293:. The cost for registering a brand was exorbitant, ensuring that few small ranchers could afford it. Also, a brand had to be "accepted", and the cattlemen's associations had substantial power inside the committee that either rejected or accepted brands, thus locking out smaller ranchers. Over a three-year period Watson and Averell filed applications for five different brands and were denied each time. In 1889 she bought a previously registered brand, "L-U", (an altered pronunciation of 'Ella') from John Crowder.
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had fenced the public land he used, though this was not in accordance with the law, began to fence in parts of Ella's ranch and sent his cowboys to harass the couple. The couple apparently did not realize the danger they were in. On July 20, 1889, a range detective, George
Henderson, was cited by Bothwell in a meeting with other ranchers as having seen that Watson had rustled cattle. Some wanted nothing to do with Bothwell's plan to lynch the couple, but five agreed.
192:, to work as a cook and housekeeper for H.R. Stone. While there, she met farm laborer William A. Pickell. They married on November 24, 1879. Their wedding portrait survives, depicting a "tall, square-faced woman", Watson was probably 5 foot 8 inches tall, and weighed about 165 pounds (75 kg). She had brown hair, blue eyes and a Scottish accent, inherited from her parents.
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but later disappeared and was widely thought to have been murdered, despite claims to the contrary by a newspaper. Although the events caused a political controversy in the state, Bothwell acquired both homesteads of the murdered victims and ran his ranch without any legal repercussion or other retribution until he retired to Los
Angeles, where he died in the Twenties.
285:, when cattle were unable to get to the grass under the snowdrifts, ranchers began growing hay as an alternative way of feeding the animals during the winter. For an area with little rainfall, this meant that access to water was now crucial to the survival of the ranches. The land claimed by Watson and Averell controlled 1 mile (1.6 km) of water along Horse Creek.
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160:, although the characterization is a dubious one, as subsequent research has tended to see her as a much maligned victim of a self-styled land baron. Watson had acquired homestead rights on land with water resources vital to the wealthiest rancher in the county, Albert Bothwell, when she was accused by him of
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editor Ed Towse's 1,300-word article justified the "lawless but justifiable deed" of lynching
Averell and "Maxwell." He stated that "the cattlemen have been forced to this and more hangings will follow unless there is less thieving." The articles and those that followed marked the first time that the
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County
Sheriff Frank Hadsell and Deputy Sheriff Phil Watson (no relation to Ella) arrested Albert Bothwell and five other men for the two murders. A trial date was set, but Gene Crowder and John DeCorey both left the area before the trial, while Buchanan was initially taken into protective custody,
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and told Ella at gunpoint to get on it or be shot as they were arresting her for rustling and taking her to
Rawlins. Crowder rode for help, reporting the news to the couple's friend Frank Buchanan. By the time Buchanan reached where they had stopped, Bothwell was stringing up a rope, and one of his
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along with her husband by
Bothwell and some other ranchers he had incited against her. The bodies were left hanging for two days, and the reputation that attached to her until recently was quickly established by newspaper publicity. Accounts of Watson as a rustler are now regarded as highly biased.
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In a move that may have been retaliation for the repeated denial of her brand applications, Watson filed for approval to construct a water ditch to irrigate more of her land. This ditch, if built, would reduce the amount of water available to neighboring ranchers, including
Bothwell. Bothwell, who
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With a brand of her own, Watson was now able to mark her own cattle. In July 1889, just as the spring roundup was ending, Watson branded her cattle. Forty-one cattle were branded, a relatively high number considering the year before she had purchased only 28, all specifically described as being in
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Watson is the only woman to have been hanged in
Wyoming. Her death, and that of Averell, "became symbols of the societal contempt raging against rustlers during the latter part of the nineteenth century." The Cattle Kate myth was largely accepted until the late 20th century, when composer George
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of 1862, which permitted single women, but not married women, to buy 160 acres of land, provided they improved it within five years. In August 1886 Watson filed squatter's rights to the land adjacent to
Averell's. In May 1888, she filed her homestead claim to the same piece of land. To meet the
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Pickell was verbally and physically abusive and drank heavily. He would often beat Ella with a horsewhip. In
January 1883, Watson fled back to her parents' home. Pickell came after her, but was intimidated by her father and fled, and had no contact with her afterwards. Watson moved to
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Those who knew her spoke highly of Watson. A stage station operator, Harry Ward, described Watson as "a fine looking woman", saying: "Other women looked down on her in those days, but no matter what she was or did she had a big heart. Nobody went hungry around her."
253:. The license listed her as "Ellen Liddy Andrews". It is unclear whether the two were legally married, although historians think it likely that the marriage did take place, but was kept a secret. This allowed Watson to apply for land through the
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A neighbor, the wealthy cattleman Albert John Bothwell, who actually did not have legal title to much land apart from what his house stood on, made several offers to buy Watson and Averell's land from them. They repeatedly declined.
273:, but this would not have been enough grazing area for her small herd. In this era, many ranchers grazed their cattle on public land. In 1872, about two dozen of the cattlemen with the largest ranches banded together to create the
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A law at the time stated that unbranded calves became the property of the WSGA. The cattlemen's associations limited small ranchers from bidding at auctions, and insisted that all ranchers, small and large, have a registered
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and then other papers controlled by the WSGA. The next day, those papers published lurid accounts of the crimes of prostitute and cattle rustler "Cattle Kate" Maxwell and her partner-in-crime, James Averell.
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246:. There he opened a restaurant and general store catering to cowboys and to people traveling west. He quickly hired Watson to cook at his restaurant; customers paid 50 cents each for a meal.
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poor health. Although it is possible that some cattle had broken through her fence and were accidentally mixed in with her own, it is also likely that many of the calves were
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Ellen Liddy Watson was born about July 1860. It is likely that she was the daughter of Thomas Lewis Watson and Francis Close, who married the next year on May 15, 1861, in
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cattlemen had used the press as a tool to justify and glorify their violence. The tactic was so successful that it was resurrected during the violence of 1891 and 1892.
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McLure, Helen (2007), "Bad Men, Unsexed Women, and Good Citizens: Outlaws and Vigilantes in the American West", in Peter Mancall; Benjamin Heber Johnson (eds.),
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To earn extra money, Watson mended clothing for cowboys. The fact that men frequently visited her cabin may have led to rumors that she was a prostitute.
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386:) run a cattle rustling empire. Another highly fictionalized version of the lives of Ella Watson and James Averell was produced in 1980.
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Watched by Gene Crowder, Bothwell and those ranchers he had convinced to go along with him arrived on the ranch with a
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men putting a noose around her neck. Buchanan started shooting but was forced back and both Jim and Ella were hanged.
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On February 24, 1886, Watson met James "Jim" Averell, who was in Rawlins to file a homestead claim for land along the
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Van Pelt, Lori (2003), "Cattle Kate: Homesteader or Cattle Thief?", in Riley, Glenda; Richard W. Etulain (eds.),
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With her savings, Watson bought cattle from emigrants on the trails. She fenced about 60 acres of her land with
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Outlaw Tales of Wyoming, 2nd: True Stories of the Cowboy State's Most Infamous Crooks, Culprits, and Cutthroats
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The day that Watson and Averell were lynched, George Henderson received a telegram. He immediately went to the
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204:. She worked at the Royal Hotel for a year while establishing residency and then filed for divorce.
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requirements of the Homestead Act, Watson had a small cabin and corral constructed on her property.
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Her life has become an Old West legend and inspired a number of television and film accounts.
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Watson's relatives erected a marker in 1989 at her grave site to commemorate her death.
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In May, she and Averell applied for a marriage license 100 miles (160 km) away, in
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Watson disliked Cheyenne and in late 1885 or early 1886 followed the railroad to
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The Darkest Night: Two Sisters, a Brutal Murder, and the Loss of Innocence
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Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
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by Jan MacKell and includes an illustration of her made by
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Wyoming Range War: The Infamous Invasion of Johnson County
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That same year she moved, against her family's wishes, to
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was loosely based on the myth of Watson as Kate Maxwell.
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Women of the Western Frontier in Fact, Fiction, and Film
3207:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
952:, Notable Westerners, vol. 4, Fulcrum Publishing,
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Hufsmith began researching Watson's life for an opera,
934:, Perspectives in American Social History, ABC-CLIO,
34:. For the American poet, translator and teacher, see
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Making of the American West: People and Perspective
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382:played a madam who inadvertently helped Averell (
2651:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
200:, 12 miles (19 km) north of her family's
1045:List of lynching victims in the United States
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691:
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613:. Watsonkin.com website. 1998. Archived from
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310:, which the WSGA considered their property.
107:Ella Watson, Cattle Kate, Mrs. James Averell
3494:Women lynching victims in the United States
3081:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
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2627:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
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418:, was based on the Averell-Watson hanging.
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3373:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
2833:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
1611:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
558:The Wyoming Lynching of Cattle Kate, 1889
433:The story of Watson is told in the song
3469:Canadian emigrants to the United States
3202:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
812:Find a Grave: Ellen Liddy "Ella" Watson
494:
845:Red Light Women of the Rocky Mountains
550:
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544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
484:Lynching of women in the United States
277:(WSGA) to protect their rights to the
234:, about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the
3499:Lynching victims in the United States
2839:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
2745:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
424:Red Light Women of the Rocky Mountain
164:. She was abducted from her home and
140:(July 2, 1860 – July 20, 1889) was a
7:
3414:Lynching deaths in the United States
2544:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
281:. After suffering massive losses in
188:Soon after the move, Watson went to
3509:19th-century American women farmers
3075:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
2851:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
2633:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
996:"Cattle Kate - Ella Watson lynched
991:Ellen Watson and Jim Averell brief
25:
2975:American Crusade Against Lynching
2621:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
561:. Glendo, WY: High Plains Press.
275:Wyoming Stock Growers Association
3474:People from Smith County, Kansas
3187:America's Black Holocaust Museum
2970:American anti-lynching activists
2942:Nadir of American race relations
2532:Steve Long and two half-brothers
2468:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
876:, University of Oklahoma Press,
462:
30:For the Scottish cricketer, see
3479:People from Red Cloud, Nebraska
3449:People of the American Old West
3393:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3027:National Conference on Lynching
2585:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
2462:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
1803:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
842:Jan MacKell (12 October 2011).
607:"The Lynching of my great Aunt"
2509:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
1:
3504:19th-century American farmers
3454:People from Wyoming Territory
3409:Lynching in the United States
2710:Springfield race riot of 1908
1128:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
1032:Lynching in the United States
814:Retrieved September 18, 2012.
555:Hufsnmith, George W. (1993).
123:lynched for political reasons
3303:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
3234:And you are lynching Negroes
3086:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
2821:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
2727:Harris County, GA, lynchings
2669:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
2515:New Orleans massacre of 1866
908:Lackmann, Ronald W. (1997),
283:the Snow Winter of 1880–1881
3212:Southern Poverty Law Center
2857:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
2485:? Lachenais and four others
1923:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
1240:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
966:Wilson, R. Michael (2013),
422:Watson's story appears in
3525:
3459:Lynching deaths in Wyoming
2693:1906 Atlanta race massacre
2663:Phoenix, SC, election riot
2639:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
2591:Benjamin and Mollie French
950:Wild Women of the Old West
848:. UNM Press. p. 360.
364:The Lynching of Sweetwater
29:
3000:William O'Connell Bradley
2910:
2739:East St. Louis, IL, riots
2491:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
2474:New York City draft riots
2443:
2432:
1051:
1038:
57:Ella Watson "Cattle Kate"
50:
3464:People from Bruce County
3264:Deaths in police custody
2751:Jenkins County, GA, riot
2562:Chinese massacre of 1871
2480:Detroit race riot (1863)
2115:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
1907:Dick Rowland (attempted)
375:The Redhead from Wyoming
32:Ellen Watson (cricketer)
3245:Battle of Liberty Place
3240:Attack on John Shillady
3228:James Allen (collector)
3061:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
2845:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
2769:Omaha race riot of 1919
2757:Longview, TX, race riot
2733:Newberry, FL, lynchings
2675:Julia and Frazier Baker
2657:Porter and Spencer (MS)
2609:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
2567:Meridian, MS, race riot
2550:Opelousas, LA, massacre
1523:Paul Reed and Will Cato
1208:Big Nose George Parrott
890:Franscell, Ron (2008),
872:Davis, John W. (2012),
443:on their 2023-released
89:Natrona County, Wyoming
85:July 20, 1889 (aged 29)
3379:United States v. Shipp
3131:Rebecca Latimer Felton
2962:Anti-lynching movement
2879:Freedom Summer Murders
2809:Rosewood, FL, massacre
2774:Knoxville riot of 1919
1643:Laura and L. D. Nelson
134:
3350:Summer in Mississippi
3297:Mississippi Cold Case
3251:The Birth of a Nation
3192:Civil Rights Memorial
3121:Sidney Johnston Catts
3099:Defenders of lynching
2785:Duluth, MN, lynchings
2763:Elaine, AR, race riot
2721:Laura and L.D. Nelson
2687:Watkinsville lynching
2645:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
2603:Hamburg, SC, massacre
2579:Election riot of 1874
2526:Camilla, GA, massacre
2448:Death of Joseph Smith
1072:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
415:Alias Smith and Jones
412:", a 1972 episode of
410:Witness to a Lynching
326:Aftermath of killings
132:
3484:American cattlewomen
3068:Costigan-Wagner Bill
3005:Ella Barksdale Brown
2803:Perry, FL, race riot
2715:Slocum, TX, massacre
2615:Mart and Tom Horrell
2573:Colfax, LA, massacre
2556:Bear River City riot
2406:James Craig Anderson
2206:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
1811:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
190:Smith Center, Kansas
148:who became known as
3310:The Ox-Bow Incident
3290:Mississippi Burning
3141:John Trotwood Moore
2797:Tulsa race massacre
2791:Ocoee, FL, massacre
2286:Mack Charles Parker
2214:Willie James Howard
617:on December 2, 2010
611:Daniel W. Brumbaugh
265:Watson and the WSGA
198:Red Cloud, Nebraska
3489:American cattlemen
3324:Reconstruction era
3136:John Temple Graves
2980:Jessie Daniel Ames
2927:Indiana White Caps
2597:Ellenton, SC, riot
2520:Reno Brothers Gang
2270:Judge Edward Aaron
1467:Ballie Crutchfield
823:Franscell, p. 279.
398:Kris Kristofferson
341:Cheyenne Daily Sun
138:Ellen Liddy Watson
135:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3367:They Won't Forget
3284:Lynching postcard
3197:The Legacy Museum
3166:James K. Vardaman
3106:Theodore G. Bilbo
3094:
3093:
2985:Martin C. Ansorge
2906:
2905:
2891:Michael Schwerner
2698:Kemper County, MS
2538:Pulaski, TN, riot
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2131:Shedrick Thompson
2011:Bernice Raspberry
1731:Name unknown (MS)
1635:Name unknown (TX)
1256:Joseph Vermillion
1224:John Wesley Heath
855:978-0-8263-4612-4
793:Van Pelt, p. 155.
766:Van Pelt, p. 166.
757:Van Pelt, p. 168.
704:Van Pelt, p. 165.
695:Van Pelt, p. 162.
671:Van Pelt, p. 163.
650:Van Pelt, p. 160.
638:Van Pelt, p. 158.
521:Van Pelt, p. 154.
512:Van Pelt, p. 157.
480:, Oklahoma outlaw
244:California Trails
226:Life with Averell
213:Cheyenne, Wyoming
127:
126:
36:Ellen Doré Watson
16:(Redirected from
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3221:Related articles
3171:Thomas E. Watson
3161:Benjamin Tillman
3126:Thomas Dixon Jr.
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2815:Jim and Mark Fox
2503:Memphis massacre
2438:Multiple victims
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1819:George Taylor
1816:
1812:
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784:Davis, p. 75.
781:
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745:
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133:"Cattle Kate"
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42:
37:
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19:
18:James Averill
3385:
3377:
3365:
3356:Sundown town
3348:
3316:
3308:
3295:
3288:
3276:
3269:
3258:The Clansman
3256:
3249:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3044:Ida B. Wells
3032:Paul Robeson
2937:Ku Klux Klan
2883:James Chaney
2873:Anniston, AL
2497:Plummer Gang
2452:Joseph Smith
2350:Henry Marrow
2310:Frank Morris
2238:Willie Earle
2147:Cordie Cheek
2075:Henry Choate
1995:Dan Anderson
1955:Raymond Byrd
1939:Samuel Smith
1891:Willie Baird
1771:Frank Little
1763:Paulo Boleta
1691:Robert Perry
1667:Mary Jackson
1627:King Johnson
1579:James Hodges
1499:George White
1483:Walker Davis
1384:Jacob Henson
1312:Robert Lewis
1272:Ellen Watson
1271:
1160:Jim Williams
1136:Wyatt Outlaw
967:
949:
931:
911:
891:
873:
844:
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789:
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709:
700:
667:
621:December 23,
619:. Retrieved
615:the original
610:
574:December 23,
572:. Retrieved
557:
526:
517:
478:Cattle Annie
451:
444:
440:
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432:
423:
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387:
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137:
136:
71:Bruce County
69:Arran Lake,
66:July 2, 1860
3444:1889 deaths
3439:1860 births
3388:(1999 film)
3272:(1936 film)
3151:James Rolph
3053:Legislation
3016:Flag Salute
2456:Hyrum Smith
2302:Lemuel Penn
2294:Louis Allen
2262:Emmett Till
2246:Lamar Smith
2222:Recy Taylor
2155:Claude Neal
2003:Will Sherod
1987:John Carter
1963:James Clark
1915:Henry Lowry
1787:Ell Persons
1675:Rob Edwards
1651:Will Porter
1507:David Wyatt
1475:George Ward
1352:Henry Smith
1248:Amos Miller
1232:Eliza Woods
1168:David Jones
1112:Bill Sketoe
1096:Joshua Boyd
1056:Before 1900
335:Cattle Kate
271:barbed wire
179:Grey County
150:Cattle Kate
96:Nationality
75:Canada West
45:Cattle Kate
3433:Categories
3402:Categories
3329:Red Summer
3022:N.A.A.C.P.
2947:Red Shirts
2779:Red Summer
2318:James Reeb
2190:Felix Hall
2182:After 1940
1931:Joe Pullen
1899:Roy Belton
1851:Will Brown
1755:Jeff Brown
1715:John Evans
1699:? Anderson
1603:"Pie" Hill
1571:Jim Miller
1547:Slab Pitts
1539:Ed Johnson
1376:Amos Hicks
1296:Dick Lundy
1288:Jim Taylor
568:0931271169
490:References
279:open range
173:Early life
112:Occupation
3319:(musical)
2035:Joe Smith
1979:Tom Payne
1947:L. Q. Ivy
1875:Jay Lynch
1723:Leo Frank
1451:1900–1940
346:Daily Sun
319:buckboard
308:mavericks
202:homestead
3386:Vendetta
2922:Lynching
2893:) (1964)
2458:) (1844)
1432:Sam Hose
456:See also
441:Wayfarer
297:Bothwell
158:Old West
99:American
2915:General
1304:Joe Coe
1176:Jo Reed
866:Sources
166:lynched
156:of the
146:Wyoming
142:pioneer
115:Rancher
3317:Parade
3305:(1965)
3180:Memory
2899:(1964)
2875:(1961)
2869:(1952)
2859:(1946)
2853:(1945)
2847:(1943)
2841:(1937)
2835:(1933)
2829:(1932)
2823:(1930)
2817:(1927)
2811:(1923)
2805:(1922)
2799:(1921)
2793:(1920)
2787:(1920)
2781:(1919)
2765:(1919)
2759:(1919)
2753:(1919)
2747:(1918)
2741:(1917)
2735:(1916)
2729:(1912)
2723:(1911)
2717:(1910)
2706:(1908)
2700:(1906)
2689:(1905)
2683:(1899)
2677:(1898)
2671:(1898)
2665:(1898)
2659:(1897)
2653:(1892)
2647:(1892)
2641:(1891)
2635:(1880)
2629:(1879)
2623:(1879)
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2605:(1876)
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2593:(1876)
2587:(1874)
2575:(1873)
2569:(1871)
2558:(1868)
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2546:(1868)
2540:(1868)
2534:(1868)
2528:(1868)
2522:(1868)
2511:(1866)
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2499:(1864)
2493:(1864)
2487:(1863)
2476:(1863)
2470:(1862)
2464:(1858)
2416:(2020)
2408:(2011)
2400:(1998)
2392:(1989)
2384:(1981)
2376:(1979)
2368:(1978)
2360:(1975)
2352:(1970)
2344:(1968)
2336:(1967)
2328:(1966)
2320:(1965)
2312:(1964)
2304:(1964)
2296:(1964)
2288:(1959)
2280:(1957)
2272:(1957)
2264:(1955)
2256:(1955)
2248:(1955)
2240:(1947)
2232:(1946)
2224:(1944)
2216:(1944)
2208:(1943)
2200:(1943)
2192:(1941)
2173:(1940)
2165:(1940)
2157:(1934)
2149:(1933)
2141:(1933)
2133:(1932)
2125:(1931)
2117:(1931)
2109:(1930)
2101:(1930)
2093:(1928)
2085:(1927)
2077:(1927)
2069:(1927)
2061:(1927)
2053:(1927)
2045:(1927)
2037:(1927)
2029:(1927)
2021:(1927)
2013:(1927)
2005:(1927)
1997:(1927)
1989:(1927)
1981:(1927)
1973:(1926)
1965:(1926)
1957:(1926)
1949:(1925)
1941:(1924)
1933:(1923)
1925:(1922)
1917:(1921)
1909:(1921)
1901:(1920)
1893:(1920)
1885:(1919)
1877:(1919)
1869:(1919)
1861:(1919)
1853:(1919)
1845:(1919)
1837:(1918)
1829:(1918)
1821:(1918)
1813:(1918)
1805:(1918)
1797:(1918)
1789:(1917)
1781:(1917)
1773:(1917)
1765:(1916)
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1733:(1915)
1725:(1915)
1717:(1914)
1709:(1914)
1701:(1913)
1693:(1913)
1685:(1912)
1677:(1912)
1669:(1912)
1661:(1911)
1653:(1911)
1645:(1911)
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1629:(1911)
1621:(1910)
1613:(1909)
1605:(1909)
1597:(1909)
1589:(1909)
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1565:(1907)
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1234:(1886)
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1170:(1872)
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1130:(1868)
1122:(1864)
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1082:(1851)
1074:(1837)
1066:(1836)
974:
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353:Legacy
242:, and
240:Mormon
236:Oregon
154:outlaw
152:, an
2863:Harry
291:brand
3360:list
3270:Fury
2952:Jews
2865:and
2581:(AL)
972:ISBN
954:ISBN
936:ISBN
918:ISBN
896:ISBN
878:ISBN
850:ISBN
623:2009
576:2009
563:ISBN
400:and
82:Died
63:Born
439:by
144:of
3435::
2889:,
2885:,
2454:,
732:^
718:^
688:^
676:^
655:^
643:^
631:^
609:.
584:^
535:^
497:^
449:.
430:.
238:,
185:.
73:,
3362:)
3358:(
3236:"
3232:"
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3036:"
3018:"
3014:"
2881:(
2450:(
1024:e
1017:t
1010:v
858:.
625:.
578:.
408:"
38:.
20:)
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