610:, was willing to release him. The commissioners then selected McCormack. The job came with a promotion to brigadier general. The commissioners got the kind of officer that they wanted. McCormack was willing to accept the post as a staff job, and took a pragmatic approach to the custody issue. Like most military officers, he was convinced that the men who had to use the nuclear weapons in battle needed to have experience in their proper maintenance, storage and handling. However, he was also aware of the sensitivity of the issue of custody, which Congress had assigned to the AEC. Rather than continue to press for changes in the law, he accepted the situation as it was, and strove to make the best of it, working within the existing framework.
711:(COMSAT), with a $ 125,000 salary. To allow himself to concentrate on his new position, he resigned all his company directorships, along with his post at MIT. He attended his first board meeting in Washington, DC, in his dinner jacket, having flown from Los Angeles after a speaking engagement. As head of a quasi-government organization, McCormack strove to employ the company's resources to carry out the policies of Congress and the President, and was able to persuade Congress to declassify plans for a domestic satellite network so he could consult with the television networks. He retired as chairman due to ill health in 1970, although he remained a director.
536:
135:
581:. Indeed, Nichols was the War Department's only nominee. However, the AEC commissioners had different ideas. Nichols was seen as too closely identified with the wartime Manhattan Project; he had opinions at variance with the commissioners on whether the Director of Military Applications was a staff or a line position; and he had a strong disagreement with the commissioners over the vexing issue of which agency should hold custody of the nuclear weapons stockpile. Accordingly, the AEC commissioners decided to find another candidate.
126:
107:
353:
44:
158:
756:
742:
328:, a non-profit research organization created to provide advice and support to the Department of Defense's scientific and technological research efforts formed by ten universities. In 1958 he became vice president for industrial and governmental relations at MIT, in which capacity he originated the proposal that the
567:. The Act had created a statutory position inside the AEC called the Director of Military Applications, which the AEC commissioners envisaged as a staff post responsible for military planning and policy formulation. By law, the Director of Military Applications had to be a serving armed forces officer.
522:
On 4 June 1945, McCormack returned to duty with the War
Department General Staff as a member of the Policy Section of the Strategy and Policy Group, becoming the assistant section chief on 16 September 1945. He was then a staff officer with the Strategy and Policy Group from 16 February until 16
684:, a non-profit research organization to provide advice and support to the Department of Defense's scientific and technological research efforts formed by ten universities. In 1958 he became vice president for industrial and governmental relations at MIT. He originated the proposal that the
423:
in August 1937. His thesis was a joint project with three other student officers from the Army Corps of
Engineers under the supervision of Kenneth C. Reynolds. He then became a student officer at the Engineering School at
677:. Like other witnesses, McCormack testified that Oppenheimer was loyal, and that while the two men had disagreed over the merits of the Super, that he saw nothing dishonest or disloyal in Oppenheimer's opposition to it.
1555:
1585:
1575:
1595:
1535:
523:
August 1946, when he became chief of the
Politico-Military Survey Section of the Operations and Plans Division. For his service with the War Department General Staff, he was awarded an
1560:
469:
641:, the processes involved in thermonuclear reactions were not fully understood. It ultimately became apparent that the Super design would not work, but the development of the
400:
degree in
Romance languages from Oxford (this was later converted to a Master of Arts degree). On returning to the United States, he was posted to the 8th Engineers at
1310:
Biographical
Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VIII 1930â1940
1600:
1477:. History of Operations Research in the United States Army. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of the Army for Operations Research, U.S. Army.
1525:
1520:
689:
662:
333:
906:
508:
194:
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685:
633:
against the other services, which wanted more small, tactical weapons. Concurrently, there was a technical debate between Teller and other scientists like
329:
1605:
1565:
1530:
704:
337:
297:. He took a pragmatic approach to handling the issue of the proper agency to hold custody of the nuclear weapons stockpile, and encouraged and supported
290:, remaining in this role until 28 May 1945. He then returned to the War Department General Staff, where he served in the Operations and Plans Division.
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1550:
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592:
1231:
181:
512:
1264:
791:
556:
244:
217:
48:
James McCormack (right) is congratulated by Major
General Lauris Norstad after being presented with the oak leaf cluster to his Legion of Merit
412:
381:
271:
20:
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708:
670:
341:
318:
224:
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provided a new path to high yield thermonuclear weapons. For his services as
Director of Military Applications, McCormack was awarded the
596:
621:, then known as the "Super". McCormack became an early advocate of the Super, which promised yields in the megaton range, and directed
715:
293:
In 1947, McCormack was chosen as the
Director of Military Applications of the United States Atomic Energy Commission with the rank of
82:
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1482:
1455:
1428:
1401:
1371:
575:
294:
783:
551:
At this point, McCormack had become apprehensive about his career, but in early 1947 a new and exciting opportunity opened up. The
480:
General Staff. He was
Assistant Chief of the Types and Allowances Branch of G-4 from March 1942 to March 1943, with a promotion to
665:
for
Development. In January 1952 he was appointed Director of Nuclear Applications at the Air Research and Development Center in
646:
492:
287:
134:
1396:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
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to proceed with its development even at the detriment of other weapons. The debate over the merits of the Super pitted the
585:
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24:
674:
719:
93:
365:
309:
on 25 July 1950, and was appointed Director of Nuclear Applications at the Air Research and Development Center in
761:
696:
552:
491:, and was promoted to colonel on 1 December 1943. On 1 July 1944, he became the Chief of the Movements Branch of
1304:
385:
255:
879:
727:
658:
630:
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306:
138:
722:. He was survived by his wife, Eleanor nÊe Morrow; his son, Major James R. McCormack, who was stationed at
1336:
908:
An experimental investigation of velocity functions of Cape Cod Canal model with or without proposed dikes
429:
425:
618:
445:
384:
on graduation on 14 August 1932, ranking 19th in his class. He departed for England where he studied at
302:
484:
on 9 October 1942, and then Chief of the Construction Branch of G-4 from March 1943 to September 1943.
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over the feasibility of the Super, because there was no guarantee that it would work, and even after
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125:
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on 25 July 1950. After leaving the AEC in August 1951, he became Special Assistant to the Deputy
642:
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911:(Thesis). Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
860:. Vol. I. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1 January 1949. p. 352
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1232:"Comsat Names a New Chairman; James McCormack, a Retired Air Force General, Is Chosen"
905:
McCormack, James; Downing, Ellsworth B.; Pickard, Oliver J.; Dick, John S. B. (1937).
460:
of the 20th Engineers at Fort Benning, he temporarily commanded one of the regiment's
1504:
1421:
From Warfare To Welfare: Defense Intellectuals and Urban Problems in Cold War America
614:
560:
298:
112:
669:. He was subsequently promoted to major general, and became Deputy Commander of the
1079:
473:
352:
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930:
324:
After retiring from the Air Force in 1955, McCormack became the first head of the
190:
680:
McCormack retired from the Air Force in 1955, and became the first head of the
43:
737:
286:
General Staff. On 1 July 1944, he became the Chief of the Movements Branch of
1381:
1192:
1087:
1492:
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1281:
487:
In October 1943, McCormack became Chief of the Transportation Branch of the
461:
157:
1411:
688:
be used as the basis for a new space agency, which eventually became the
515:
with the silver star on 29 January 1945, and made him a Chevalier of the
457:
332:
be used as the basis for a new space agency, which eventually became the
1340:
1448:
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: The Security Clearance Hearing
965:
963:
495:, remaining in this role until 28 May 1945. For his services in the
452:
commander in the 21st Engineers in October 1939. He was promoted to
857:
Official Army Register: United States Army Active and Retired Lists
243:, and was later the first Director of Military Applications of the
534:
405:
351:
591:, the head of the Operations and Plans Division, but neither the
1213:
Hanron, Robert B. (2 July 1964). "Gen McCormack To Run MBTA".
570:
The frontrunner for the post was the wartime commander of the
511:
on 24 March 1945, while the French government awarded him the
950:
948:
886:. Vol. XL, no. 2. September 1981. pp. 126â127
1556:
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
1125:"Maj. Gen. James McCormack, Former Head of Comsat, Dead".
543:
to James McCormack from a copy of Lilienthal's 1963 book,
507:
in May 1945. The British government made him an honorary
1366:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
464:
before assuming command of the 76th Engineer Company at
1586:
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
813:
811:
809:
726:; and his daughter, Anne M. Stanton, who was living at
376:
at West Point on 2 July 1928. He was commissioned as a
1576:
Honorary commanders of the Order of the British Empire
1313:. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press
838:
836:
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832:
830:
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707:. In October 1965, he was appointed chairman of the
470:
United States Army Command and General Staff College
212:
177:
167:
152:
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118:
100:
88:
72:
53:
34:
1596:Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority people
1129:. Anne Arbor, Michigan. January 1975. p. 77.
1120:
1118:
1116:
1536:United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel
1329:Biographical data on Air Force General Officers
969:
784:"Biographies: Major General James McCormack Jr"
468:, in mid-1941. Later that year he attended the
613:McCormack became involved in discussions with
1423:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1173:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
954:
690:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
559:(AEC) to oversee research and development of
334:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
23:. For the Australian rugby union player, see
8:
1561:United States Army personnel of World War II
509:Commander of the Order of the British Empire
340:, and from 1965 to 1970 was chairman of the
195:Commander of the Order of the British Empire
686:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
330:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
313:, in 1952. He was subsequently promoted to
16:United States Air Force general (1910â1975)
981:
705:Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
456:on 9 September 1940, and after serving as
338:Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
42:
31:
1107:
703:, appointed McCormack as Chairman of the
254:at West Point, McCormack also studied at
235:(8 November 1910 â 3 January 1975) was a
1450:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University.
527:to his Legion of Merit on 8 April 1947.
411:In June 1936 he became a student at the
1272:. DTRA history series. Washington, DC:
1139:
842:
768:
718:, on 3 January 1975, and was buried in
432:, as Assistant Project Engineer on the
1601:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
817:
778:
776:
774:
772:
557:United States Atomic Energy Commission
476:on 1 February 1942, and posted to the
364:, on 8 November 1910. He attended the
245:United States Atomic Energy Commission
1526:United States Military Academy alumni
1521:People from Jackson Parish, Louisiana
1151:
931:"Reynolds, Kenneth C. (Kenneth Cass)"
714:McCormack died at his winter home in
539:Inscription from former AEC Chairman
413:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
382:United States Army Corps of Engineers
317:, and became Deputy Commander of the
272:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
21:James McCormack (Irish revolutionary)
7:
709:Communications Satellite Corporation
671:Air Research and Development Command
342:Communications Satellite Corporation
319:Air Research and Development Command
225:Communications Satellite Corporation
1266:Defense's Nuclear Agency, 1947â1997
617:over the possibility of developing
216:Director of Military Applications,
1546:Alumni of Hertford College, Oxford
716:Hilton Head Island, South Carolina
673:. He was called to testify at the
360:James McCormack, Jr., was born in
282:. In 1942, he was assigned to the
221:Vice President for research at MIT
83:Hilton Head Island, South Carolina
14:
1606:Riverside Military Academy alumni
1566:Recipients of the Legion of Merit
1531:Military personnel from Louisiana
1060:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
472:, after which he was promoted to
415:, from which he graduated with a
19:For the Irish revolutionary, see
1591:United States Air Force generals
1551:MIT School of Engineering alumni
1054:Garrison, Lloyd K. (June 1954).
754:
740:
647:Army Distinguished Service Medal
584:The AEC commissioners asked for
493:Twelfth United States Army Group
396:in August 1935, and awarded his
288:Twelfth United States Army Group
156:
133:
124:
105:
1571:Knights of the Legion of Honour
1274:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
1230:Smith, Gend (16 October 1965).
790:. US Government. Archived from
663:Chief of Staff of the Air Force
428:. In June 1938, he reported to
356:McCormack at West Point in 1932
1326:Fogerty, Dr Robert O. (1953).
1263:Brahmstedt, Christian (2002).
1080:10.1080/00963402.1954.11453492
682:Institute for Defense Analysis
627:Los Alamos National Laboratory
497:European Theater of Operations
489:First United States Army Group
374:United States Military Academy
326:Institute for Defense Analysis
252:United States Military Academy
1:
1362:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962).
1056:"Oppenheimer Requests Review"
788:Official US Air Force website
657:McCormack transferred to the
503:on 30 December 1944, and the
25:James McCormack (rugby union)
1473:Shrader, Charles R. (2006).
1020:, pp. 408â409, 414â415.
675:Oppenheimer security hearing
1581:United States Army generals
1446:Polenberg, Richard (2002).
1419:Light, Jennifer S. (2003).
970:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
720:Arlington National Cemetery
182:Distinguished Service Medal
94:Arlington National Cemetery
1622:
1392:; Duncan, Francis (1969).
593:Chief of Staff of the Army
366:Riverside Military Academy
336:. He was Chairman of the
18:
1042:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1030:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1018:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1006:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
994:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
955:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
762:Nuclear technology portal
697:Governor of Massachusetts
553:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
545:Change, Hope and the Bomb
274:(MIT), where he earned a
208:with silver star (France)
206:Croix de guerre 1939â1945
41:
1541:American Rhodes Scholars
1475:Atomic Shield, 1947â1952
1394:Atomic Shield, 1947â1952
1364:The New World, 1939â1946
1032:, pp. 438â441, 535.
386:Hertford College, Oxford
305:. He transferred to the
256:Hertford College, Oxford
218:Atomic Energy Commission
113:United States of America
1164:Page, Brian R. (1979).
728:Fort Campbell, Kentucky
659:United States Air Force
631:United States Air Force
466:Fort McClellan, Alabama
307:United States Air Force
250:A 1932 graduate of the
139:United States Air Force
1337:Maxwell Air Force Base
1166:"The Creation of NASA"
548:
444:McCormack reported to
430:Vicksburg, Mississippi
426:Fort Belvoir, Virginia
372:, before entering the
357:
239:officer who served in
619:thermonuclear weapons
538:
499:, he was awarded the
446:Fort Benning, Georgia
392:. He was promoted to
355:
348:Early life and career
303:thermonuclear weapons
145:Years of service
880:"James McCormack Jr"
724:Fort Rucker, Alabama
639:Operation Greenhouse
600:Dwight D. Eisenhower
402:Fort McIntosh, Texas
370:Gainesville, Georgia
1390:Hewlett, Richard G.
1360:Hewlett, Richard G.
1185:1979JBIS...32..449P
1110:, pp. 228â229.
1072:1954BuAtS..10f.251G
1044:, pp. 536â537.
996:, pp. 136â138.
972:, pp. 648â650.
667:Baltimore, Maryland
608:Robert P. Patterson
597:General of the Army
541:David E. Lilienthal
519:on 3 October 1945.
311:Baltimore, Maryland
233:James McCormack Jr.
1237:The New York Times
1127:The New York Times
643:Teller-Ulam design
635:Robert Oppenheimer
572:Manhattan District
549:
482:lieutenant colonel
362:Chatham, Louisiana
358:
301:'s development of
237:United States Army
130:United States Army
67:Chatham, Louisiana
1305:Cullum, George W.
984:, pp. 27â29.
576:Brigadier General
505:Bronze Star Medal
421:civil engineering
417:Master of Science
378:second lieutenant
295:brigadier general
280:civil engineering
276:Master of Science
268:Romance languages
230:
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199:Chevalier of the
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1355:
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1290:
1284:. Archived from
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1221:
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1216:The Boston Globe
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799:
794:on 2 August 2013
780:
764:
759:
758:
757:
750:
748:Biography portal
745:
744:
743:
701:Endicott Peabody
604:Secretary of War
555:had created the
525:oak leaf cluster
434:Sardis Reservoir
398:Bachelor of Arts
394:first lieutenant
223:Chairman of the
197:(United Kingdom)
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1291:on 11 June 2011
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982:Brahmstedt 2002
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933:. MIT Libraries
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623:Norris Bradbury
579:Kenneth Nichols
565:nuclear weapons
533:
517:Legion of Honor
513:Croix de guerre
501:Legion of Merit
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213:Other work
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201:Legion of Honor
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186:Legion of Merit
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64:8 November 1910
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37:
36:James McCormack
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1345:Air University
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1222:
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1156:
1154:, p. 218.
1144:
1142:, p. 183.
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1112:
1108:Polenberg 2002
1100:
1066:(6): 251â254.
1046:
1034:
1022:
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1008:, p. 369.
998:
986:
974:
959:
944:
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897:
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847:
822:
820:, p. 939.
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589:Lauris Norstad
532:
529:
478:War Department
441:
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390:Rhodes Scholar
349:
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284:War Department
264:Master of Arts
260:Rhodes Scholar
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1457:0-8014-3783-0
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168:Battles/wars
78:(1975-01-03)
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1516:1975 deaths
1511:1910 births
1244:11 November
1198:11 November
1179:: 449â451.
1093:11 November
818:Cullum 1940
408:commander.
191:Bronze Star
1505:Categories
1350:20 October
1256:References
1152:Light 2003
653:Later life
602:, nor the
462:battalions
419:degree in
278:degree in
266:degree in
101:Allegiance
60:1910-11-08
1382:637004643
1317:6 October
1193:0007-084X
1088:0096-3402
436:Project.
148:1932â1955
1493:73821793
1466:47767155
1439:51924188
1307:(1940).
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1282:52137321
884:Assembly
531:Cold War
458:adjutant
203:(France)
119:Service/
1412:3717478
1341:Alabama
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450:company
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178:Awards
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89:Buried
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937:2 May
915:2 May
890:2 May
864:2 May
734:Notes
474:major
406:troop
258:as a
1489:OCLC
1479:ISBN
1462:OCLC
1452:ISBN
1435:OCLC
1425:ISBN
1408:OCLC
1398:ISBN
1378:OCLC
1368:ISBN
1352:2006
1319:2015
1297:2011
1278:OCLC
1246:2011
1200:2011
1189:ISSN
1095:2011
1084:ISSN
939:2023
917:2023
892:2023
866:2023
800:2014
563:and
153:Rank
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368:in
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