374:"preference", "phantasy", "persuasion", "passion", "power" or else). On closer inspection it appears that all terms added so far are already included within the original framework, thus are not to be embodied separately in the concept on an equal footing; in details: "Place" is a part of "press", "problem" is as a starting point a vital part of the "process", "preference" and "power" are linked to "persons", and "phantasy", "persuasion", "passion" are traits and capacities of "persons" too.
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Today more than 600.000 entries for the keyword "4 "P"s of creativity" listed on Google and countless citations in the literature display tellingly the enduring importance of this concept to the field of creativity. Further testimonials are major international conferences and research projects which
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Hence the original lean concept shall be still deemed to be valid as the essential structure giving map and as "a system that enables researchers to study smaller manageable components of the complex concept of creativity". This does deliver a sound basis both for researcher and practitioner in the
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The concept itself was copied numerous times, sometimes one-to-one, sometimes simply by replacing one term (e.g.: "place" instead of "press"), many a time without crediting the original author. Some followers also tried to add a fifth or sixth term which starts with a "P" (e.g.: "place", "problem",
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This article became the probably most cited single source in applied creativity ever and has established Rhodes' reputation as a pioneering contributor to creativity research, since it not only endowed a seemingly unstructured field with a structure, but delivered a classification system and within
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Rhodes theory asserts that creativity is not merely an elusive and fuzzy capacity with no predictable structure, but exhibits a clear-cut composition of four essential components and dominant factors which have an impact to any kind of result, solution or idea. In his epoch-making article Rhodes
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About five years ago I set out to find a definition of the word creativity. I was interested in imagination, originality, and ingenuity. In time I had collected forty definitions of creativity and sixteen of imagination. But as I inspected my collection I observed that the definitions are not
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Adjacent to his significant findings for further research in the field, Rhodes, as a result of his work, also arrived at the conclusion for the field of education, that "a body of thought about the nature of the creative process belongs in the arsenal of every teacher and teacher-to-be."
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he was in search for a universal definition of the term creativity. He did not attain this goal but collected more than 40 definitions, and within these various concepts identified four elementary strands of creativity. This idea was later elaborated in a seminal article
205:). During these schooldays he was president of the Juniata College choir and the Juniata College class of 1938. Having finished his studies his interest of contacting people confirmed him to work as a field representative for Juniata in the years 1938–1941.
364:"The term product refers to a thought which has been communicated to other people in the form of words, paint, clay, metal, stone, fabric, or other material. When an idea becomes embodied into tangible form it is called a product." (p. 309).
257:(minor in psychology) in 1957; his dissertation was signed on May 16, 1956. During his time at the university he was since 1953 also employed at the student's placement bureau and got promoted in 1956 to director in charge of this institution.
323:" which ever since has been credited as the basis for bringing conceptual clarity and structure into creativity, and was regarded as a viable way to look at creativity and to identify momentous approaches for further research in the field.
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mutually exclusive. They overlap and intertwine. When analyzed, as through a prism, the content of the definitions form four strands. Each strand has unique identity academically, but only in unity do the four strands operate functionally.
355:"The term person, as used here, covers information about personality, intellect, temperament, physique, traits, habits, attitudes, self-concept, value systems, defense mechanisms, and behaviour." (p. 307).
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Rhodes defined four separate strands which have influence on the occurrence of creativity and which represent the essential cornerstones for any kind of creativity research: Person, Process, Press and
Product:
170:(June 14, 1916 – April 29, 1976) was an American educational scientist, assistant professor of education and creativity researcher who was the originator of the pioneering concept of the 4 "P"s of creativity.
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Together with his wife he sponsored the J. Melvin and Rhoda Metz Rhodes
Scholarship, which was first granted in 1976. According to Juniata's Development office the scholarship is still being awarded.
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272:, in 1957. He was on faculty of the department of education from 1957 to 1971 and served for several years additionally as senator-at-large. Also he served in different positions for the
361:"The term press refers to the relationship between human beings and their environment." (p. 308). This notion and the word "press" are rather common in the field of education.
212:. After World War II, Rhodes initially worked as director in charge of personnel at the Johnstown Tribune Publishing company 1946–1947. Thereafter he accepted a position as
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The dynamics of creativity: An interpretation of the literature on creativity with a proposed procedure for objective research. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).
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field, to align creativity research endeavours in a comprehensive and comprehensible way by pooling the problems and objects of research.
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and director of admissions and placement at
Juniata College 1947–1952. He also continued his studies and earned an MS degree in
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At the completion of his doctorate he accepted a position as assistant professor at the
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He resigned as dean of
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where his father was a farmer. After graduating from high school he went on to study at
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Tucson Daily
Citizen May 4th 1957, p. 2: Position as assistant professor appointed
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In 1948 he was married to Rhoda
Catherine Metz, whom he met at Juniata College.
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Rhodes is noted for his pioneering work in the early study and research of
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In 1950 he became an elected member of the honorary educational fraternity
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Mel Rhodes was born on June 14, 1916, to Waldo and Grace (Davis) Rhodes in
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it four precise starting-points for classified research about creativity.
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and its implication specifically for the field of applied creativity.
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The
Hamburg Sun Feb 17th 1983, p. 13: Juniata scholarship granted
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from 1934 till 1938 and earned a B.A. degree in 1938 (major in
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Daily News
Huntingdon Sept. 29th 1947, p. 14: Dean of students
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in The
Educational Forum, Volume 27, Issue 4, 1963, 477-481
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and is best known as the architect of the framework of the
253:(AZ). There he continued his studies and earned his PhD in
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Scientific
Creativity: Its recognition and development.
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Tucson Daily Citizen May 20th 1957, p. 22: PhD awarded
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in Phi Delta Kappan 1961, Vol. 42, No. 7, p. 306–307
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in Phi Delta Kappan 1961, Vol. 42, No. 7, p. 307–309
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Daily News Huntingdon Nov. 13th 1948, p. 7: Marriage
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708:The Council for exceptional children 1968. p. 5
387:have been organized around the 4 "P"s model.
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595:"Website: There are Four P's in Creativity?"
416:. in Phi Delta Kappan 1961, Vol. 42: 305–311
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635:Creativity and the management of change.
582:Creativity and the management of change.
442:Creativity and the management of change.
240:American Psychological Association (APA)
523:US school yearbooks The Desert, UA 1956
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287:) on April 29, 1976, at the age of 60.
226:University of Pennsylvania (Penn State)
182:, as the second eldest of 7 siblings.
706:Exceptional children research review.
421:Creativity resides in mental concept.
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731:Creativity resides in mental concept
720:forum on innovation, vol. 39, no. 5.
409:Arizona State University, Tempe 1956
637:Blackwell publishers 1999. pp. 31–2
274:Arizona Education Association (AEA)
782:American educational psychologists
584:Blackwell publishers 1999. p. 31-2
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787:Arizona State University faculty
447:Calvin W. Taylor, Frank Barron:
772:20th-century American educators
210:China-Burma-India Theater (CBI)
777:American educational theorists
247:Arizona State University (ASU)
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718:Academy of Management Journal
16:American academic (1916–1976)
688:Two dimensions of creativity
264:, University of Arizona in
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747:Presentation of the 4 "P"s
674:An Analysis of Creativity.
621:An Analysis of Creativity.
435:Creativity and innovation.
321:"An analysis of creativity
444:Blackwell Publishers 1999
414:An analysis of creativity
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451:John Wiley&Sons 1963
437:Reinhold Publishing 1962
153:Arizona State University
77:Arizona State University
180:Johnstown, Pennsylvania
47:Johnstown, Pennsylvania
767:Creativity researchers
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238:and later also of the
648:"ICSC-Article 4 "P"s"
419:James Melvin Rhodes:
405:James Melvin Rhodes:
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191:Cambria, Pennsylvania
567:UA Campus Repository
346:4 "P"s of creativity
309:4 "P"s of creativity
262:College of Education
94:4 "P"s of creativity
479:Veteran Burial Card
327:Research and theory
281:Highlands (Florida)
168:James Melvin Rhodes
33:James Melvin Rhodes
693:2011-09-14 at the
66:Highlands, Florida
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109:Scientific career
103:Rhoda Metz Rhodes
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60:(1976-04-29)
797:1976 deaths
792:1916 births
761:Categories
658:2014-06-14
605:2014-06-14
456:References
305:Creativity
255:philosophy
222:psychology
220:(major in
199:Huntingdon
132:Creativity
127:Psychology
39:1916-06-14
23:Mel Rhodes
556:ICSC-Blog
369:Criticism
228:in 1950.
224:) at the
218:education
203:sociology
174:Biography
122:Education
691:Archived
752:YouTube
270:Arizona
291:Legacy
266:Tucson
115:Fields
100:Spouse
251:Tempe
299:Work
68:, US
55:Died
49:, US
29:Born
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