536:(1868) were a defense of Africans against racist views of some European anthropologists that Africans were a physically and intellectually inferior people whose development stopped centuries ago. He argued that all races have the faculty to acquire knowledge about philosophy, science and technologies that civilizations have developed over the ages. Horton was the first modern African political thinker to openly campaign for self-government for the West African colonies and champion the cause of what he referred to as "African nationality".
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He was an advocate of an elected monarchy in which a king would be elected by universal suffrage and bicameral legislature. In regards to the economic development of Sierra Leone, he proposed the annexation and commercial development of surrounding land in an effort to raise the revenue necessary to
354:
for
Britain's African colonies. After retiring from the army at the age of 45, Horton went to Freetown where he continued to campaign on political issues and opened a bank. His business activities and gold mining investments made him one of the wealthiest men in Africa by 1880, and Horton died three
564:
After his retirement from the army, Horton started a finance institution called the
Commercial Bank of West Africa. Horton married on two occasions while living in Freetown; he first married Fanny Marietta Pratt, daughter of the prominent Pratt family of Igbo origin. Marietta died at age twenty-two
547:
Horton was one of the first West
Africans to demand the establishment of a medical school and higher institution in the region. Horton recognised the value in an indigenous institution and believed that it should be headed by an African, believing that they would be more invested in the progress of
849:
Nwauwa, Apollos O. (1999). "Far Ahead of His Time: James
Africanus Horton's Initiatives for a West African University and His Frustrations, 1862-1871 (James Africanus Horton: un précurseur malheureux du projet de création d'une université ouest-africaine, 1862-1871)".
1121:
422:
and landed ashore at
Freetown. Horton began his education by studying at a local school in Gloucester before being recruited by British missionary The Rev. James Beale in 1845 to attend the
565:
and Horton then on May 29, 1875, went on to marry Selina
Beatrice Elliott, daughter of John Bucknor Elliott who was the manager of the Western Area of Freetown. The Elliotts were a
757:
544:, Horton wrote about hostilities between ethnic groups in the Gold Coast and offered his views about solving the hostilities including the continuation of education in Africa.
468:
While a student in
Britain, Horton took on the name "Africanus" as a symbol of pride in his African heritage. After studying at King's College London, he went on to attend the
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to serve in the officer corps of the
British military. When he returned to Sierra Leone, Horton was posted to the neighbouring British colony of the
758:
https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/africanus-horton-the-edinburgh-trained-medic-who-could-take-over-david-hume-tower-3135305
638:
957:
457:, which at the time was looking for Black military personnel more acclimated to African environments to serve in Africa. Horton studied at
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312:
693:
Nwauwa, Apollos (1999). "Far Ahead of his Time: James
Africanus Horton's Initiatives for a West African University and his Frustration".
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Martin, Guy. African
Political Thought. New York, US: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. ProQuest ebrary, p. 48. Web. 22 April 2016.
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implement various economic and social development plans. In another of his publications, a compilation of letters called
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the country than a European. In 1861, he wrote a letter to the War Office in London, stating the need of a
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The Political Economy of British West Africa: with the Requirements of Several Colonies and Settlements
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The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783-1870
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656:"On the medical topography of the west coast of Africa: including sketches of its botany"
463:"On the medical topography of the west coast of Africa including sketches of its botany"
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However, Horton eventually sought a military career instead. In 1855, alongside fellow
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Adeloye, Adelola (1976). "Nigerian pioneer doctors and early West African politics".
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Letters of the Political Condition of the Gold Coast since the exchange of territory
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252:
142:
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1040:"Africanus Horton: The Dawn of Nationalism in Modern Africa". Extracts from the
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504:. As part of his military career, he was posted to various locations within the
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327:
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Political, Educational and Scientific Writings of J.A.B. Horton M.D., 1835-1883
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Linda Colley, 'The Gun the Ship and the Pen', London: Profile Books 2021, p.142
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scholarship to study medicine in Britain to prepare Horton for a career in the
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Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787
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scholarship study medicine in Britain to prepare him for a career in the
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Fyfe, Christopher (1988). "Africanus Horton as a constitution‐maker".
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and has been called "the father of modern African political thought".
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school in the region. Horton is often seen as one of the founders of
439:
339:
516:, Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast. Horton also participated in the
350:(1868), he defended Africans against racist arguments and espoused
370:
627:
Edwards, Paul; Paul Geoffrey Edwards; David Dabydeen (1991).
461:, and in 1858 published his dissertation, which was titled
326:
Horton wrote extensively on the medicine and botany of
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The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics
430:. After graduating from the school, he began studying
964:, Springer Science & Business Media, 2014, p. 49.
299:, Horton was posted to various locations within the
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71:
48:
32:
1122:People educated at the Sierra Leone Grammar School
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449:William Davies and Samuel Campbell, he received a
630:Black Writers in Britain, 1760-1890: An Anthology
27:British Army officer, surgeon, writer and banker
406:who had been sold into slavery as part of the
342:by European writers. In his works, including
255:officer, surgeon, writer and banker. Born in
8:
344:The Political Economy of British West Africa
633:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 185.
1035:Africanus Horton Centenary'African Affairs
40:
29:
729:"African Political Philosophy, 1860-1995"
476:. Upon the completion of his studies at
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686:
1117:People from Western Area Rural District
929:. University of Toronto Press. p.
604:
602:
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672:
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654:Horton, James Africanus Beale (1859).
402:. His father was James Horton Sr., an
1102:Sierra Leonean people of Igbo descent
1077:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
921:Walker, James W. St G. (1992-01-01).
190:Army officer, surgeon, writer, banker
7:
400:Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate
465:. He graduated in the same year.
1082:Black British health professionals
534:West African Countries and Peoples
348:West African Countries and Peoples
25:
528:Horton's first two publications:
480:, Horton was commissioned as an
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116:
1072:Alumni of King's College London
275:in 1845. After graduating from
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945:africanus%20horton%20marriage.
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1048:, London: Longman Inc, 1969.
492:, becoming one of the first
383:James Beale Horton was born
235:James Africanus Beale Horton
18:James Africanus Beale Horton
852:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
695:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
438:in the hopes of becoming a
424:Sierra Leone Grammar School
1143:
1112:Sierra Leone Creole people
265:liberated from enslavement
1092:Fourah Bay College alumni
1037:, London: (1983); 82: 565
897:African Political Thought
894:Martin, G. (2012-12-23).
828:10.1080/14662048808447541
790:African Political Thought
787:Martin, G. (2012-12-23).
271:, he began attending the
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106:
39:
571:African-American descent
392:Gloucester, Sierra Leone
363:is named in his honour.
319:and participated in the
257:Gloucester, Sierra Leone
65:Gloucester, Sierra Leone
1107:Sierra Leonean surgeons
490:Staff-Assistant Surgeon
470:University of Edinburgh
426:, which was run by the
293:University of Edinburgh
208:Selina Beatrice Elliott
101:University of Edinburgh
1127:Black British soldiers
1097:Sierra Leonean writers
884:Adeloye (1976), pp. 4.
671:Cite journal requires
428:Church Mission Society
380:
1087:British Army officers
864:10.3406/cea.1999.1966
768:Adeloye (1976), p. 4.
707:10.3406/cea.1999.1966
524:Politics and writings
459:King's College London
398:, the capital of the
374:
289:King's College London
201:Fanny Marietta Pratt,
97:King's College London
588:is named after him.
567:Nova Scotian Settler
560:Later life and death
502:West India Regiments
472:, graduating with a
455:British Armed Forces
420:West Africa Squadron
408:Atlantic slave trade
297:West India Regiments
285:British Armed Forces
279:, Horton received a
163:West India Regiments
1033:Fyfe, Christopher.
736:www.research.rug.nl
554:African nationalism
375:An illustration of
332:African nationalism
984:(March 28, 2003).
958:"Africanus Horton"
748:Adi (2003), p. 87.
608:Adi (2003), p. 86.
518:Anglo-Ashanti wars
474:Doctor of Medicine
436:Fourah Bay College
390:in the village of
381:
321:Anglo-Ashanti wars
287:, and he attended
277:Fourah Bay College
177:Anglo-Ashanti wars
167:Army Medical Staff
53:James Beale Horton
640:978-0-7486-0327-5
500:, serving in the
338:in opposition to
295:. Serving in the
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16:(Redirected from
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303:, including
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143:British Army
81:(aged 47–48)
1067:1883 deaths
578: 1883
532:(1865) and
388: 1835
346:(1865) and
328:West Africa
249: 1883
242: 1835
79: 1883
60: 1835
1056:Categories
978:Adi, Hakim
592:References
573:. He died
569:family of
514:the Gambia
498:Gold Coast
451:War Office
416:Royal Navy
367:Early life
317:Gold Coast
309:the Gambia
281:War Office
269:Royal Navy
112:Allegiance
478:Edinburgh
440:clergyman
263:who were
1017:11615014
836:11617285
432:divinity
404:Igbo man
396:Freetown
377:Freetown
315:and the
291:and the
251:) was a
129:Service/
85:Freetown
971:Sources
962:Mercury
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715:4392915
586:Mercury
484:in the
482:officer
447:Creoles
434:at the
414:by the
410:before
394:, near
379:in 1856
361:Mercury
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259:into a
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195:Spouses
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868:JSTOR
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510:Lagos
305:Lagos
217:(
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1013:PMID
990:ISBN
935:ISBN
902:ISBN
832:PMID
795:ISBN
677:help
635:ISBN
580:. A
334:and
273:SLGS
159:Unit
149:Rank
72:Died
49:Born
1044:by
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