:
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1510:"Le Professeur Jacques Parisot élu président de l'Assemblée mondiale de la santé"
1058:
aujourd'hui sur le site du Centre communal d'action sociale de la ville de Nancy.
1008:
1717:
1658:
854:"Social medicine in the interwar years. The case of Jacques Parisot (1882-1967)"
449:
325:
956:
588:
Endocrine glands and their functional value; exploration and diagnostic methods
30:
1788:
Social medicine in the interwar years. The case of Jacques Parisot (1882-1967)
525:(Inserm) in 1963 - an organisation he chaired for a few years - but also the
438:
233:
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et de son rôle dans la création de l'organisation, sur le site de l'OMS.
540:
His career earned him to be elevated to the dignity of Commander of the
1024:
992:
657:"Doyen Jacques PARISOT - Professeur de la Faculté de Médecine de Nancy"
378:
247:
Parisot married Marcelle Michaut in 1907, whose family was part of the
229:
111:
817:"Doyen Jacques PARISOT - Ensemble de textes - cérémonie à la Sorbonne"
783:"Jacques Parisot - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine"
1198:
390:
354:
156:
597:, Éditions de la "Revue d'hygiène et de prophylaxis sociales", 1925
1773:
Jacques Parisot (1882-1967): A creator of health and social action
299:
276:
Mobilised in 1914, he left as a battalion doctor, attached to the
1598:"Le prix Léon Bernard est attribué au professeur Jacques Parisot"
1414:
Cueto, Marcos; Brown, Theodore M.; Fee, Elizabeth (2019-04-11).
566:
century. This section is written in particular from this text.
267:
But from the early 1920s, Parisot give up basic research for
1639:
présentation de la Fondation et de la bourse Jacques Parisot
1568:"The Léon Bernard Foundation Prize – Previous prize winners"
1762:
Dean Jacques Parisot: his life, his work in social medicine
1692:"Kingston Gleaner Newspaper Archives, 20 March 1980, p. 14"
320:, a position in which he was faced with the risk of the
1775:, Nancy, Presses Universitaires de Nancy, 2002, 268 p.(
623:
The development of hygiene in France: General overview
521:
Parisot have contributed to the implementation of the
188:
as it is conceived today, and one of the founders of
630:
The national equipment project and social insurance
155:
125:
103:
76:
58:
37:
21:
162:Blood pressure and glands with internal secretion
523:National Institute of Health and Medical Research
238:Blood pressure and glands with internal secretion
1757:, Éditions Nouvelles et Impressions, 1968, 78 p.
1833:Recipients of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
475:is the technical director. He is quoted, with
331:On 16 March 1921, he became an Officer of the
691:. 17 December 1908. p. 2. Archived from
8:
1255:, 2010, tome XLIV, No. 3, p. 286.
602:Vaccines and the practice of vaccine therapy
224:Jacques Parisot was born on 15 June 1882 in
290:(9 November 1914 for "beautiful driving in
426:sanatorium and the Flavigny preventorium.
339:. In 1933, he was promoted to the rank of
29:
18:
1197:
1114:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1947.
537:Parisot died on 7 October 1967 in Nancy.
460:, which was published from 1922 to 1939.
1539:"Ministère de la culture - Base Léonore"
1417:The World Health Organization: A History
458:Review of Hygiene and Social Prophylaxis
1808:LĂ©on Bernard Foundation Prize laureates
1718:"Jacques Parisot Foundation Fellowship"
721:"Obituary: Jacques Parisot (1882-1967)"
648:
618:, Military Injured Relief Society, 1932
725:Revue de Tuberculose et de Pneumologie
616:Protection against Aerochemical Danger
1698:from the original on 20 December 2022
987:
985:
772:No. 16, PURH, 2005, p. 135.
503:in 1945-1946, in the creation of the
271:and the social action it is oriented.
210:Jacques Parisot Foundation Fellowship
7:
1749:Tribute to Professor Jacques Parisot
847:
845:
843:
841:
811:
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712:
600:Jacques Parisot and Pierre Simonin,
550:, that of the general practitioner
1838:Recipients of the Legion of Honour
1751:, University of Nancy, 1957, 61 p.
1118:from the original on 25 March 2023
14:
1843:Nazi concentration camp survivors
1452:Vichniac, Isabelle (1956-06-01).
821:www.professeurs-medecine-nancy.fr
661:www.professeurs-medecine-nancy.fr
614:Jacques Parisot and A. Ardisson,
393:, discovered the collapse of the
1755:Dean Jacques Parisot (1882-1967)
1628:, Étienne Thévenin, p. 149.
1242:, Étienne Thévenin, p. 143.
1163:, Étienne Thévenin, p. 146.
1099:, Étienne Thévenin, p. 139.
639:, Health Education Journal, 1958
341:Commander of the Legion of Honor
1728:from the original on 2022-12-01
1673:from the original on 2023-01-18
1608:from the original on 2023-01-18
1549:from the original on 2016-03-07
1520:from the original on 2023-01-18
1491:from the original on 2023-03-25
1464:from the original on 2023-01-18
1434:from the original on 2023-03-25
1377:from the original on 2023-03-25
1296:from the original on 2023-03-25
1253:Histoire des sciences médicales
1222:from the original on 2023-01-18
1079:from the original on 2023-01-18
1031:from the original on 2023-01-18
971:from the original on 2023-01-18
921:from the original on 2023-01-18
884:from the original on 2023-01-18
827:from the original on 2023-01-15
793:from the original on 2023-01-18
751:from the original on 2023-01-18
667:from the original on 2023-01-21
569:In 1969, his widow created the
369:39-45, decorated with a quote.
1420:. Cambridge University Press.
1276:Porter, Dorothy (2005-08-10).
941:"Raining for Health Education"
1:
1184:(2241): 183–184. 1912-10-01.
637:Training for health education
516:LĂ©on Bernard Foundation Prize
387:Neuengamme concentration camp
206:Neuengamme concentration camp
91:LĂ©on Bernard Foundation Prize
1659:"Jacques Parisot Foundation"
1009:10.1126/science.86.2221.76.b
556:National Academy of Medicine
543:Ordre des Palmes académiques
242:National Academy of Medicine
82:Ordre des Palmes académiques
16:French physician (1882-1967)
993:"Scientific Notes and News"
465:International Labour Office
357:, he was taken prisoner at
294:and during the fighting of
1859:
1395:Mention de Jacques Parisot
957:10.1177/001789695801600202
719:Bernard, E. (1968-03-01).
571:Jacques Parisot Foundation
558:and then President of the
399:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
361:, where he catches severe
1823:French Resistance members
1760:VĂ©ronique Gabrion-Flaus,
1604:(in French). 1954-05-08.
1572:World Health Organization
1516:(in French). 1956-05-10.
1174:"Societies and Academies"
939:Parisot, Jacques (1958).
505:World Health Organization
190:World Health Organization
171:
134:World Health Organization
96:
28:
945:Health Education Journal
686:"Le RĂ©publicain lorrain"
416:Office of Social Hygiene
372:Parisot then joined the
130:Office of Social Hygiene
787:collections.nlm.nih.gov
625:, Impr. G. Thomas, 1933
611:, Berger Levrault, 1928
353:. While he is based in
632:, Berger-Levault, 1934
431:Rockefeller Foundation
1648:sur le site de l'OMS.
1487:. The Service. 1958.
1484:Public Health Reports
1458:Le Monde diplomatique
1357:Borowy, Iris (2009).
1073:www.estrepublicain.fr
1049:Présentation de l'OHS
1003:(2221): 76–79. 1937.
852:Murard, Lion (2008).
581:Selected publications
509:World Health Assembly
381:, he wad sent to the
138:World Health Assembly
1543:www2.culture.gouv.fr
1338:Consultable en ligne
1318:Consultable en ligne
1257:Consultable en ligne
1138:Consultable en ligne
424:Lay-Saint-Christophe
359:Saint-Dié-des-Vosges
85:Grand Cross of the
1792:Medicina nei secoli
1190:1912Natur..90..183.
858:Medicina Nei Secoli
552:Raymond Debenedetti
316:led by the General
269:preventive medicine
120:Drug rehabilitation
116:Preventive medicine
1771:Étienne Thévenin,
1644:2017-02-23 at the
1400:2017-02-23 at the
1343:2023-01-15 at the
1323:2015-02-04 at the
1262:2022-03-20 at the
1143:2023-01-15 at the
1054:2015-02-04 at the
907:The New York Times
573:, which awarded a
420:Meurthe-et-Moselle
296:Izel-Les-Equerchin
146:10th Army (France)
1828:French physicians
1794:2008 20(3):871-90
1783:) (reissue 2010).
1781:978-2-8143-0010-1
1427:978-1-108-48357-5
1370:978-3-631-58687-7
1289:978-1-134-63717-1
635:Jacques Parisot,
628:Jacques Parisot,
621:Jacques Parisot,
607:Jacques Parisot,
593:Jacques Parisot,
586:Jacques Parisot,
281:infantry regiment
257:Villemin Hospital
249:Baccarat crystals
175:
174:
150:8th Army (France)
142:League of Nations
98:Scientific career
80:Commander of the
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560:French Red Cross
554:, member of the
533:Death and legacy
455:
443:infant mortality
350:
337:French Red Cross
313:
288:Legion of Honour
280:
198:Legion of Honour
167:
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604:, Maloine, 1925
590:, G. Doin, 1923
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407:
405:Academic career
348:
333:Legion of Honor
322:epidemic typhus
311:
278:
265:
263:Military career
222:
216:in his honour.
186:social medicine
180:(15 June 1882,
178:Jacques Parisot
165:
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136:
132:
118:
114:
110:
108:Social medicine
89:
87:Legion of Honor
84:
72:
67:
63:
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49:
43:
41:
24:
23:Jacques Parisot
17:
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5:
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1766:medical thesis
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1578:on 8 July 2004
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1387:
1369:
1363:. Peter Lang.
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1165:
1153:
1129:
1101:
1089:
1060:
1041:
981:
931:
909:. 1931-10-04.
894:
864:(3): 871–890.
837:
803:
774:
761:
731:(2): 313–315.
708:
677:
647:
645:
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633:
626:
619:
612:
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579:
534:
531:
493:Suzanne Fouché
485:Eugène Aujaleu
473:Henri Poulizac
406:
403:
385:, then to the
383:Royallieu camp
264:
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94:
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78:
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68:
66:(aged 85)
62:7 October 1967
60:
56:
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39:
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1282:. Routledge.
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792:
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771:
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746:
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738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:
713:
709:
698:on 2015-02-04
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494:
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489:André Trannoy
486:
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481:Alfred Rosier
478:
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226:Nancy, France
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71:
70:Nancy, France
61:
57:
53:
52:Nancy, France
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
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1772:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1730:. Retrieved
1721:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1667:10665/144548
1653:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1610:. Retrieved
1601:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:the original
1571:
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1522:. Retrieved
1513:
1504:
1493:. Retrieved
1483:
1477:
1466:. Retrieved
1457:
1447:
1436:. Retrieved
1416:
1409:
1390:
1379:. Retrieved
1359:
1352:
1332:
1313:
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1278:
1271:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1224:. Retrieved
1181:
1177:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1147:sur le site
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1110:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1072:
1063:
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1000:
996:
973:. Retrieved
951:(2): 59–62.
948:
944:
934:
923:. Retrieved
906:
897:
886:. Retrieved
861:
857:
829:. Retrieved
820:
795:. Retrieved
786:
777:
769:
764:
753:. Retrieved
728:
724:
700:. Retrieved
693:the original
680:
669:. Retrieved
660:
651:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
568:
541:
539:
536:
520:
513:
501:
497:Robert Debré
477:Robert Buron
469:traumatology
462:
457:
447:
428:
412:
408:
371:
345:
330:
304:
284:
275:
272:
266:
253:tuberculosis
246:
237:
223:
220:Early career
202:
194:
177:
176:
161:
126:Institutions
97:
64:(1967-10-07)
48:15 June 1882
1818:1967 deaths
1813:1882 births
1602:Le Monde.fr
1514:Le Monde.fr
326:Spanish flu
307:Ambulance Z
1802:Categories
1732:2022-12-01
1702:18 January
1677:2023-01-18
1612:2023-01-18
1553:2023-01-15
1524:2023-01-18
1495:2023-01-21
1468:2023-01-18
1438:2023-01-21
1381:2023-01-21
1300:2023-01-21
1226:2023-01-18
1122:21 January
1083:2023-01-18
1035:2023-01-18
975:2023-01-18
925:2023-01-18
888:2023-01-18
831:2023-01-15
797:2023-01-18
755:2023-01-18
702:2023-01-15
671:2023-01-15
644:References
575:fellowship
439:alcoholism
401:in Nancy.
374:Resistance
234:physiology
204:sent to a
44:1882-06-15
1208:1476-4687
1017:0036-8075
915:0362-4331
870:0394-9001
737:0035-1792
518:in 1954.
410:retired.
367:War Cross
363:dysentery
1764:, 1994 (
1726:Archived
1696:Archived
1671:Archived
1661:. 1969.
1642:Archived
1626:Op. cit.
1606:Archived
1547:Archived
1518:Archived
1489:Archived
1462:Archived
1432:Archived
1398:Archived
1375:Archived
1341:Archived
1321:Archived
1294:Archived
1260:Archived
1240:Op. cit.
1220:Archived
1161:Op. cit.
1141:Archived
1116:Archived
1097:Op. cit.
1077:Archived
1052:Archived
1029:Archived
969:Archived
965:72393648
919:Archived
882:Archived
878:19848221
825:Archived
791:Archived
749:Archived
665:Archived
548:Sorbonne
529:(INRS).
435:syphilis
292:Lorraine
1582:20 June
1186:Bibcode
1025:1663808
997:Science
745:4907862
379:Gestapo
255:of the
230:anatomy
214:awarded
192:(WHO).
112:Hygiene
1779:
1424:
1367:
1286:
1216:216389
1214:
1206:
1178:Nature
1023:
1015:
963:
913:
876:
868:
743:
735:
391:Prague
355:Alsace
318:Mangin
166:(1907)
164:
157:Thesis
104:Fields
77:Awards
1212:S2CID
1021:JSTOR
961:S2CID
696:(PDF)
689:(PDF)
300:Douai
279:269th
182:Nancy
1777:ISBN
1704:2023
1584:2018
1422:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1204:ISSN
1124:2023
1013:ISSN
911:ISSN
874:PMID
866:ISSN
741:PMID
733:ISSN
564:20th
495:and
454:etc.
351:Army
324:and
314:army
312:10th
298:and
232:and
212:was
59:Died
38:Born
1722:WHO
1663:hdl
1637:La
1194:doi
1005:doi
953:doi
450:BCG
418:of
349:8th
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1790:,
1768:).
1724:.
1720:.
1694:.
1669:.
1600:.
1570:.
1545:.
1541:.
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1373:.
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1202:.
1192:.
1182:90
1180:.
1176:.
1071:.
1027:.
1019:.
1011:.
1001:86
999:.
995:.
984:^
967:.
959:.
949:16
947:.
943:.
917:.
905:.
880:.
872:.
862:20
860:.
856:.
840:^
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819:.
806:^
789:.
785:.
747:.
739:.
729:32
727:.
723:.
711:^
663:.
659:.
511:.
491:,
487:,
483:,
479:,
441:,
437:,
395:SS
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328:.
244:.
200:.
1735:.
1706:.
1680:.
1665::
1615:.
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1498:.
1471:.
1441:.
1384:.
1347:.
1327:.
1303:.
1266:.
1229:.
1196::
1188::
1151:.
1126:.
1086:.
1038:.
1007::
978:.
955::
928:.
891:.
834:.
800:.
758:.
705:.
674:.
452:,
46:)
42:(
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