1053:. In the late 1860s, he was in Afghanistan until he was expelled and returned to India. He went to Istanbul and was again expelled in 1871 when he proceeded to Cairo, where his circle of disciples was similar to Blavatsky's Brotherhood of Luxor. Afghani was forced to leave Egypt and settled in Hyderabad, India, in 1879, the year the Theosophical Society's founders arrived in Bombay. He then left India and spent a short time in Egypt before arriving in Paris in 1884. The following year he proceeded to London, and then on to Russia where he collaborated with Blavatsky's publisher,
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822:(consultation) system mentioned in the Qur'an. However, his attitude to the constitutional government was ambiguous because he doubted that it was viable in the Islamic world. According to his biographer, he envisioned instead "the overthrow of individual rulers who were lax or subservient to foreigners and their replacement by strong and patriotic men."
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he arrived there only in 1866, we are left with several years unaccounted for. The most probable supposition seems to be that he may have spent longer in India than he later said and that after going to Mecca he traveled elsewhere in the
Ottoman Empire. When he arrived in Afghanistan in 1866 he claimed to be from
760:
near Tehran. After seven months of preaching to admirers from the shrine, he was arrested in 1891, transported to the border with
Ottoman Iraq and expelled from Iran. Although Al-Afghani quarreled with most of his patrons, it is said he "reserved his strongest hatred for the Shah," whom he accused of
709:
However, local Masons asserted that they were not interested in politics and sought reconciliation with the
British Empire. When Afghani was warned that the lodge was not a political platform, he replied, "I have seen a lot of odd things in this country , but I would never have thought that cowardice
568:
After the Indian stay, all sources have Afghānī next take a leisurely trip to Mecca, stopping at several points along the way. Both the standard biography and
Lutfallāh's account take Afghānī's word that he entered Afghan government service before 1863, but since documents from Afghanistan show that
663:
Are we not going to take an example from the civilized nations? Let us cast a glance at the achievement of others. By effort, they have achieved the final degree of knowledge and the peak of elevation. For us too all the means are ready, and there remains no obstacle to our progress. Only laziness,
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Among the reasons why Al-Afghani was thought to have had a less than deep religious faith was his lack of interest in finding theological common ground between the Shia and the Sunni despite his interest in political unity between the two groups. For example, when he moved to
Istanbul he disguised
841:
under the influence of al-Afghani and shared his hopes of establishing an Arab
Caliphate based in Mecca to replace the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul. When Blunt visited Abdelkader in 1881, he decided that he was the most promising candidate for caliph, an opinion shared by Afghani and his disciple,
797:
to attack Qajar rule. Kermani later returned to Iran and shot and killed
Emperor Naser al-Din on 1 May 1896 while the Emperor was visiting the same shrine al-Afghani had once taken refuge in. Kermani was executed by public hanging in August 1897, but the Iranian government was not successful in
880:
He believed that Islam and its revealed law were compatible with rationality and, thus, Muslims could become politically unified while still maintaining their faith based on religious social morality. These beliefs had a profound effect on
Muhammad Abduh, who went on to expand on the notion of
710:
would infiltrate the ranks of masonry to such an extent." Around 1875 or 1876, an incident wherein Masons lavishly praised a
British imperial visitor was a major reason for Afghani's quitting of Freemasonry. After realizing the indifference of the Masons and their political subservience to the
810:
and an appeal for the unity of Islam", urging the adoption of
Western sciences and institutions that might strengthen Islam. According to Muhammad Abduh, Al-Afghani's main struggle in life was to decrease British domination of eastern nations and to minimize its power over Muslims.
837:(1808–1883), an Algerian Islamic scholar, Sufi, and military leader. In 1864, the Lodge "Henry IV" extended an invitation to him to join Freemasonry, which he accepted, being initiated at the Lodge of the Pyramids in Alexandria, Egypt. Blunt had supposedly become a
382:
unity in India against the British. He has been described as having been less interested in minor differences in Islamic jurisprudence than he was in organizing a united response to Western pressure. He is also known for his involvement with his follower
1808:
780:'s court in 1892 to Istanbul. He traveled there with diplomatic immunity from the British Embassy, which raised many eyebrows, but was granted a house and salary by the Sultan. Abdul Hamid II aimed to use al-Afghani for Pan-Islamist propagation.
1022:". Afghani was introduced to the Star of the East Lodge, of which he became the leader, by its founder Raphael Borg, the British consul in Cairo, who was in communication with Blavatsky. Afghani's friend, a Jewish-Italian actor from Cairo named
742:. The newspaper called for a return to the original principles and ideals of Islam, and greater unity among Islamic peoples. He argued that this would allow the Islamic community to regain its former strength against European powers.
968:) in Kabul. There is also a street in the center of Kabul which is called by the name Afghani. In other parts of Afghanistan, there are many places like hospitals, schools, Madrasas, Parks, and roads named after Jamaluddin Afghan.
1089:"Sayyid Jamāl-ad-Dīn al-Afghānī:", Continued the statement in the history of Afghans Egypt, original in Arabic: تتمة البيان في تاريخ الأفغان Tatimmat al-bayan fi tarikh al-Afghan, 1901 (Mesr, 1318 Islamic lunar year (calendar)
942:
Al-Afghani died of cancer of the jaw on 9 March 1897 in Istanbul and was buried there. In late 1944, at the request of the Afghan government, his remains were taken to Afghanistan via British India. His funeral was offered in
673:
and began preaching his ideas of political reform. The Egyptian government originally gave him a stipend, but due to his public attacks on France and England, he was exiled to India in August 1879, where he stayed in
1038:, "If we interpret the 'Brotherhood of Luxor' to refer to the coterie of esotericists and magicians that Blavatsky knew and worked with in Egypt, then we should probably count Sanua and Jamal ad-Din as members."
693:
as an organizational base for his political activities. During this period, Afghani had also considered assassinating Khedive Isma'il. He perceived Freemasonry as a means of advancing his anti-colonial,
1143:, however, was historically used to denote the Muslim nation altogether, surpassing race, ethnicity, etc. and this term has been used in a political sense by classical Islamic scholars e.g. such as
1147:
in Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, where he discusses the contract of Imamate of the Ummah, "prescribed to succeed Prophethood" in the protection of the religion and of managing the affairs of the world.
756:
From Russia, he traveled to Munich, returning to Iran in late 1889. Due to his political activities, the Shah planned to expel him from Iran, but al-Afghani found out and took sanctuary in the
3139:
403:, al-Afghani claimed to be of Afghan origin. His true national and sectarian background has been a subject of controversy. According to one theory and his own account, he was born in
2868:
Fauzan, Ahmad. "Leadership Character According To Imam Al-Mawardi And Its Relevance In Indonesia: The Study Of The Book Of Al-Ahkam As-Sulthaniyyah." JURNAL PENELITIAN (2018): 39-50.
753:'s Minister of Press and Publications to come to Tehran, but fell from favor quite quickly. The Emperor ordered him to be taken to Russia, where al-Afghani spent 1887 to 1889.
892:"Refutation of the Materialists", agitating for pan-Islamic unity against Western imperialism. It included one of the earliest pieces of Islamic thought arguing against
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to Europeans and squandering the money earned thereby. His agitation against the Shah is thought to have been one of the "fountain-heads" of the successful 1891
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Sayyid Jamāl-ad-Dīn al-Afghānī: Brochure about Naturalism or materialism, original in Dari language: رساله نیچریه (Ressalah e Natscheria) translator of
910:"The memoir of Al-Afghani", he accepted the validity of evolution, asserting that the Islamic world had already known and used it. Although he accepted
1588:
2886:
Gökkir, Necmettin. "Muslim Community/Ummah in Changing Society: Re-Contextualization of the Qur'an in Political Context." Hemispheres 24 (2009): 29.
1957:
787:, who had been his servant and disciple, and together they planned the assassination of Emperor Naser al-Din of Iran. They both collaborated with
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that Asia, including the Middle East, could prevent the onslaught of Western powers only by immediately adopting modern technology like the West.
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Al-Afghani's ideology has been described as a welding of "traditional" religious antipathy toward non-Muslims "to a modern critique of Western
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However, conservative clerics found his views too radical. The university was closed in 1871 and al-Afghani was expelled. He then moved to the
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in southern Iran in the spring of 1886, planning to pick up books he had shipped there and carry on to Russia, he fell ill. He was invited by
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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period: from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century
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and the evolution of animals, he rejected the theory that the human species is the product of evolution, arguing that humans have
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The life of Abdel Kader, ex-sultan of the Arabs of Algeria; written from his dictation, and comp. from other authentic sources
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extraditing al-Afghani from Turkey. Al-Afghani himself died of cancer the same year a few months before Kermani's hanging.
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A. Dudoignon, Hisao, Yasushi, Stéphane, Komatsu, Kosugi; Gen, Kasuya (2017). "Chapter 3: THE MANARISTS AND MODERNISM".
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causes. Afghani's political activities would play a decisive role in overthrowing Isma'il from the throne and bringing
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2019:
419:. Supporters of the latter theory view his claim to an Afghan origin as motivated by a desire to gain influence among
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on his way there. He stayed in Cairo long enough to meet a young student who would become a devoted disciple of his,
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Richards, Anne R.; Omidvar, Iraj (2014). "Chapter 5: Two Muslim Travelers to the West in the Nineteenth Century".
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that Islam, despite its traditionalism, was an effective creed for mobilizing the public against the imperialists.
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1135:. Some Western academics point out that the term "Pan-Islamism" never existed before al-Afghani. The Arabic term
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1018:'s masters were real people, and "Serapis Bey" was Jamal Afghani, as a purported leader of an order named the "
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for support. In 1868, Sher Ali Khan prevailed against Muhammad Afzal and expelled al-Afghani from the country.
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391:, whom Afghani considered to be making too many concessions to foreign powers, especially the British Empire.
955:; a mausoleum was also erected there in his memory. In October 2002, the American Ambassador to Afghanistan,
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1338:"The Salafiyya and Sufsm: Muhammad 'Abduh and his Risalat al-Waridat (Treatise on Mystical Inspirations)"
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An Islamic response to imperialism: political and religious writings of Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn "al-Afghānī"
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An Islamic response to imperialism: political and religious writings of Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn "al-Afghān"
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I. GOLDZIHER-, "DJAMAL AL-DIN AL-AFGHANI". Encyclopedia of Islam, Brill, 2nd ed., 1991, Vol. 2. p. 417.
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628:. He encouraged Muhammad Afzal to turn away from his father's British-aligned policy and turn to the
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818:, considered him a liberal, and in some of his writings he equates the parliamentary system to the
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Mansor, Wan Naim Wan. "Abu Hasan al-Mawardi: The First Islamic Political Scientist." (2015): 1-8.
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in front of the Afghan Consulate building. Thereafter, his remains were laid in Kabul inside the
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and accepted by several modern scholars, holds that he was born and raised in a Shia family in
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Afghani as Haji Sharif, who inspired Saint-Yves d’Alveydre in legend of Agarttha and Synarchy.
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Mangol Bayat (2013). "al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din". In Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone (ed.).
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Afghani and Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam
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N. R. Keddie, «Sayyid Jamal ad-Din "al-Afghani": A Political Biography», Berkeley, 1972
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Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication
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According to another source Al-Afghani was greatly disappointed by the failure of the
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After Iraq, he went to England in 1891 and 1892. He was later invited by a member of
682:. He then traveled to Istanbul, London, Paris, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Munich.
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He was educated first at home and then taken by his father for further education to
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and secured an appointment to the Council of Education. He spoke at the opening of
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525:. The British representatives reported that he wore the traditional clothes of the
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that European imperialism, having conquered India, now threatened the Middle East.
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against the grant of a tobacco monopoly to a British company, and the later 1905
1276:. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 253.
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Bentlage, Eggert, Martin Krämer, Reichmuth, Björn, Marion, Hans, Stefan (2017).
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In Tehran, the capital of Iran, there is a square and a street named after him (
911:
906:, provoking criticism that he had not read Darwin's writings. In his later work
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605:, following a European lifestyle and not observing Muslim practices, including
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From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia
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From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia
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From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia
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From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia
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Arab Awakening & Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East
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738:'The Indissoluble Link') with Muhammad Abduh; the title is taken from
494:. Especially in writings published in Afghanistan, he also used the pseudonym
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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
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While in Istanbul in 1895, al-Afghani was visited by a Persian ex-prisoner,
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1315:. United States of America: Harvard University Press. pp. 62, 231.
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam
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655:, giving a speech typifying the Modernist spirit animating the ongoing
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Kia, Mehrdad (1996). "Pan-Islamism in Late Nineteenth-Century Iran".
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Ana Belén Soage, "Shūrà and Democracy: Two Sides of the Same Coin?",
1692:. New horizons in Islamic studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 42.
1412:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 56.
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Kudsi-Zadeh, A. Albert (1972). "Afghānī and Freemasonry in Egypt".
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The Sunni Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future
1068:, shows Afghani posing in the persona of Haji Sharif, who inspired
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In 1884, he began publishing an Arabic newspaper in Paris entitled
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While in Egypt, Afghani sought the removal of the ruling regime of
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Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism
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government stated that he was a stranger in Afghanistan and spoke
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2116:. United States: University of California Press. pp. 11–14.
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Historic Engagements with Occidental Cultures, Religions, Powers
1921:"Jamal al-Din al-Afghani | Biography, History, & Facts"
1717:. SUNY series in Near Eastern studies. SUNY Press. p. 120.
915:
614:
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2516:. University of California Libraries. London, Chapman and Hall.
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his Twelver Shi'i background by labeling himself "the Afghan".
1764:"Sayyid Jamal ad-Din Muhammad b. Safdar al-Afghan (1838–1897)"
791:, the former Qajar envoy to London, in his London-based paper
29:
2500:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), pp. 225–26.
1997:
1995:
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Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006).
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and spent several years there studying religions. In 1859, a
2249:"Prolegomena to a study of secret societies in modern Egypt"
1491:. United States: University of California Press. p. 4.
885:, using rationality in the human relations aspect of Islam.
435:("the one who claims to be Afghan") and tried to expose his
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From the Ruins of Empire: The Intellectuals Who Remade Asia
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The idea of the Muslim world: A Global Intellectual History
902:; however, his arguments allegedly incorrectly caricatured
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during the late 19th century. He is one of the founders of
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Political activist and Islamic ideologist (1838/1839 – 1897
3032:(2012). "The Strange Odyssey of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani".
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At the age of 17 or 18 in 1856–57, Al-Afghani traveled to
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Sayyid Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghānī: An Annotated Bibliography
1026:, who with his girlfriend Lydia Pashkov and their friend
462:. It is thought that followers of the Twelver revivalist
363:(1838/1839 – 9 March 1897), was a political activist and
2964:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
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The Kingdom of Agarttha: A Journey into the Hollow Earth
2592:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 62–63
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The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran
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He was spotted in Afghanistan in 1866 and spent time in
548:
After this first Indian tour, he decided to perform the
2498:
Sayyid Jamal ad-Din 'al-Afghani': A Political Biography
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The British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin
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The British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin
1983:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
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to overthrow British rule in India, a view rehashed by
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influenced him. Other names adopted by al-Afghani were
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Al-Afghani's friend, the British poet, and Arabophile
2960:
Sayyid Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani: A Political biography
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were travel companions of Blavatsky. As concluded by
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In 1881 he published a collection of polemics titled
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roots. Keddie also asserts that al-Afghani practiced
2051:. London, Oxford University Press, pp. 103–129 (108)
1954:
The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy
1772:. Center for Islam and Science. 2002. Archived from
2409:"The Press and Public Diplomacy in Iran, 1820–1940"
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stupidity, and ignorance are obstacles to advance.
245:
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3101:, a comprehensive article in Encyclopædia Iranica.
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2065:. United States: Xlibris Corporation. p. 67.
1947:
1242:
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454:, and finally, while he was still a youth, to the
2472:Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt
962:In Afghanistan, a university is named after him (
849:and came to three principal conclusions from it:
443:, which was more prevalent in the Twelver world.
3140:People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution
2903:Bashiri Working Papers on Central Asia and Iran
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2709:
2316:Karim Wissa, “Freemasonry in Egypt 1798–1921″.
2194:Karim Wissa, “Freemasonry in Egypt 1798–1921″.
2063:Afghanistan: History, Diplomacy, and Journalism
1410:THE INFLUENCE OF AL-MANAR ON ISLAMISM IN TURKEY
661:
566:
3053:Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani, A Muslim Intellectual
1738:Ahmad Hasan Dani (2005). Chahryar Adle (ed.).
3055:. New Delhi: Institute of Objective Studies.
2859:Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah by al-Mawardi, Chapter 1
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1624:
1622:
1620:
1249:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
647:. Once in Istanbul, he met with Grand Vizier
597:Reports from the colonial British Indian and
8:
2624:(Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1983), pp. 104–125
2155:(Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1983), pp. 131–132
1432:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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423:or escape oppression by the Iranian emperor
407:, near Kabul. Another theory, championed by
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2049:Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939
1798:(Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2001), p. 32
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689:, which he viewed as pro-British, and used
387:in the successful plot to assassinate Shah
2278:Kudsi-Zadeh, A. Albert (1 February 2012).
2208:Kudsi-Zadeh, A. Albert (1 February 2012).
1715:Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism
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1385:Muhammad Abduh: Makers of the Muslim World
518:spy reported that Al-Afghani was possible
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54:remove low-quality or irrelevant citations
3077:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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2370:"The Quranic Arabic Corpus – Translation"
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1348:(1). Cambridge University Press: 89–115.
979:there is a road named after him as well.
72:Learn how and when to remove this message
2913:The History of Islamic Political Thought
2529:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2336:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2330:Kudsi-Zadeh, A. Albert (February 2012).
2284:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2214:Journal of the American Oriental Society
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241:, Sunni-Shia unity, against the British
3145:Iranian emigrants to the Ottoman Empire
3036:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
2813:"Tatimmat al-bayan fi tarikh al-Afghan"
1941:
1939:
1175:Nikki R. Keddie, Ibrahim Kalin (2014).
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865:Hindus and Muslims should work together
714:, Afghani eventually left Freemasonry.
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2637:The Comparative Reception of Darwinism
2397:(Oxford: One World, 2000), pp. 183–184
1887:Le vent de la révolte souffle au Caire
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3008:Kudsi-Zadeh, Abdallah Albert (1970).
2092:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002,
1855:A history of Iran: Empire of the Mind
1848:
1846:
1844:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
7:
2743:Godwin, Joscelyn (28 October 1994).
2198:, vol. 16, no. 2, 1989, pp. 148–149.
1241:Nikki R. Keddie, Nael Shama (2014).
2935:A History of the Modern Middle East
2688:, Princeton University Press, p. 65
2450:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 120.
1185:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
728:
356:
344:
3150:Iranian expatriates in Afghanistan
2659:(1966, New York, Humanities Press)
2332:"Afghānī and Freemasonry in Egypt"
2280:"Afghānī and Freemasonry in Egypt"
2210:"Afghānī and Freemasonry in Egypt"
25:
2773:Initiates of Theosophical Masters
2719:Initiates of Theosophical Masters
2622:Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age
2565:Initiates of Theosophical Masters
2510:Churchill, Charles Henry (1867).
2153:Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age
1838:(New York: Norton, 2006), p. 103.
1594:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
965:Syed Jamaluddin Afghan University
2801:. Inner Traditions. p. 158.
1560:N.R. Keddie (15 December 1983).
908:Khatirat Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
34:
3075:Islamic Philosophy and Theology
2938:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
874:Composite Nationalism and Islam
613:, the eldest son of the former
2602:Aslam, Arshad (28 July 2011).
2474:(London: Unwin, 1907), p. 100.
2320:, vol. 16, no. 2, 1989, p. 149
1985:. Princeton University Press.
1810:The Encyclopaedia of Islam-V 2
1796:Historical Dictionary of Islam
1130:
1041:In the early 1860s, he was in
1036:The Theosophical Enlightenment
427:. One of his main rivals, the
333:Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
1:
3155:Indian independence activists
2702:. Penguin Books. p. 118.
2061:Tanwir, Dr. M. Halim (2013).
802:Political and religious views
370:who travelled throughout the
349:Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī
47:excessive number of citations
2845:Watt, W. Montgomery (1972).
2686:Iran Between Two Revolutions
2590:Iran Between Two Revolutions
2425:10.1080/00210862.2013.871145
2407:Camron Michael Amin (2015).
2184:. Penguin Books. p. 71.
2169:. Penguin Books. p. 70.
2141:. Penguin Books. p. 54.
2090:Culture and Customs of Egypt
1949:"Afghani, Seyyed Jamaluddin"
761:weakening Islam by granting
745:When al-Afgani was visiting
639:, passing through India and
623:war against his half-brother
122:Sayyid Jamaluddin ibn Safdar
2932:Cleveland, William (2004).
1713:Said Amir Arjomand (1988).
1336:Scharbrodt, Oliver (2007).
1251:. Oxford University Press.
1244:"Afghānī, Jamāl al-Dīn al-"
986:and "Asad Abadi Avenue" in
3191:
3016:, the Netherlands: Brill.
2849:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2746:Theosophical Enlightenment
2639:, edited by Thomas Glick,
2018:Kramer, Martin S. (1996).
1952:. In Oliver Leaman (ed.).
1853:Axworthy, Michael (2016).
1589:"Afghan, Jamal ad-Din al-"
1247:. In Oliver Leaman (ed.).
1181:. In Ibrahim Kalin (ed.).
378:as well as an advocate of
357:سید جمالالدین اسدآبادی
2993:10.1080/00263209608701090
2797:Godwin, Joscelyn (2008).
2770:Johnson, K. Paul (1995).
2716:Johnson, K. Paul (1995).
2604:"The Politics Of Deoband"
2562:Johnson, K. Paul (1995).
2265:10.1080/00263206508700010
2247:M. Landou, Jacob (1965).
1387:. One World. p. 56.
1354:10.1017/S0041977X07000031
1112:Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i
771:Constitutional Revolution
609:. He became counselor to
296:
250:
103:
93:
3160:Iranian Muslim activists
3071:Watt, William Montgomery
2267:– via tandfonline.
2110:Keddie, Nikki R (1983).
2005:, Vintage, (1982) p. 110
1987:Afghani was born in Iran
1813:. E.J BRILL. p. 416
1664:"Jamal ad-Din al-Afghan"
1632:"Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Afghān"
1485:Keddie, Nikki R (1983).
899:On the Origin of Species
890:Al-Radd ʻalā al-dahrīyīn
847:Indian Rebellion of 1857
359:) and commonly known as
90:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
3051:Moazzam, Anwar (1984).
2917:. New York: Routledge.
1907:29 January 2007 at the
1742:. UNESCO. p. 465.
1640:Encyclopædia Britannica
1599:Oxford University Press
1383:Sedgwick, Mark (2013).
1178:"Afghānī, Jamāl al-Dīn"
1066:The Kingdom of Agarttha
751:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
635:Al-Afghani traveled to
431:Abū l-Hudā, called him
425:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
345:سید جمالالدین افغانی
144:9 March 1897 (aged 58)
95:سید جمالالدین افغانی
2981:Middle Eastern Studies
2909:Black, Antony (2001).
2470:Wilfrid Scawen Blunt,
2253:Middle Eastern Studies
1946:Oliver Leaman (2010).
1668:Jewish Virtual Library
1562:"Afghan, Jamal-ad-Din"
1451:"AFḠĀNĪ, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN"
1049:when Blavatsky was in
1003:
939:
831:Richard Francis Burton
758:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine
687:Isma'il Pasha of Egypt
667:
584:
2954:Keddie, Nikki Ragozin
1455:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1311:Aydin, Cemil (2017).
1070:Saint-Yves d’Alveydre
1060:A photo published by
1001:
934:Asad Abadi Square in
933:
863:Al-Afghani held that
778:Sultan Abdul Hamid II
649:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
456:Twelver shrine cities
405:Asadabad, Afghanistan
395:Early life and origin
3099:Jamal-al-Din Afghani
1567:Encyclopædia Iranica
1020:Brotherhood of Luxor
1012:The Masters Revealed
904:evolutionary biology
877:five decades later.
869:Hussain Ahmed Madani
816:Wilfrid Scawen Blunt
399:As indicated by his
280:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3165:Egyptian Freemasons
2588:Ervand Abrahamian,
1891:Baudouin Eschapasse
949:Qissa Khwani Bazaar
653:Istanbul University
611:Mohammad Afzal Khan
3170:Iranian Freemasons
2847:Muhammad at Medina
2358:– via JSTOR.
2306:– via JSTOR.
2236:– via JSTOR.
2088:Molefi K. Asante,
1794:Ludwig W. Adamec,
1776:on 28 October 2019
1769:Saudi Aramco World
1372:– via JSTOR.
1141:found in the Quran
1004:
940:
833:, were close with
785:Mirza Reza Kermani
720:al-Urwah al-Wuthqa
671:Khedivate of Egypt
619:Dost Mohammad Khan
506:Political activism
385:Mirza Reza Kermani
322:Mirza Reza Kermani
254:Influenced by
18:Jamaluddin Afghani
3175:Muslim socialists
3130:Iranian activists
3062:978-81-7022-150-0
3043:978-0-374-24959-5
2971:978-0-520-01986-7
2783:978-0-7914-2555-8
2756:978-0-7914-2152-9
2729:978-0-7914-2555-8
2682:Ervand Abrahamian
2496:Nikki R. Keddie,
2457:978-1-137-40502-9
2123:978-0-520-04774-7
2098:978-0-313-31740-8
2001:Edward Mortimer,
1864:978-0-465-09876-7
1605:on 9 January 2014
1419:978-0-415-36835-3
1283:978-90-04-32511-1
1072:in the legend of
984:Asad Abadi Square
789:Mirza Malkam Khan
737:
554:makān-i Musharraf
376:Islamic Modernism
347:), also known as
330:
329:
162:Cancer of the jaw
131:, Afghanistan or
82:
81:
74:
16:(Redirected from
3182:
3135:Muslim activists
3088:
3066:
3047:
3025:
3004:
2975:
2963:
2949:
2928:
2916:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2698:Mishra, Pankaj.
2695:
2689:
2679:
2673:
2670:The Shia Revival
2666:
2660:
2653:
2647:
2634:
2625:
2620:Albert Hourani,
2618:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2485:Religion Compass
2481:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2404:
2398:
2393:Roy Mottahedeh,
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2374:corpus.quran.com
2366:
2360:
2359:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2180:Mishra, Pankaj.
2177:
2171:
2170:
2165:Mishra, Pankaj.
2162:
2156:
2151:Albert Hourani,
2149:
2143:
2142:
2137:Mishra, Pankaj.
2134:
2128:
2127:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2058:
2052:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2015:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1951:
1943:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1899:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1850:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1601:. Archived from
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1557:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1482:
1459:
1458:
1447:
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1405:
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1308:
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1301:
1295:
1287:
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1263:
1262:
1246:
1238:
1219:
1216:
1197:
1196:
1180:
1172:
1134:
953:Kabul University
926:Death and legacy
842:Muhammad Abduh.
839:convert to Islam
732:
730:
696:anti-imperialist
582:
358:
346:
108:
98:
97:
96:
86:
77:
70:
66:
63:
57:
38:
37:
30:
21:
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3180:
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3095:
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3050:
3044:
3028:
3007:
2978:
2972:
2952:
2946:
2931:
2925:
2908:
2895:
2893:Further reading
2890:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2831:
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2806:
2796:
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2791:
2784:
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2757:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2663:
2655:Kedourie, Elie
2654:
2650:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2615:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2561:
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2504:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2413:Iranian Studies
2406:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2329:
2328:
2324:
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2311:
2277:
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2246:
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2241:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2163:
2159:
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2146:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2003:Faith and Power
2000:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1909:Wayback Machine
1893:
1884:
1880:
1865:
1857:. p. 198.
1852:
1851:
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1559:
1558:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1484:
1483:
1462:
1457:. 22 July 2011.
1449:
1448:
1441:
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1200:
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1154:
1128:
1125:
1107:Tobacco Protest
1103:
1086:
1062:Joscelyn Godwin
1032:Joscelyn Godwin
1028:Lady Jane Digby
1008:K. Paul Johnson
996:
928:
896:'s then-recent
835:Emir Abdelkader
804:
767:Tobacco Protest
665:
603:Iranian Persian
583:
577:
508:
397:
326:
302:
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235:Notable idea(s)
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45:may contain an
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23:
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15:
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3094:
3093:External links
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3030:Mishra, Pankaj
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2804:
2789:
2782:
2776:. SUNY Press.
2762:
2755:
2749:. SUNY Press.
2735:
2728:
2722:. SUNY Press.
2705:
2690:
2674:
2661:
2648:
2626:
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2594:
2581:
2574:
2568:. SUNY Press.
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2541:10.2307/599645
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1055:Mikhail Katkov
1016:H.P. Blavatsky
995:
992:
927:
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894:Charles Darwin
861:
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857:
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645:Muhammad Abduh
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372:Muslim world
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314:Maulana Azad
239:Pan-Islamism
221:Pan-Islamism
204:
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62:January 2021
59:
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44:
3125:1897 deaths
3120:1838 births
2832:e.g. Quran
2487:8/3, p. 98.
1894: [
1780:5 September
1673:5 September
1645:5 September
1609:5 September
1573:5 September
1504:5 September
1139:, which is
1024:James Sanua
957:Robert Finn
912:abiogenesis
808:imperialism
763:concessions
740:Quran 2:256
700:pan-Islamic
691:Freemasonry
433:Mutaʾafghin
380:Pan-Islamic
310:Rashid Rida
288:Mulla Sadra
260:Alpharabius
191:Nationality
175:Afghanistan
3109:Categories
2419:(2): 273.
2045:A. Hourani
1885:Historia,
1749:9231039857
1724:0887066380
1699:0415368359
1152:References
1145:al-Mawardi
1096:in Arabic.
988:Yusef Abad
827:Jane Digby
545:fluently.
533:and spoke
368:ideologist
361:Al-Afghani
300:Influenced
276:Suhrawardi
225:Neo-Sufism
2433:144328080
2342:(1): 28.
1958:Continuum
1873:914195458
1832:Vali Nasr
1428:cite book
1370:170641656
1292:cite book
994:Theosophy
883:Mu'amalat
676:Hyderabad
500:Anatolian
476:Asadābādī
468:al-Kābulī
284:Mir Damad
217:Modernism
3073:(1985).
2956:(1972).
2379:10 March
2100:, p. 137
1905:Archived
1362:40378895
1101:See also
1078:synarchy
1074:Agarttha
1047:Caucasus
1045:and the
977:Pakistan
973:Peshawar
945:Peshawar
680:Calcutta
657:Tanzimat
637:Istanbul
588:Kandahar
576:—
470:(" from
272:Avempace
268:Averroes
264:Avicenna
229:Islamism
212:Movement
205:Disputed
195:Disputed
181:Religion
148:Istanbul
113:Personal
3001:4283774
2905:, 2000.
2672:, p.103
2608:Outlook
1817:2 April
1051:Tbilisi
825:Blunt,
747:Bushehr
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607:Ramadan
558:Mashhad
543:Turkish
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1123:Notes
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641:Cairo
562:Herat
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