210:. Governor Wentworth was granted an allowance of £240 annually from England to provide religious instruction and schooling for the community. After the first winter, the maroons, raised in an independent culture and warmer climate, and not impressed with what they considered the servile aspects of subsistence agriculture, became less tolerant of the conditions in which they were living. The colonel of the Trelawny Town Maroons,
128:. Walpole was disgusted with the governor's actions, pointing out that he had given the Maroons his word that they would not be transported off the island. Walpole resigned his commission, and went back to England, where he became an MP and protested in the House of Commons how Balcarres had behaved in a duplicitous and dishonest way with the Maroons.
309:. A group of Maroons caught Martin, and they tortured him, and then burnt him to death to avenge Major Jarrett. The Ibo in the colony demanded vengeance, and attacked Maroons in Freetown, forcing a number of them to flee for safety in the interior. After this incident, large numbers of Maroons no longer felt safe in Sierra Leone.
348:. This was made up of immigrants and the descendants of various groups of freed slaves who arrived in Freetown between 1792 and about 1855. After abolishing the Atlantic slave trade, the British Navy posted ships off Africa to intercept slavers, and would deposit liberated slaves at Freetown. Some modern
359:, which was built by the maroons in 1822 on what is now the city's main street, have especially emphasized their descent from the Jamaican exiles. The maroons brought their ceremonial music and dances to Sierra Leone. The ceremonial music gradually became a popular Creole music genre and became known as
297:
However, in 1831, another petition was presented by 224 Sierra Leone
Maroons to the British government, and this time the Jamaican authorities relented. They responded by saying they would place no obstacle in the way of Maroons returning to Jamaica, but would not pay any passage or the purchase of
289:
However, the situation soured for the
Maroons in the 1830s, when they objected to the use of corporal punishment in the military, and a new governor dismissed many Maroons from civil service jobs and gave them to Nova Scotians and Liberated Africans. Many Maroons were traders, but they could not
317:
In 1839, the first
Maroons made their way from Sierra Leone to Jamaica. Mary Brown and her family, which included her daughter Sarah McGale and a Spanish son-in-law, sold off their property in Sierra Leone, bought a schooner, and set sail for Jamaica. They were joined by two other Sierra Leone
321:
In 1841, some of the maroons returned to
Jamaica to work for Jamaican sugar planters, who desperately needed workers following the abolition of slavery. Many freedmen in Jamaica wanted to cultivate their own plots rather than work on plantations, leaving a vacuum for workers, and the Jamaican
293:
With the passing years, more
Maroons requested a return to Jamaica. After the Second Maroon War, the Jamaican Assembly had passed a law making it a felony punishable by death for any Trelawny Maroon to return to Jamaica. Two petitions sent by the Maroons in Sierra Leone to the British Crown
183:, to Halifax. One arrived in Halifax on 21 July, the other two followed two days later, carrying, according to one historian, a total of 568 men, women, and children. According to another historian, about 581 Maroons from Trelawny Town left Jamaica, and 17 died on the voyage.
163:
were sent from
Jamaica with the maroons as commissioners. During the course of his administration, Ochterlony took half a dozen maroon women as mistresses. Quarrell tried in vain to break up the maroons as a community.
290:
compete with the
Liberated Africans who came to the colony in large numbers, and took over the internal trade. European visitors observed that the Maroons were disliked by the other ethnic groups in the colony.
329:, and several Maroons were so desperate to leave Sierra Leone that they did not wait for the ship to dock, but rowed out to meet it in their canoes. In all, 64 Maroons left Sierra Leone for Jamaica on the
206:
Following this the two commissioners responsible with credit of 25,000 Jamaican pounds from the government of
Jamaica, expended £3,000 on 5,000 acres (20 km) of land and built the community of
84:
and culture made up of freemen and liberated slaves who joined them in the first half-century of the colony. For a long period, they dominated the government and the economy of what developed into
135:, where loyal colonial slaves who had sought refuge behind English lines had also been sent earlier in the decade. Immediate actions were put in place for the removal of the Trelawny Maroons to
286:
Once they became settled, and they started to flourish, their numbers grew to the point that they numbered in the mid-600s in 1826. They gained good jobs in the civil service and the military.
333:
alone. Most Sierra Leone
Maroons lived in Freetown, and between 1837 and 1844, Freetown's Maroon population shrank from 650 to 454, suggesting that about 200 made their way back to Jamaica.
879:
318:
Maroons, Mary
Ricketts and her daughter Jane Bryan. In 1841, this group found their way to Trelawny Town, now called Maroon Town, but which they still insisted on calling Cudjoe's Town.
264:, to pick up the maroons, sailed again with them on 8 August, and arrived in Sierra Leone on 30 September that year. The maroons helped the British to put down a rebellion by the
279:
At Trelawny Town, and throughout their exile to first Nova Scotia and then Sierra Leone, Montague James continued to command the Trelawny Maroons. In 1809, Sierra Leone Governor
363:
music and dance (named after the drum). It has survived into the 21st century and influences popular music. It has become identified with the broader Creole population.
200:
214:, wrote a number of petitions to England and Jamaica asking for them to be removed from Nova Scotia. The maroon colonel sent one of his junior officers,
184:
409:
121:
113:
had the better of the skirmishes. They only laid down their arms and surrendered in December 1795 on condition they would not be deported. General
219:
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61:
191:, impressed with the proud bearing and other characteristics of the maroons, employed the group to work on the new fortifications at the
884:
474:
617:
261:
874:
542:
188:
110:
30:
439:
889:
799:
Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond
786:
Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond
764:
Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond
751:
Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond
725:
Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond
712:
Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond
699:
Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond
686:
Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond
283:
officially nominated Montague James as the head of the maroons in Sierra Leone. Montague James died three years later.
356:
349:
345:
192:
81:
77:
196:
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250:. The Maroon survivors from Nova Scotia were transported to Freetown in 1800, in the early years of the colony.
392:
280:
215:
419:
459:
160:
486:
444:
429:
424:
414:
404:
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247:
587:
After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739–1842
271:
In the first two months at Sierra Leone, 22 maroons died, mainly from disease, and over 150 took ill.
846:, University Press of Mississippi, 2011; accessed 12 July 2016, available online through Project MUSE
434:
231:
207:
152:
53:
265:
180:
124:, used the contrived breach of treaty as a pretext to deport most of the Trelawny Town Maroons to
449:
306:
801:, ed. by Nicholas Faraclas, etc (Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, 2020), pp. 13, 18.
714:, ed. by Nicholas Faraclas, etc (Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, 2020), pp. 17-18.
613:
538:
302:
106:
102:
65:
38:
34:
738:
The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1783-1870
660:
The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone 1783–1870
26:
80:. Some Jamaican Maroons eventually returned to Jamaica, but most became part of the larger
788:, ed. by Nicholas Faraclas, etc (Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, 2020), p. 18.
766:, ed. by Nicholas Faraclas, etc (Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, 2020), p. 18.
753:, ed. by Nicholas Faraclas, etc (Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, 2020), p. 17.
727:, ed. by Nicholas Faraclas, etc (Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, 2020), p. 18.
701:, ed. by Nicholas Faraclas, etc (Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, 2020), p. 17.
688:, ed. by Nicholas Faraclas, etc (Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, 2020), p. 17.
254:
151:) had also been suggested as a suitable place. The British decided to send this group to
859:
534:
The African in Canada ; the Maroons of Jamaica and Nova Scotia [microform]
464:
387:
344:
The Jamaican Maroons who remained in Sierra Leone gradually merged with the developing
260:. She arrived at Halifax on 31 May 1800, presumably still under her captain from 1796,
211:
336:
As many as one-third of the Maroons in Sierra Leone returned to Jamaica in the 1840s.
325:
In 1841, the first ship to arrive in Sierra Leone looking for African workers was the
868:
382:
73:
239:
144:
136:
85:
46:
469:
243:
132:
125:
69:
42:
199:
believed that the maroons would be good settlers. He received orders from the
131:
In 1796, just under 600 Jamaican Maroons from Trelawny Town were deported to
117:
gave the Maroons his word that they would not be transported off the island.
454:
532:
235:
57:
33:, the largest of the five Jamaican maroon towns who were deported by the
589:, PhD Dissertation (Southampton: Southampton University, 2018), p. 145.
305:
apprentice, an Ibo named Martin, murdered his elderly Maroon employer,
156:
148:
819:
140:
16:
Repatriated Africans from Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town), in Jamaica
840:
360:
598:
R.C. Dallas, "The History of the Maroons" (1803), Vol. 2, p. 256.
222:
about the terrible conditions they had to endure in Nova Scotia.
797:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town",
784:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town",
762:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town",
749:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town",
723:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town",
710:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town",
697:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town",
684:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town",
352:(or "Krio") still proudly claim descent from the maroons.
509:(Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey, 1988), pp. 209–49.
268:, after which they received the best land and houses.
367:
Notable Jamaican Maroons and their Creole descendants
45:. Four years later in 1800, they were transported to
72:after they had been evacuated as freedmen from the
818:. Monuments and Relics Commission. Archived from
301:The final tipping point occurred in 1839, when a
234:decided to send the maroons to its new colony of
880:Sierra Leonean people of Jamaican Maroon descent
155:, until further instructions were received from
561:(Montreal: McGill University, 1997), pp. 82–83.
294:requesting the right to return were rejected.
218:, to London to present information to Whig MP
8:
522:. Nova Scotia: The Nova Scotia Museum, 1980.
649:(Trenton: Africa World Press, 1993), p. 48.
647:Back to Africa: George Ross and the Maroons
322:planters initially turned to Sierra Leone.
399:Creole descendants of the Jamaican Maroons
253:The final leg of their journey was aboard
662:(London: Longman, 1976), pp. 272, 277–80.
372:Jamaican Maroon Settlers in Sierra Leone
122:Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres
498:
355:The Creole congregation of Freetown's
246:), which had been established for the
860:Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia
7:
64:in 1792 for the resettlement of the
843:Creolization as Cultural Creativity
740:(London: Longman, 1976), pp. 240-3.
636:(London: BBC Books, 2002), p. 382.
612:(Softcover). Formac. p. 203.
575:. Halifax: Formac. pp. 20–33.
56:had established the settlement of
14:
340:Maroons remaining in Sierra Leone
189:Commander-in-Chief, North America
675:(Halifax: Formac, 2002), p. 150.
195:in Halifax. Lieutenant-Governor
23:Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone
203:to settle them in Nova Scotia.
25:were a group of just under 600
841:Robert Baron and Ana C. Cara,
35:British authorities in Jamaica
1:
487:Nova Scotians in Sierra Leone
111:Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)
313:Maroons Returning to Jamaica
167:On 26 June 1796, the ships
105:, during the course of the
906:
885:Sierra Leone Creole people
673:The Maroons in Nova Scotia
610:The Maroons in Nova Scotia
573:The Maroons in Nova Scotia
346:Sierra Leone Creole people
109:of 1795-6, the Maroons of
82:Sierra Leone Creole people
78:American Revolutionary War
405:Sir Ernest Dunstan Morgan
875:Jamaican Maroon diaspora
357:St. John's Maroon Church
281:Thomas Perronet Thompson
216:Charles Samuels (maroon)
571:Grant, John N. (2002).
440:Constance Cummings-John
420:Adelaide Casely-Hayford
275:Maroons in Sierra Leone
226:Arrival in Sierra Leone
159:. William Quarrell and
120:The Jamaican governor,
608:Grant, John N (2002).
507:The Maroons of Jamaica
460:Frances Claudia Wright
62:Colony of Sierra Leone
775:Fortin (2006), p. 23.
475:Robert Wellesley Cole
445:Thomas Frederick Hope
430:Eldred Durosimi Jones
425:Gladys Casely-Hayford
298:lands in the island.
248:Nova Scotian Settlers
890:Repatriated Africans
822:on February 16, 2017
559:The Blacks in Canada
435:Arthur Thomas Porter
232:Sierra Leone Company
208:Preston, Nova Scotia
161:Alexander Ochterlony
153:Halifax, Nova Scotia
54:Sierra Leone Company
520:Black Nova Scotians
266:Black Nova Scotians
812:"St. John's Maron
450:Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr
307:Major John Jarrett
197:Sir John Wentworth
41:in 1796, first to
303:Liberated African
107:Second Maroon War
103:Colony of Jamaica
66:African Americans
39:Second Maroon War
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826:November 7,
470:Ulric Jones
244:West Africa
133:Nova Scotia
126:Nova Scotia
97:Nova Scotia
70:Nova Scotia
43:Nova Scotia
869:Categories
493:References
181:Port Royal
76:after the
455:Daddy Saj
255:HMS
537:. 1890.
481:See also
236:Freetown
60:and the
58:Freetown
816:Church"
350:Creoles
157:England
149:Ontario
101:In the
92:History
616:
541:
331:Hector
327:Hector
187:, the
175:, and
141:Quebec
814:(sic)
361:Gumbe
169:Dover
29:from
828:2016
614:ISBN
539:ISBN
257:Asia
230:The
177:Anne
173:Mary
52:The
21:The
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