526:
Again, Le Gris' superior strength gave him an advantage, pushing
Carrouges back before thrusting his blade through his opponent's thigh. As the crowd murmured, Le Gris made a fatal mistake; withdrawing his weapon, he stepped back to watch his wounded enemy and was thus off balance when the desperate Carrouges threw himself forwards, wrestling Le Gris to the ground and hacking at him with his own longsword. Although Le Gris' plate armour was too thick to allow Carrouges' weapon to penetrate, it was also so heavy that he could not regain his feet with Carrouges on top of him. Stranded on the ground, Le Gris struggled as Carrouges straddled him and used his sword to smash open the lock on Le Gris' faceplate. As the crowd watched in silence, Carrouges shouted in Le Gris' exposed face for him to confess his crime before death or face Hell. Le Gris replied so all could hear, "In the name of God, and on the peril and damnation of my soul, I am innocent of the crime." Enraged, Carrouges drew his
344:
Marguerite de
Carrouges' testimony, a squire in Le Gris' employ named Adam Louvel had knocked on the door of the chateau and demanded entry. All the servants were attending to Dame Nicole de Carrouges, who was visiting a neighbouring town on legal business, and so Marguerite was alone when Louvel called. Once inside, Louvel gave Marguerite a message that Le Gris was outside and desired to see her because he was passionately in love with her. Although Marguerite protested, Le Gris broke into the house and proposed sexual intercourse with her, offering money in exchange. When Marguerite refused, Le Gris forcibly raped her on the bed in her chamber with the help of Louvel. As Le Gris departed, he threatened her with violence if she told of the encounter.
494:
horsed. For a third time, they turned and charged and again they both struck. This time however the lances shattered, sending slivers of wood cartwheeling across the arena and nearly unseating both men. Regaining their balance, the knights closed on one another with battle axes drawn, trading furious two-handed blows. As the engagement progressed, Le Gris' superior strength began to tell and
Carrouges was driven back until with a mighty swing, Le Gris' axe severed the spine of Carrouges' horse. The dying beast tumbled to the ground, Carrouges leaping clear and meeting Le Gris' charge with a side-step, allowing him to thrust his own axe's pike deep into the stomach of Le Gris' steed.
35:
462:
their honesty before the King, Parliament, and God. Before they remounted, the marshal of the duel performed a brief ceremony in which he knighted
Jacques Le Gris. This ceremony was traditional before the battle but also performed a part in maintaining the social structure of medieval France. With both men on the same social footing, there would be no defeat of a senior rank by a lesser one. Having been raised to the status of a knight, Sir Jacques regained his horse and the arena was cleared. Both knights were heavily armed and armoured, protected by a hide and wood shield bearing their coat of arms and thick
538:. There it was strung up alongside the bodies of murderers and thieves to rot before eventually being flung into a common grave. However, the memory of Jacques Le Gris was kept alive by his family and supporters for many years. His son Guillaume Le Gris paid over 200 francs for masses to be said for his father, "a man of noble memory," and continued to pay similar sums for at least ten years after his death. Count Pierre too retained favourable memories of his advisor, taking revenge by blocking Carrouges' efforts to purchase more land or expand his influence in Normandy.
518:
315:, and Le Gris took the opportunity to increase his influence with Count Pierre, making substantial financial and territorial gains in his rival's absence. Carrouges returned a year later, now a knight but bankrupt, ill, and suffering the aftermath of a long and unsuccessful campaign. When Carrouges appeared at Argentan in January 1386, he was involved in a confrontation with his erstwhile friend. Although it is not known what was said, the two men separated on poor terms, and Carrouges departed for Paris in a state of agitation.
326:"The lady, unaware of his evil design, had led him about like a good friend here and there and taken him to the guest-chamber. Then he was unable to conceal his savage intention. For immediately he began to confess his love, and to implore, and to mix gifts with prayers and to harass the woman's spirit in every way. And when he fearfully saw her constant spirit, improper love made him bold, and throwing her down with his left arm he robbed the storeroom of her chastity and gave the victory to desire."
454:
364:
suspicions about his client, whose claims of innocence he considered to be false. Le Gris was urged by his family and lawyer to insist on being tried in a church court, which was his right as a cleric in minor orders. This would have given him a more favourable hearing in a court that did not condone trial by combat and thus would also be much safer. Le Gris rebuffed this advice and became angry when challenged on the decision, insisting on his right to a trial before the
Parlement.
401:
all subject to torture to test the veracity of their testimony, but none gave evidence against Le Gris and the case continued through the summer and into
September without conclusion. Le Gris' case involved several strategies; he attempted to discredit his opponent by telling of Carrouges' infamous temper and describing the case against him as a jealous invention from a man who had threatened to beat his wife if she did not corroborate his accusations. Le Gris then provided
410:
providing Le Gris' alibi, Jean
Beloteau, was arrested in Paris during the trial and charged with rape himself. This charge seriously undermined Beloteau's testimony and Le Gris' defence. Finally, Carrouges himself offered counter-testimony in court that a healthy, strong man with long experience of horsemanship and a stable full of horses like Le Gris could certainly have made the 50 mile trip without difficulty, even accounting for the snow.
500:"Sir Jean de Carogne was, at the first onset, wounded in the thigh, which alarmed all his friends: notwithstanding this, he fought so desperately that he struck down his adversary, and, thrusting his sword through the body, caused instant death; when he demanded of the spectators if he had done his duty: they replied that he had. The body of Jacques le Gris was delivered to the hangman, who dragged it to Montfaucon, and there hanged it."
83:
368:
288:
over land with Count Pierre, who denied him the purchase or inheritance of several estates. Le Gris was heavily involved in these legal disputes both as the
Seigneur of Aunou-le-Faucon and as an adviser to the count. He thus became a target of Carrouges, who accused Le Gris of orchestrating the lawsuits against him.
594:
Legal studies conducted in the 2000s by French jurists generally considered it likely that Le Gris was the real culprit based on
Marguerite's evidence, although none, of course, could prove so conclusively. A major exception to this trend was a book written in 1890 by a descendant of Le Gris named F.
461:
Although legal accounts do not describe the course of the combat, contemporary chroniclers have left several records of the day's battle. According to the chronicles, the claimants entered the field last and before all present repeated their accusations against the other and swore oaths guaranteeing
282:
In 1381, Le Gris and
Carrouges engaged in a public argument over the domain of Aunou-le-Faucon. Carrouges had returned from the wars with a new bride, Marguerite de Thibouville, daughter of a controversial Norman squire who, until recently, had owned Aunou. Although the lands had been legally bought
533:
At Le Gris' death, the crowd cheered and the King greeted the victor with several fine presents. Carrouges became a wealthy and famous man as a result of his victory, but, despite his end, Le Gris was not forgotten. In the duel's immediate aftermath, the Executioner of Paris took charge of the body
493:
At the marshal's signal, silence descended over the field and both knights spurred their horses and charged, their lances each striking the other's shield but not causing significant damage. Wheeling, both again struck, but failed to penetrate, scoring glancing blows on their helmets but remaining
400:
During the criminal trial, all the major figures in the case were called on to give evidence. Le Gris and Carrouges began proceedings and were followed by a heavily pregnant Marguerite and at least one of her maidservants as well as Adam Louvel. As people of low birth, Louvel and the servants were
396:
for Le Gris. After hearing the challenges and accusations, the Parlement and King debated the case and decided that a full hearing of the evidence from witnesses would be held to determine guilt. If the case could not be decided by normal means, then a judicial duel would be held to adjudicate the
525:
As his horse faltered and collapsed, Le Gris was thrown off and lost his axe. Undaunted, he rose and drew his longsword, turning to meet Carrouges who was already advancing on him, sword also drawn. Again the combatants traded blows, their weapons the only sounds heard in the silent battleground.
405:
for the entire week in question, establishing his whereabouts in testimony backed up by several other squires of the court of Count Pierre. Finally, he attempted to demonstrate in court that it was physically impossible for him to have ridden in winter from Argentan to Capomesnil, where the crime
295:
between the two men was achieved in the winter of 1384, when Carrouges and Le Gris were both invited to the estate of a mutual friend, Jean Crespin, to celebrate the birth of his son. For the first time, Carrouges brought his wife Marguerite into society and it was at this party that she made her
287:
and took Count Pierre to court to return them. Pierre was forced to visit his cousin, the King, to obtain royal approval for his purchase and consequently was furious with Carrouges. The eventual result was that Carrouges was isolated from the court and subjected to three years of legal struggles
347:
Charges were brought by the Carrouges' faction against Le Gris in the court of Count Pierre but Carrouges and his wife refused to attend the hearing, so convinced were they of receiving unfair treatment from the count. Count Pierre backed his favourite in the trial, clearing Le Gris and accusing
269:
Shortly after the death of his family, Carrouges departed on campaign in Upper Normandy while Le Gris – thanks to his literacy and military skills – rose steadily in importance in Count Pierre's court, travelling with the count when he went to Paris on business. During the course of these trips,
387:
in a challenge and Le Gris picking it up, signifying his acceptance of the duel. Le Gris also embellished his case by insisting that should he be proven innocent of the offence, he would sue Carrouges or his estate for 40,000 livres. Following the declarations, a number of high-ranking noblemen
363:
Informed of the King's decision, Le Gris contacted Jean Le Coq, widely considered the best lawyer of the day in France. Le Coq kept meticulous notes of the entire trial process and it is through his record that many of the facts of the case are known. Le Coq also comments in his records his own
409:
As the trial progressed, however, Le Gris' testimony suffered several blows. The unwavering accusations directed at him by Marguerite despite the shame such accusations brought to her were, in the eyes of the court, a powerful reason why the charges could not have been invented. One of the men
343:
Some weeks after their encounter, word reached Le Gris of accusations being made against him by Carrouges and his wife. Carrouges claimed that on 18 January 1386, whilst Carrouges was still in Paris, Le Gris had entered the chateau of Carrouges' mother Nicole and raped Marguerite. According to
546:
In the centuries since Le Gris' death, the case has become an important cultural legend in France. The duel was one of the last trials by combat ever permitted by the Parlement de Paris or the French Kings and the guilt or innocence of its participants has been a source of great debate among
450:; and his brother the Duke of Orléans joined thousands of ordinary Parisians, Normans, and visiting French to attend the duel. The commoners in attendance were warned that anyone who did not keep quiet would lose a hand and anyone who attempted to aid either combatant would be executed.
418:
Faced with such conflicting accounts and unable to reach a conclusion, the Parlement announced on 15 September that the two men would fight to the death on 27 November 1386 to decide guilt in the case. If Carrouges lost, then Marguerite would be
382:
in Paris the two claimants faced each other for the first time since their confrontation at Argentan several months before. Each stepped before the Parlement in turn and presented their case for the King and court, Carrouges throwing down his
266:. As Le Gris rose in his lord's esteem, the poorer Carrouges was frequently overlooked, resulting in a deterioration in their friendship which was only worsened by the death of Carrouges' wife and son in 1380, severing the men's family ties.
438:, which at the time was in the city's northern suburbs. The abbey's field had been converted from a jousting ground to a wooden arena especially for the combat, surrounded by banks for the spectators and a royal box. The King; his uncles
239:, another squire in the count's service. Carrouges and Le Gris were so close that, in 1377, the same year that Count Robert died, Carrouges made Le Gris godfather to his eldest son, a position of great responsibility and trust.
165:
who, after hearing the evidence, authorised a trial by combat to determine the question. The duel attracted thousands of spectators and has been discussed by many notable French writers, from the contemporary
601:
246:, as the new count with Robert d'Alençon's death in 1377, the friendship between the two squires became strained. Le Gris was an able, amiable, and intelligent man, and soon became one of the new count's
296:
first acquaintance with Le Gris. Despite the tension between them, Carrouges and Le Gris shook hands and drank together, putting their quarrel behind them before their peers and neighbours.
189:, rather than opting for the safer church trial (to which, as a cleric in minor orders, he was entitled), attracted widespread support for his cause amongst the French nobility.
270:
Count Pierre introduced Le Gris at the royal court and was instrumental in gaining him the prestigious title of Royal Steward, a position within the household of the King,
185:
at his court, governing a large swathe of his liege lord's territory, in addition to his own ancestral holdings. Le Gris' insistence on defending his case by chivalric
559:, who repeat with varying details an unverifiable tale of an unnamed culprit admitting his guilt after being condemned to death for an unidentified crime. During the
1334:
1135:
389:
1178:
333:
871:
1324:
300:
1217:
Chronicles of England, France and the Adjoining Countries, from the Latter Part of the Reign of Edward II to the Coronation of Henry IV
34:
564:
1285:
674:
431:, ordered the duel to be postponed until 29 December as he did not want to miss what was rapidly becoming the event of the season.
1329:
551:
harbours no question over the guilt of Le Gris, whom he considers a villain. Later writers take a different view, including the
177:
Described as a large and physically imposing man, and rumoured to be a womaniser, Le Gris was a liegeman (feudal retainer) of
435:
393:
348:
Marguerite of inventing or "dreaming" the charges. Undeterred, Carrouges then visited the court of King Charles VI at the
1258:
221:, a role at which he excelled. He also participated in several minor military campaigns in Normandy, in the entourage of
552:
517:
228:
At some point in his life, Le Gris also married, and fathered several sons; who, in turn, had descendants of their own.
231:
In 1370, his long service was rewarded when he was given command of one of his liege lord's castles at the village of
587:
1344:
1339:
875:
609:
506:
447:
45:
1226:"An Account of the Duel between Jean de Carrouges and Jacques le Gris in the Chronicle of the Monk of St. Denis"
379:
371:
759:
An Account of the Duel between Jean de Carrouges and Jacques le Gris in the Chronicle of the Monk of St. Denis
595:
White Le Grix, who makes a determined effort to defend his ancestor. Most recently, the story was studied in
349:
154:
243:
178:
1314:
453:
158:
115:
1189:
1319:
560:
535:
527:
271:
222:
162:
439:
406:
supposedly took place, in a single day, a round trip of approximately 50 miles (80 km).
1237:
1183:
420:
357:
150:
1291:
1281:
670:
384:
236:
86:
1225:
840:
758:
1249:
556:
443:
263:
218:
186:
126:
573:
145:
who gained fame and infamy, and was ultimately killed when he engaged in one of the last
1174:
548:
471:
312:
210:
167:
82:
1308:
1277:
The Last Duel: A True Story of Crime, Scandal, and Trial by Combat in Medieval France
1124:
353:
304:
292:
255:
146:
1129:
283:
by Count Pierre in 1377 for 8,000 livres, Carrouges wanted them back as part of his
613:
534:
and stripped its armour and clothing before dragging it through the streets to the
463:
202:
40:
1266:
367:
617:
214:
49:, based on a coat of arms used by descendant Guiliaume le Gris du Clos in 1696.
845:
596:
487:
479:
197:
Jacques le Gris was born in the 1330s, the son of Guillaume le Gris, a minor
1295:
475:
247:
182:
1275:
578:
467:
434:
On the day decreed, Le Gris and Carrouges travelled through Paris to the
428:
308:
259:
251:
198:
171:
60:
1139:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 639.
568:
424:
388:
stepped forward to act as seconds in the duel for both men, including
483:
206:
142:
138:
567:, who repeated this story of the anonymous criminal's confession in
356:
to allow God to decide the case. The King referred the case to the
137:(lit. "the Gray") (c. 1330s – 29 December 1386) was a French
516:
452:
402:
366:
284:
232:
209:
in the church, and able to read sufficiently well to officiate at
105:
872:
The life-and-death duel between James le Gris and John de Carogne
602:
The Last Duel: A True Story of Trial by Combat in Medieval France
352:
and appealed to the King for the right to challenge Le Gris to a
1179:"'The Last Duel' Review: A Medieval Epic in the Age of #MeToo"
530:
and thrust it through Le Gris' throat, killing him instantly.
161:. Carrouges brought legal proceedings against Le Gris before
1128:
585:. An imaginative version of the legend was repeated in the
765:, Translated by Steven Muhlberger, Retrieved 27 March 2020
496:
360:, where both claimants were expected to appear on 9 July.
322:
427:. King Charles VI, who was on campaign with his court in
900:
898:
896:
1023:
1021:
641:
Jager considers this book to be very poorly researched.
201:
squire. Unusual for the time, he was educated, taking
773:
771:
719:
717:
715:
713:
688:
686:
1232:. Translated by Muhlberger, Steven. Paris: Crapelet.
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
547:
historians and jurists. The contemporary chronicler
121:
111:
100:
92:
77:
67:
54:
25:
1188:
605:, which also considers Le Gris the likely rapist.
521:Duel between Jacques Le Gris and Jean de Carrouges
299:A few months later, Jean de Carrouges departed on
235:. During his career, he became firm friends with
616:, and released in 2021. Le Gris is portrayed by
262:(Lord) of Exmes, and given a valuable estate at
669:] (in French). Editions des RĂ©gionalismes.
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
8:
1219:. Vol. 3. Translated by Johnes, Thomas.
242:With the arrival of Count Robert's brother,
663:Nobiliaire et Armorial de Bretagne (Tome 2)
217:, and then a squire, in the service of the
22:
904:
836:
834:
653:
634:
397:dispute, with God choosing the victor.
250:. When Count Pierre moved his court to
213:. Like his father, Le Gris was first a
157:, the wife of his neighbour and rival,
1245:
1235:
667:Nobility Armorial of Brittany (Tome 2)
1230:Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys
1161:
1149:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
952:
940:
928:
916:
887:
825:
813:
801:
789:
777:
763:Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys
735:
723:
704:
692:
334:Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys
43:attributed to Sir Jacques le Gris in
18:14th-century French squire and knight
7:
1263:UCLA College of Letters and Sciences
14:
258:and, in reward, was confirmed as
1335:People of the Hundred Years' War
608:Jager's book was adapted into a
436:Abbey of Saint-Martin-des-Champs
153:after he was accused of rape by
81:
33:
1257:Jager, Eric (16 January 2005).
661:De Courcy, Pol Potier (2015).
583:Histoire du Parlement de Paris
301:a campaign to Scotland in 1385
1:
1224:Bellaguet, M.L., ed. (1839).
610:feature film of the same name
394:Philip of Artois, Count of Eu
71:29 December 1386 (aged c. 56)
849:, Retrieved on 4 August 2007
563:, the duel was revisited by
553:Grandes Chroniques de France
1259:"A Fatal Medieval Triangle"
1361:
1325:14th-century French people
374:, where the trial was held
311:, serving under commander
1215:Froissart, Jehan (1804).
448:Louis II, Duke of Bourbon
254:, Le Gris lent him 3,000
32:
372:Palais de Justice, Paris
1330:Medieval French knights
1136:Encyclopædia Britannica
588:Encyclopædia Britannica
457:Saint-Martin-des-Champs
378:On 9 July 1386, at the
155:Marguerite de Carrouges
905:Jager, 2005 & UCLA
878:; Book III, Chapter 43
876:Froissart's Chronicles
522:
509:, Book III, Chapter 46
507:Froissart's Chronicles
458:
375:
179:Count Pierre d'Alençon
520:
456:
370:
331:Accusations from the
159:Sir Jean de Carrouges
93:Years of service
1274:Jager, Eric (2005).
536:Gibbet of Montfaucon
390:Waleran of Saint-Pol
350:Château de Vincennes
303:as part of France's
1280:. London: Century.
1177:(13 October 2021).
440:John, Duke of Berry
135:Sir Jacques le Gris
27:Sir Jacques le Gris
1269:on 14 August 2007.
1193:on 13 October 2021
1184:The New York Times
523:
459:
421:burnt at the stake
392:for Carrouges and
376:
358:Parlement of Paris
278:Legal difficulties
151:Parlement of Paris
116:Hundred Years' War
591:until the 1970s.
555:and the works of
515:
514:
466:, riding a heavy
380:Palais de Justice
341:
340:
319:On trial for rape
237:Jean de Carrouges
149:permitted by the
132:
131:
87:Kingdom of France
1352:
1345:Trials by combat
1340:French duellists
1299:
1270:
1265:. Archived from
1253:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1220:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1187:. Archived from
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
891:
885:
879:
869:
850:
838:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
766:
756:
739:
733:
727:
721:
708:
702:
696:
690:
681:
680:
658:
642:
639:
497:
323:
244:Pierre d'Alençon
223:Robert d'Alençon
85:
37:
23:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1305:
1304:
1288:
1273:
1256:
1244:
1234:
1223:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1175:Dargis, Manohla
1173:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
983:
975:
971:
963:
959:
951:
947:
939:
935:
927:
923:
915:
911:
903:
894:
886:
882:
870:
853:
839:
832:
824:
820:
812:
808:
800:
796:
788:
784:
776:
769:
757:
742:
734:
730:
722:
711:
703:
699:
691:
684:
677:
660:
659:
655:
646:
645:
640:
636:
626:
565:Boucher d'Argis
557:Jehan de Waurin
544:
470:and wielding a
444:Philip the Bold
416:
321:
280:
264:Aunou-le-Faucon
219:Count of Perche
195:
187:trial by combat
163:King Charles VI
127:Aunou-le-Faucon
72:
59:
50:
28:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1286:
1271:
1254:
1221:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1166:
1164:, p. 206.
1154:
1152:, p. 208.
1142:
1127:, ed. (1911).
1125:Chisholm, Hugh
1116:
1114:, p. 187.
1104:
1102:, p. 197.
1092:
1090:, p. 184.
1080:
1078:, p. 179.
1068:
1066:, p. 175.
1056:
1054:, p. 172.
1044:
1042:, p. 170.
1032:
1030:, p. 157.
1017:
1015:, p. 133.
1005:
1003:, p. 116.
993:
991:, p. 113.
981:
979:, p. 111.
969:
967:, p. 120.
957:
955:, p. 104.
945:
943:, p. 102.
933:
921:
919:, p. 122.
909:
892:
880:
851:
830:
818:
806:
794:
782:
767:
740:
728:
709:
697:
682:
675:
652:
651:
650:
644:
643:
633:
632:
631:
630:
625:
622:
612:, directed by
549:Jean Froissart
543:
540:
513:
512:
502:
501:
415:
412:
339:
338:
328:
327:
320:
317:
313:Jean de Vienne
279:
276:
194:
191:
168:Jean Froissart
147:judicial duels
130:
129:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
56:
52:
51:
38:
30:
29:
26:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1357:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1287:0-7126-6190-5
1283:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1002:
997:
994:
990:
985:
982:
978:
973:
970:
966:
961:
958:
954:
949:
946:
942:
937:
934:
931:, p. 95.
930:
925:
922:
918:
913:
910:
906:
901:
899:
897:
893:
890:, p. 79.
889:
884:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
847:
842:
841:The Last Duel
837:
835:
831:
828:, p. 58.
827:
822:
819:
816:, p. 38.
815:
810:
807:
804:, p. 36.
803:
798:
795:
792:, p. 31.
791:
786:
783:
780:, p. 21.
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
741:
738:, p. 19.
737:
732:
729:
726:, p. 20.
725:
720:
718:
716:
714:
710:
707:, p. 23.
706:
701:
698:
695:, p. 22.
694:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:9782824051116
672:
668:
664:
657:
654:
648:
647:
638:
635:
628:
627:
623:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
603:
598:
592:
590:
589:
584:
580:
576:
575:
570:
566:
562:
561:Enlightenment
558:
554:
550:
541:
539:
537:
531:
529:
519:
510:
508:
504:
503:
499:
498:
495:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
414:Judicial duel
413:
411:
407:
404:
398:
395:
391:
386:
381:
373:
369:
365:
361:
359:
355:
354:judicial duel
351:
345:
336:
335:
330:
329:
325:
324:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
305:Auld Alliance
302:
297:
294:
293:rapprochement
289:
286:
277:
275:
273:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
229:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
190:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
128:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:Paris, France
70:
66:
62:
57:
53:
48:
47:
46:The Last Duel
42:
36:
31:
24:
21:
16:
1315:1330s births
1302:
1276:
1267:the original
1262:
1229:
1216:
1209:Bibliography
1195:. Retrieved
1190:the original
1182:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1134:
1130:"Duel"
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1008:
996:
984:
972:
960:
948:
936:
924:
912:
883:
844:
821:
809:
797:
785:
762:
731:
700:
666:
662:
656:
637:
614:Ridley Scott
607:
600:
593:
586:
582:
574:Encyclopédie
572:
545:
532:
524:
505:
492:
464:plate armour
460:
433:
417:
408:
399:
377:
362:
346:
342:
332:
298:
290:
281:
268:
241:
230:
227:
203:minor orders
196:
176:
134:
133:
112:Battles/wars
44:
41:coat of arms
20:
15:
1320:1386 deaths
1246:|work=
618:Adam Driver
528:misericorde
488:misericorde
486:known as a
482:, and long
215:man-at-arms
104:Captain of
1309:Categories
1197:25 October
1162:Jager 2005
1150:Jager 2005
1112:Jager 2005
1100:Jager 2005
1088:Jager 2005
1076:Jager 2005
1064:Jager 2005
1052:Jager 2005
1040:Jager 2005
1028:Jager 2005
1013:Jager 2005
1001:Jager 2005
989:Jager 2005
977:Jager 2005
965:Jager 2005
953:Jager 2005
941:Jager 2005
929:Jager 2005
917:Jager 2005
888:Jager 2005
846:Eric Jager
826:Jager 2005
814:Jager 2005
802:Jager 2005
790:Jager 2005
778:Jager 2005
736:Jager 2005
724:Jager 2005
705:Jager 2005
693:Jager 2005
624:References
597:Eric Jager
480:battle axe
272:Charles VI
248:favourites
193:Early life
78:Allegiance
1248:ignored (
1238:cite book
649:Citations
577:, and by
476:longsword
183:favourite
96:1370–1386
1296:59199040
599:'s work
579:Voltaire
478:, heavy
468:warhorse
429:Flanders
385:gauntlet
309:Scotland
260:Seigneur
252:Argentan
172:Voltaire
125:Lord of
63:, France
61:Normandy
58:c. 1330s
581:in his
569:Diderot
425:perjury
1294:
1284:
673:
542:Legacy
484:dagger
446:, and
403:alibis
256:livres
207:cleric
199:Norman
181:and a
143:knight
139:squire
122:Awards
665:[
629:Notes
472:lance
307:with
285:dowry
233:Exmes
205:as a
106:Exmes
1292:OCLC
1282:ISBN
1250:help
1199:2021
671:ISBN
423:for
211:mass
141:and
101:Rank
68:Died
55:Born
39:The
170:to
1311::
1290:.
1261:.
1242::
1240:}}
1236:{{
1228:.
1181:.
1133:.
1020:^
895:^
874:,
854:^
843:,
833:^
770:^
761:,
743:^
712:^
685:^
620:.
571:'s
511:.
490:.
474:,
442:,
337:.
291:A
274:.
225:.
174:.
1298:.
1252:)
1201:.
907:.
679:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
