229:
little
English content" (Bilby 1983: 38). While Kromanti is not a functioning language, those possessed by ancestral spirits are attributed the ability to speak it. More remote ancestors are compared with more recent ancestors on a gradient, such that increasing strength and ability in the use of the non-creolized Kromanti are attributed to increasingly remote ancestors (as opposed to the Jamaican Maroon Creole used to address these ancestors).
228:
The term "Kromanti" is used by participants in such ceremonies to refer to an
African language spoken by ancestors in the distant past, prior to the creolization of Jamaican Maroon Creole. This term is used to refer to a language which is "clearly not a form of Jamaican Creole and displays very
217:). Another distinct ritual language (also called Kromanti) consisting mostly of words and phrases from Akan languages, is also used by Jamaican Maroons in certain rituals including some involving
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547:"How the "Older Heads" Talk: A Jamaican Maroon Spirit Possession Language and Its Relationship to the Creoles of Suriname and Sierra Leone"
511:"How the "Older Heads" Talk: A Jamaican Maroon Spirit Possession Language and Its Relationship to the Creoles of Suriname and Sierra Leone"
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262:: Some words in the Maroon Creole have a vowel in the final syllable, compared to Jamaican Creole. Some examples are:
294:: Many words that have a lateral liquid /l/ in Jamaican Creole have a trill /r/ in Maroon Creole. Some examples are:
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209:, with little to no contribution from other African languages. Today, the Maroon Spirit language is used by
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in 1800. Their creole language highly influenced the local creole language that evolved into present day
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Bilby discusses several phonological distinctions between
Jamaican Creole and Jamaican Maroon Creole.
326:: There are several instances where the "deep creole" uses /e/ while the "normal creole" uses /ai/.
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or when addressing those who are possessed and sometimes used as a kind of code.
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in 1796, where they were sent in exile. They eventually traveled to
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Some phonological characteristics of
Jamaican Maroon Creole
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The language was brought along by the maroon population to
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551:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
515:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
443:Taylor, Patrick; Ivor Case, Frederick (2013).
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449:. University of Illinois Press. p. 479.
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446:The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions
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660:Extinct languages of North America
593:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
472:African Language Studies Volume 12
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665:Languages of the African diaspora
640:English-based pidgins and creoles
165:component, specifically from the
675:Pidgin and creole language stubs
16:English-based creole of Jamaica
153:and formerly mother tongue of
1:
234:Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)
177:. It is distinct from usual
39:, Charles Town, Scott's Hall)
221:by ancestral spirits during
424:West African Pidgin English
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201:. It is also more purely
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409:Jamaican Maroon religion
131:Jamaican Maroon language
545:Bilby, Kenneth (1983).
509:Bilby, Kenneth (1983).
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183:creoles of Sierra Leone
181:, being similar to the
589:-related article is a
143:Jamaican Maroon Creole
135:Maroon Spirit language
650:Languages of Jamaica
159:English-based creole
419:Sierra Leonean Krio
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223:Kromanti ceremonies
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670:Spirit possession
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414:Spirit possession
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655:Ritual languages
645:Jamaican Maroons
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571:on 18 July 2011.
567:. Archived from
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535:on 18 July 2011.
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587:creole language
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260:Vowel epithesis
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179:Jamaican Creole
151:ritual language
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59:Language family
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45:Native speakers
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171:Central Region
161:with a strong
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91:Language codes
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595:expanding it
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242:Sierra Leone
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157:. It is an
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489:|work=
351:"to climb"
324:/ai/ to /e/
238:Nova Scotia
215:Coromantees
634:Categories
430:References
271:"to fight"
219:possession
147:Deep patwa
78:Deep patwa
37:Moore Town
24:Deep patwa
491:ignored (
481:cite book
339:"Normal"
303:"pleased"
213:(largely
117:Glottolog
98:ISO 639-3
403:See also
389:"night"
370:"white"
279:"forest"
193:such as
191:Suriname
139:Kromanti
74:Suriname
71:Atlantic
475:. 1971.
334:"Deep"
319:"belly"
311:"black"
292:Liquids
287:"mouth"
169:of the
33:Jamaica
583:pidgin
453:
207:Patois
199:Ndyuka
195:Sranan
189:) and
29:Region
581:This
356:klaim
308:braka
300:priis
175:Ghana
149:is a
591:stub
585:and
493:help
451:ISBN
394:nait
375:wait
365:wete
346:krem
316:bere
284:mutu
276:wudu
268:fete
246:Krio
203:Akan
197:and
187:Krio
163:Akan
123:None
104:None
50:None
559:doi
523:doi
384:net
236:to
173:of
145:or
108:mis
636::
555:57
553:.
549:.
519:57
517:.
513:.
501:^
485::
483:}}
479:{{
248:.
141:,
137:,
133:,
622:e
615:t
608:v
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561::
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185:(
110:)
106:(
35:(
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