770:, effective when Longacre was ousted. Meredith questioned whether a competent replacement could be found; Patterson assured him that one could. Longacre objected to Patterson that Peale was delaying acceptance of revised double eagle dies, the director did not reply in writing, but met with Longacre, told him the administration had decided to terminate him, and that he should send in his resignation without delay. Longacre, after thinking the matter over, did not do so, but instead went to Washington on February 12, 1850, to meet with Meredith. He found that the secretary had been lied to about a number of matters. According to Snow, Longacre did not seek retribution, content to be allowed to continue his work in peace. The double eagle went into production in March 1850, though Patterson complained that the coins did not strike well. The double eagle quickly became the favored way to hold gold, and in the years to come more gold would be struck into double eagles than into all other denominations combined.
854:, which at $ 2.50 was close in value. Longacre produced a design for a Native American princess, which he made different from Gobrecht's Liberty design on the quarter eagle with a thinner and wider planchet. At the time, a female Native American was often used to represent America in art, and a depiction of Liberty as an Indian princess was in accord with contemporary practices. The chief engraver wrote to Mint Director Snowden that the three-dollar piece, which went into production in 1854, was the first time he had been allowed artistic freedom in designing a coin. The gold dollar was altered the same year to make the planchet both thinner and wider; Longacre modified his princess design for the gold dollar. For the reverse of the coins, Longacre created a wreath of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton, blending the agricultural products of the North and the South. This wreath would also be used on the reverse of the
422:, on August 11, 1794. His mother Sarah (Barton) Longacre died early in his life; his father, Peter Longacre, was the descendant of early Swedish settlers of North America. When Peter Longacre remarried, his son found the home life intolerable, and James Longacre left home at the age of 12, seeking work in the nearby city of Philadelphia. He apprenticed himself at a bookstore; the owner, John E. Watson, took the boy into his family. Over the following years, Longacre worked in the bookstore, but Watson realized that the boy's skill was in portraiture. Watson granted Longacre a release from his apprenticeship in 1813 so that he could follow an artistic muse, but the two remained close, and Watson would often sell Longacre's works.
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hard to strike in the tough copper-nickel alloy which was used. Beginning in 1859, the cent featured a
Longacre design of Liberty wearing a Native American headdress. What is called the "laurel wreath", though actually olive, adorned the reverse of the cent in 1859; beginning in 1860, a reverse with an oak wreath and shield was placed on the cent. The replacement of the wreath is for reasons unknown; the shield was added because of Snowden's desire to give the coin a "more national character". This reverse is generally credited to Longacre; Snow speculates that it may have been created by Assistant Engraver Anthony C. Paquet.
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in question was
Frenchman Louis Bouvet, whom Patterson had prepare a design for the half eagle, though it was not adopted. Longacre's response to the information was to spend much of March 1849 preparing the dies for the gold dollar, at some cost to his health, as he later related. He demanded that Patterson hire assistance for him, but found the director willing only to have work contracted out. Longacre was unwilling to consent to this, as he could not supervise work done outside the Mint (he did get help within the Mint from assistant engraver
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1146:, in his volume on U.S. coins, viewed Longacre and his works less favorably, "uniform in their dullness, lack of inspiration, and even quaintness, Longacre's contributions to patterns and regular coinage were a decided step backwards from the art of Sully, Peale, Hughes, and Gobrecht" and "whatever his previous qualities as an engraver of portraits, he seems not to have brought much imagination to his important post at the Philadelphia Mint." However, Vermeule considered the Flying Eagle cent more of a work of art, far above the mundane.
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714:(1844-O) with a doubled date, and the 1846 half dollar with the 6 overlying an identical digit, but one which had been placed horizontally. Bowers indicates that Longacre likely delegated such work, although in 1849 he wrote that his daily work was punching dates into working dies. Tom DeLorey, in his 2003 article on Longacre, notes that Peale and his staff often made punches without consulting the Engraver's Department (headed by Longacre), and believes the chief coiner more likely to be responsible.
534:; Longacre was forced to declare bankruptcy and travel through the southern and midwestern states, peddling his books from town to town, with his wife and elder daughter managing shipping and finances at home. Later in 1837, he was able to return to Philadelphia and open a banknote engraving firm with partners, Toppan, Draper, Longacre & Co. With great demand for engraving for notes being issued by state banks, the firm prospered, and had offices at 60 Walnut Street in Philadelphia and a branch at
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Director
Pollock raised objection on the ground that government property should not be used to enable private gain. Eventually, all parties reached agreement that Longacre could do the work at a total cost of $ 10,000 provided that he brought in an outside engraver to do some of the work under Longacre's supervision; the chief engraver selected Anthony C. Paquet, one of his former assistants. Resistance at the Mint dissolved with Pollock's resignation over President Johnson's
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Longacre was 30 years old and married, not 12 as in the tale, in 1858 and
Longacre himself stated that the face was based on a statue of Venus in Philadelphia on loan from the Vatican. James Longacre did often sketch his elder daughter, and there are resemblances between the depiction of Sarah Longacre and the various representations of Liberty on Longacre's coins of the 1850s. These tales were apparently extant at the time, as Snowden, in writing to Treasury Secretary
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869:. Longacre produced the imagery used for the reverse; the obverse was by Assistant Engraver Cross. Although Bowers describes Longacre as having been "strictly ethical in the duties of his office", when the Treasury Department learned that Longacre accepted a $ 2,200 payment from the Navy for his work, they required that he repay the money under a federal law barring compensation of this kind. Other than his design for the 1867
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to Walker in praise of
Longacre, stating that the engraver had "more taste and judgment in making devices for an improved coinage here than have been exhibited by any of his predecessors. He has shown too that he is quite competent to make the required model from his drawings." Taxay attributed Patterson's lavish praise of Longacre to continued attempts by Leonard to gain the post of chief engraver.
734:, "having an ethical chief engraver threatened their sideline." The conflict came over the use of the Contamin portrait lathe, necessary in the making of dies both for Longacre in producing the new coins and Peale in his medal business. When Longacre complained that Peale was monopolizing the device, Peale decided to sabotage Longacre's coin work and have him removed from his position.
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782:. Longacre prepared a design showing a star on one side and the Roman numeral III on the other, which initially won Patterson's approval. Peale, however, persuaded Patterson to change his mind and authorize the chief coiner to propose a version himself, copying design elements Gobrecht had used in 1836. The issue was submitted to the new Treasury Secretary,
1162:. He particularly praises the ornate scroll on the reverse of the double eagle, calling it "unique in American numismatic art and enhances the elegance of a design befitting the highest-denomination U.S. coin", and applauds "the exciting innovation in symbolism and expression of national sentiment that he brought to U.S. numismatic art".
757:] a metallic one which, however, was not perfect; but I thought I should be able to correct the imperfections in the engraving of the die ... this was a laborious task, but seasonably completed, entirely by my own hand. The die then had to be hardened in the coining department; it unluckily split in the process.
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authorities took notice that these metal pieces were successfully circulating, and obtained legislation for a bronze cent. Longacre's Indian head design continued in its place with the new metal; later in 1864 he engraved his initial "L" in the headdress. The act which authorized the bronze cent also issued a
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and nickel. The project was abandoned when it became clear the base-metal dime would be too large to be effectively struck in the tough copper-nickel alloy, but
Longacre prepared a number of half dollar-size patterns. He also began work on re-engraving the designs of the gold pieces, and completed the
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as the post of chief engraver required Senate confirmation, and that body was not then sitting. Tyler transmitted
Longacre's nomination to the Senate on December 17, 1844, which confirmed Longacre without recorded opposition on January 7, 1845. According to numismatist David Lange, Longacre was glad
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with a smaller version. Beginning in 1850, a number of pattern coins were struck in attempts to find a replacement coin. Designs and formats varied; at first, Mint authorities considered an annular, or holed, cent. In 1854 and 1855, much experimentation was done, some with a
Liberty Head design as
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made from my model, in copper, to serve as a pattern for a cast in iron. The operations of the galvanic battery for this purpose were conducted in the apartments of the chief coiner. The galvanic process failed, my model was destroyed in the operation. I had, however, taken the precaution to make
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that
Longacre "is a gentleman of excellent character, highly regarded in this community, and has acquired some celebrity as an engraver of copper; but he is not a Die-Sinker. Indeed I do not know that he has ever made an attempt in this art." By December of that year, the Mint director had written
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With lessons learned from the
Sanderson series, Longacre proposed to issue his own set of biographies illustrated with plates of the subjects. He was on the point of launching this project, having invested $ 1,000 of his own money (equal to $ 30,520 today) in preparation, when he learned that James
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In 1867, Longacre proposed the use of aluminum in coins; this was rejected as the supply and price of the metal fluctuated considerably, and it then had a high intrinsic value. In 1868, Wharton's interests proposed making the dime into a copper-nickel piece and to modify the cent, three-cent piece,
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of that denomination. Longacre furnished a head of Liberty for the coin resembling his other depictions of the goddess which he had made in the past 16 years; for the reverse he used the "laurel" wreath from the 1859 cent surrounding the Roman numeral III borrowed from the silver three-cent piece.
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By numismatic legend, Longacre's Indian Head cent design was based on the features of his daughter Sarah; the tale runs that she was at the Philadelphia Mint one day when she tried on the headdress of one of a number of Native Americans who were visiting and her father sketched her. However, Sarah
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In early 1849, according to a letter written by Longacre the following year, the chief engraver was approached by a member of the Mint staff, warning him that another officer (plainly Peale) sought to have the engraving work done outside of the Mint, making Longacre redundant. The outside engraver
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In Longacre's first years as chief engraver, no original designs were required for coins. Gobrecht had redesigned every denomination of U.S. coinage between 1835 and 1842, and his successor had time to learn arts necessary for coin production that he had not needed as a maker of print engravings.
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gave the Chileans a letter of introduction to Longacre in Philadelphia. Longacre was engaged by the Chileans to redesign five silver and four gold coins, and he agreed, so long as permission from McCulloch was obtained for him to accept an outside fee. McCulloch was initially agreeable, but Mint
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Some of the coinage which had vanished from circulation during the Civil War and had been exported to South America continued to be used in Chilean trade as nationals found their local coinage valued poorly with the American pieces. In 1866, the Chilean government instructed its representative in
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favored placing an expression of the nation's faith in God in a time of war on the coinage, and wrote to Mint Director Pollock, "You will cause a device to be prepared without unnecessary delay with a motto expressing in the fewest tersest terms possible this national recognition." Several mottos
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given to government officials and others in 1856; that coin was then used for the regular issue from 1857. The reverse featured Longacre's cereal wreath, which led to difficulties in coining; the head and tail of the eagle on the obverse opposed the wreath, making those design points particularly
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brought economic disturbances which resulted in the removal of some coins, including the base-metal cent, from circulation. Paper currency (valued as low as three cents), postage stamps, and private tokens, filled the gap. Many of the tokens were cent-sized, but thinner and made of bronze. Mint
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for private medals using government resources. Peale controlled access to dies and materials, and was close to Director Patterson; the two men later proved to have been skimming metal from bullion deposits. The remaining Mint officers were cronies of Patterson, and Longacre found himself a loner
1009:, had fought against the act. In 1864, Wharton published a pamphlet arguing for a coinage in which all coins less than ten cents would be made of a copper-nickel alloy with 25% nickel, just over twice the percentage which the cent had contained. In March 1865, Congress passed legislation for a
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on the reverses of the quarter and half dollar, and arrows by the date for all of the affected denominations. As the act requiring the reduction in weight allowed the Mint to hire outside artists to do the work, Snowden allowed for public designs for the new pieces. No public entry was found
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In 1865 Congress required the use of "In God We Trust" on all coins large enough to bear the inscription; in 1866, Longacre added the motto to all silver coins larger than the dime and all gold coins larger than the three-dollar piece. He also in 1867 made modifications to the design of the
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When Longacre completed the double eagle dies, they were rejected by Peale, who stated that the design was engraved too deeply to fully impress the coin, and the pieces would not stack properly. Taxay, however, noted that the one surviving 1849 double eagle displays no such problems, and by
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In view of the admiration that Saint-Gaudens, Vermeule, and others had for Longacre's "recycled" design borrowed from Gobrecht, and the enthusiasm collectors have for Flying Eagle cents today, perhaps it is all for the best that some other motif was not created in the 1850s at the Mint when
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fired Peale after the extent to which he had used Mint labor for private gain became public. Nevertheless, the firing caused considerable press attention, a Senate investigation, and a large demand for compensation by Peale. With his enemies gone, life at the Mint improved for Longacre.
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509:), published in four volumes between 1834 and 1839. Herring was an artist, but much of the work of illustrating fell to Longacre, who traveled widely in the United States to sketch subjects from life. He again sketched Jackson, who was by now president, as well as former president
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or twenty-dollar gold piece, both new coins. By then, Patterson had come to desire Longacre's departure as he was deemed a threat to Peale's medal business, and opposed new coins which would require the chief engraver's skills. According to Richard Snow in his book on
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In his 1991 article, McKenzie notes Vermeule's concerns, but considers Longacre's work important for its use of American symbols, including the representations of Native Americans. He believes Longacre's use of such symbols influenced later coin designers, such as
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Faced with a rise in silver prices, Congress decreased the silver content of the half dime, dime, quarter and half dollar in 1853. Longacre was asked to alter Gobrecht's designs so new coins could be distinguished from old. He proposed placing rays around the
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in November 1858, denied that the coin was based "on any human features in the Longacre family". Lee F. McKenzie, in his 1991 article on Longacre, notes that any artist can be influenced by many things, but calls the story "essentially false".
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had decided that Longacre be dismissed. Despite these attempts, Longacre remained in his position. Also in 1850, Longacre's wife Elizabeth (generally Eliza) died. The Mint officials clashed again in 1851, after Congress authorized a silver
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In 1856, Longacre designed the Flying Eagle cent. When that design proved difficult to strike, Longacre was responsible for the replacement, the Indian Head cent, issued beginning in 1859. Other coins designed by Longacre include the
1135:, delivered a speech in praise of Longacre prior to the formal eulogy, which was given by Longacre's assistant, William Barber, who would be appointed as Longacre's successor. Like each of his predecessors, Longacre died in office.
1055:, and the dies and hubs (from which more dies could be made) were created beginning in November 1866, probably in-house at the Philadelphia Mint. Longacre's designs for Chile were used until new ones were adopted in the 1890s.
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began to be struck that year. Mint Assayer William DuBois wrote to Longacre, "it is truly pleasing to see a man pass the life of three score and ten and yet be able to produce the same artistic works as in earlier days."
454:. Longacre's work at the company gave him a good reputation as an engraver skilled in rendering other artists' paintings as a printed engraving, and in 1819, he set up his own business at 230 Pine Street in Philadelphia.
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James Longacre died suddenly at his home in Philadelphia on January 1, 1869. A memorial meeting was held at the Philadelphia Mint on January 5, attended by the facility's employees. The Director of the Mint,
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firm. He struck out on his own in 1819, making a name providing illustrations for popular biographical books. He portrayed the leading men of his day; support from some of them, such as South Carolina Senator
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A number of blunders can be seen among the early coins produced at the Mint under Longacre, though it is uncertain to whom these errors should be attributed. These include the 1844 half dollar struck at the
636:(the "Mint") without a chief engraver. Among those who hoped for appointment were Philadelphia banknote engraver Charles Welsh, and Allen Leonard, who had modeled the Mint's medal for former president
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by publisher John Binns; the work cost Binns a total of $ 9,000 (equal to $ 179,139 today). Also employed at the Murray firm from 1816 was the man who would be Longacre's predecessor as chief engraver,
889:, a tame bird which frequented the Philadelphia Mint in the 1830s until it was caught up in machinery and killed; Peter, in stuffed form, was subsequently placed on exhibit at the Philadelphia Mint.
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writer Richard Snow suggests that the books sold on the strength of the quality of Longacre's illustrations. Longacre also completed a series of studies of actors in their roles in 1826 for
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in 1856; reused on the dime beginning in 1860, the "cereal wreath" would be Longacre's last surviving design on coinage, remaining with modifications until the 1916 abandonment of the
513:, both in July 1833. He met many of the political leaders of the day, who were impressed by his portraits. Among these advocates was the former vice president, South Carolina Senator
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of copper nickel. Longacre prepared a number of designs; Pollock selected Longacre's design of a shield (similar to the two-cent piece) and a starry circle for the reverse, and the
688:, in his comprehensive volume on U.S. coins, suggests that Patterson resented Longacre because of the engraver's sponsorship by Calhoun, whom the director disliked as a southerner.
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firm Murray, Draper, Fairman & Co. at 47 Sansom Street in Philadelphia. This business derived from the firm established by the Philadelphia Mint's first chief engraver,
742:, who worked on the reverse of the gold dollar). Longacre proceeded with work on the double eagle through late 1849, and described the obstacles set in his path by Peale:
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According to Bowers, "Today, Longacre is widely admired by numismatists." Lange notes that Longacre's "artistic vision graced 60 years of American coins". Snow writes,
477:, published in nine volumes between 1820 and 1827. Although the venture was marked by criticism of the writing, sales were good enough that the project was completed.
346:, in 1794. He ran away to Philadelphia at age 12, where he became an apprentice in a bookstore. His artistic talent developed and he was released to apprentice in an
675:, chief coiner since 1839". Peale sent Mint personnel to work on his private residence, and in addition to his official duties—mostly performed by his predecessor,
985:; Longacre furnished a design, which Lange calls a "particularly attractive composition" with arrows and a laurel wreath flanking a shield. However, art historian
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medal, and his similar, wreathed reverses for the commission medals in 1860, 1861, and 1868, the Ingraham work was Longacre's only medal made for the government.
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suitable, and Longacre's proposal was adopted. The rays tended to shorten die life and were dropped within a year; the arrows were dispensed with after 1855.
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793:. Peale's medal business suffered a setback when Adam Eckfeldt, who was still performing the duties of chief coiner, died in 1852. In 1854, Mint Director
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Despite the charged atmosphere at the Philadelphia Mint, Longacre avoided conflict with Patterson and Peale until March 1849, when Congress authorized a
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Longacre had married Eliza Stiles in 1827; between 1828, when their daughter Sarah was born, and 1840, they had three boys and two girls. Sales of the
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asking for Longacre's removal on December 25, 1849, on the ground he could not make proper dies. Patterson that day promised the position to engraver
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382:, with both to be designed by Longacre. Peale and Patterson nearly had Longacre fired, but the chief engraver was able to convince Treasury Secretary
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were considered by Pollock, including "God Our Trust" and "God and Our Country". Longacre's two-cent piece was the first coin inscribed with "
671:, upon appointment as chief engraver, Longacre "found that he had entered a hornet's nest of intrigue, politics, and infighting, dominated by
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These arts included coin design, making of punches for design elements, and die sinking. Longacre's work in the private sector had involved
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stated that elements of the design "need only flanking cannon to be the consummate expressions of Civil War heraldry." Treasury Secretary
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Herring of New York City was planning a similar series. In October 1831, he wrote to Herring, and the two men agreed to work together on
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Wharton and others seeking to promote the use of nickel remained powerful in Congress, and in 1866 secured authorization for
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copper-nickel five-cent piece, or nickel as it was coming to be known. In 1865, Longacre engaged British-born engraver
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398:. In 1866–1867, he redesigned the coins of Chile. Longacre died suddenly on New Year's Day 1869; he was succeeded by
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Washington to approach the U.S. State Department for permission to have their coinage dies made in America. The
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as assistant; William H. Key was also made an assistant in 1864 and remained at the Mint past Longacre's death.
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that he should be retained. Both Patterson and Peale left the Mint in the early 1850s, ending the conflict.
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In the mid-1850s, Longacre was engaged by the Navy Department to design a medal to be presented to Captain
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appearance would be level in a stack. Peale complained to Patterson, who wrote to Treasury Secretary
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described a Longacre engraving, "one of the finest specimens of American advancement in the art".
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which was then used to print reproductions. Patterson wrote in August 1845 to Treasury Secretary
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Patterson wrote again to request Longacre's ouster on April 1, 1850, alleging that President
323:(August 11, 1794 – January 1, 1869) was an American portraitist and engraver, and the fourth
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featured on the large cent; others with a flying eagle design adapted by Longacre from the
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a cast in plaster ... From this cast, as the only alternative, I procurred [
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Longacre was recognized in an exhibit of 100 notable American engravers sponsored by the
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in New York. According to Snow, Longacre was known as the best engraver in the country.
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Liberty Seated dime reverse (1860–1891), reused with slight modification as reverse of
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Nickel had been removed from the cent over the objection of Pennsylvania industrialist
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John Binns' version of the Declaration of Independence with portraits by Longacre, 1819
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to get the position because engravers were receiving less work due to the advent of
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Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America
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achieved wide sales. Longacre then agreed to engrave illustrations for Joseph and
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2359:(reprint of 1966 ed.). New York: Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications.
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2293:. Vol. VI. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. 1887.
2465:. Colorado Springs, CO: American Numismatic Association: 1922–1924, 1979–1980.
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Longacre was commissioned by President Tyler on September 16, 1844; his was a
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McKenzie, Lee F. (December 1991). "Longacre's influence on numismatic art".
2418:(9). New York: American Numismatic and Archaeological Society. January 1869.
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DeLorey, Tom (October 1985). "Longacre: Unsung engraver of the U.S. Mint".
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experiments to eliminate the cumbersome large copper cent were conducted.
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In July 1851, Patterson retired and President Fillmore replaced him with
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Kay, Rick (April 2005). "The remarkable coinage of James B. Longacre".
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2456:. Colorado Springs, CO: American Numismatic Association: 36–37, 40–41.
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The flying eagle design was adopted for a large issue of experimental
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Longacre's first important commission were plates for S.F. Bradford's
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After a rise in commodity prices, the Mint to sought to replace the
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from 1844 until his death. Longacre is best known for designing the
2447:. Colorado Springs, CO: American Numismatic Association: 1970–1978.
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2385:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
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Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins
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Longacre became apprenticed to George Murray, principal in the
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Longacre's 1849 double eagle (first year of issue and unique)
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Biographies of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence
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Sketch for the silver subsidiary coinage, 1859 (not adopted)
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Pessolano-Filos, Francis (1983). Margaret M. Walsh (ed.).
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of 1836. Gobrecht's design said to have been modeled on
2408:"Death of James B. Longacre, Esq. – Meeting at the Mint"
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administration was happy to oblige; Treasury Secretary
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The Assay Medals and the Assay Commissions, 1841–1977
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1919:
1345:
1343:
746:
The plan of operation selected for me was to have an
623:
Self-portrait by Longacre (1845), watercolor on board
2477:. The Numismatic Bibliomania Society. Archived from
2273:(second ed.). Atlanta, GA: Whitman Publishing.
1846:
1844:
507:
National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans
2038:
2036:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1472:
1470:
1414:
1412:
362:In Longacre's first years as a chief engraver, the
299:
291:
265:
254:
237:
213:
208:
192:
180:
127:
76:
57:
34:
2378:
2338:A Guide Book of Flying Eagle and Indian Head Cents
2230:
1687:
1685:
1594:
1592:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1399:
1397:
60:Chief Engraver of the United States Mint
2300:History of the United States Mint and its Coinage
2256:(revised ed.). Philadelphia: George G. Evans
1807:
1805:
1360:
1358:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1960:
1958:
1080:Longacre's reverse for the half dime (1860–1873)
2426:. Iola, WS: Krause Publications. Archived from
2194:A Guide Book of Shield and Liberty Head Nickels
2177:. Dallas, Tex.: Harry W. Bass, Jr. Foundation.
1167:
744:
2237:(3rd ed.). Sidney, OH: Amos Press. 1977.
2092:
1796:
1256:
2564:
2253:Illustrated History of the United States Mint
2152:
1297:
414:James Longacre, self-portrait at about age 12
72:September 16, 1844 – January 1, 1869
27:American portraitist and engraver (1794–1869)
8:
1214:Liberty Seated half dime reverse (1860–1873)
418:James Barton Longacre was born on a farm in
1823:
1730:
815:Silver three-cent piece (first struck 1851)
2697:Artists from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
2571:
2557:
2549:
2512:
2271:Encyclopedia of U.S. Gold Coins, 1795–1933
1388:
648:in seeking the appointment from President
42:
31:
2580:Chief Engravers of the United States Mint
339:and other coins of the mid-19th century.
1092:The two-cent piece as issued (1864–1873)
445:which were placed on a facsimile of the
325:chief engraver of the United States Mint
1988:
1781:
1652:
1523:
1430:
1322:
1285:
1249:
1070:
913:
805:
632:Gobrecht's death in July 1844 left the
545:
284: 1827; died 1850)
2424:"Chile asks Longacre for dies in 1866"
966:1859 pattern half dollar (not adopted)
2321:. New York: Eros Publishing Company.
2175:The Harry W. Bass, Jr. Museum Sylloge
1120:Unadopted 1867 pattern for the nickel
7:
2196:. Atlanta, Ga.: Whitman Publishing.
2128:
2116:
2104:
1949:
1910:
1742:
667:According to coin dealer and author
2340:. Atlanta, GA: Whitman Publishing.
2302:. Atlanta, GA: Whitman Publishing.
1535:
1491:
465:by Longacre based on a portrait by
392:silver and nickel three-cent pieces
2742:American people of Swedish descent
2722:19th-century American male artists
1811:
25:
2717:19th-century American printmakers
2702:Burials at The Woodlands Cemetery
2472:"American numismatic biographies"
2269:Garrett, Jeff; Guth, Ron (2008).
2042:
2012:
2000:
1976:
1925:
1886:
1874:
1835:
1754:
1718:
1703:
1676:
1664:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1583:
1559:
1547:
1508:
1476:
1461:
1418:
1403:
1376:
1142:in 1928. In 1970, art historian
972:Civil War issues and later career
699:cutting lines into a copper plate
692:Patterson/Peale years (1844–1853)
496:, as rendered by Longacre in 1834
461:in 1820; an engraving of General
406:Early life; private sector career
303:
2140:
2066:
2027:
1937:
1898:
1862:
1850:
1766:
1691:
1598:
1571:
1449:
1364:
1349:
1334:
1273:
1113:
1097:
1085:
1073:
959:
947:
931:
916:
820:
808:
634:United States Bureau of the Mint
595:
580:
560:
548:
2531:Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint
2412:American Journal of Numismatics
2080:American Journal of Numismatics
2054:
1964:
1175:U.S. coins designed by Longacre
1108:as modified by Longacre in 1867
846:In 1853, Congress authorized a
366:was dominated by Mint Director
281:
2712:19th-century American painters
542:Longacre engravings, 1819–1844
1:
1011:three-cent coin of that alloy
833:Prolific designer (1853–1863)
503:The American Portrait Gallery
420:Delaware County, Pennsylvania
344:Delaware County, Pennsylvania
231:Delaware County, Pennsylvania
2692:United States Mint engravers
605:, 1835 (after a painting by
571:, 1820 (after a painting by
48:Portrait by Isaac Rehn, 1855
1201:in silver (1851–1873) and
447:Declaration of Independence
2758:
2737:Painters from Pennsylvania
2707:American portrait painters
615:Chief engraver (1844–1869)
2586:
2537:
2528:
2520:
2515:
2381:Numismatic Art in America
2357:The U.S. Mint and Coinage
2250:Evans, George G. (1885).
2192:Bowers, Q. David (2006).
2173:Bowers, Q. David (2001).
1238:Liberty Head double eagle
314:
204:
65:
53:
41:
2298:Lange, David W. (2006).
2215:. New York: Doubleday.
1731:Garrett & Guth 2008
1140:New York Public Library
1053:Reconstruction policies
2732:American male painters
2727:19th-century engravers
2336:Snow, Richard (2009).
2211:Breen, Walter (1988).
1172:
1160:Augustus Saint-Gaudens
768:Charles Cushing Wright
759:
624:
497:
415:
2131:, pp. 1979–1980.
1940:, pp. 34–35, 89.
1013:, intended to retire
622:
491:
413:
342:Longacre was born in
321:James Barton Longacre
218:James Barton Longacre
18:James Barton Longacre
2470:Smith, Pete (2012).
1640:, pp. 232, 386.
1391:, pp. 361, 375.
1126:Death and assessment
740:Peter Filatreu Cross
483:The American Theater
250:, Pennsylvania, U.S.
2516:Government offices
2375:Vermeule, Cornelius
2355:Taxay, Don (1983).
2095:, pp. 214–215.
2030:, pp. 227–228.
2015:, pp. 244–245.
2003:, pp. 242–243.
1979:, pp. 241–242.
1889:, pp. 217–218.
1721:, pp. 210–211.
1679:, pp. 221–223.
1667:, pp. 181–182.
1628:, pp. 219–220.
1616:, pp. 208–209.
1586:, pp. 207–208.
1574:, pp. 222–223.
1550:, pp. 206–207.
1464:, pp. 205–206.
1379:, pp. 204–205.
1352:, pp. 220–221.
1337:, pp. 219–220.
1015:fractional currency
764:William M. Meredith
646:Robert M. Patterson
384:William M. Meredith
368:Robert M. Patterson
135:Robert M. Patterson
2656:vacant (2010–2019)
2646:vacant (1991–2006)
2524:Christian Gobrecht
2484:on August 10, 2013
2233:Coin World Almanac
2119:, pp. 54, 59.
2093:Coin World Almanac
1797:Coin World Almanac
1257:Coin World Almanac
1232:Three-dollar piece
1144:Cornelius Vermeule
987:Cornelius Vermeule
942:(struck 1859–1909)
910:Mid-tenure designs
848:three-dollar piece
795:James Ross Snowden
657:recess appointment
625:
530:lagged due to the
505:(later called the
498:
452:Christian Gobrecht
416:
357:Christian Gobrecht
259:Woodlands Cemetery
187:Christian Gobrecht
153:James Ross Snowden
2669:
2668:
2547:
2546:
2538:Succeeded by
2504:James B. Longacre
2392:978-0-674-62840-3
2366:978-0-915262-68-7
2347:978-0-7948-2831-8
2328:978-0-911571-01-1
2309:978-0-7948-1972-9
2280:978-0-7948-2254-5
2222:978-0-385-14207-6
2203:978-0-7948-1921-7
2184:978-0-943161-88-4
2153:Smith Biographies
1991:, pp. 12–13.
1928:, pp. 98–99.
1901:, pp. 25–26.
1853:, pp. 26–28.
1433:, pp. 56–57.
1298:Smith Biographies
1288:, pp. 55–56.
1181:Flying Eagle cent
1156:Victor D. Brenner
924:Flying Eagle cent
878:large copper cent
856:Flying Eagle cent
748:electrotype mould
732:Indian Head cents
638:John Quincy Adams
435:George Washington
370:and Chief Coiner
364:Philadelphia Mint
337:Flying Eagle cent
318:
317:
36:James B. Longacre
16:(Redirected from
2749:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2550:
2521:Preceded by
2513:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2476:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2430:on March 8, 2014
2419:
2396:
2384:
2370:
2351:
2332:
2313:
2294:
2284:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2246:
2236:
2226:
2207:
2188:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1865:, pp. 7–28.
1860:
1854:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1260:
1254:
1199:Three-cent piece
1187:Indian Head cent
1152:George T. Morgan
1117:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1023:a five-cent coin
1007:Thaddeus Stevens
963:
951:
940:Indian Head cent
935:
920:
871:Assay Commission
824:
812:
780:three-cent piece
712:New Orleans Mint
703:Robert J. Walker
599:
584:
564:
552:
517:. In July 1832,
439:Thomas Jefferson
329:Indian Head cent
285:
283:
271:Elizabeth Stiles
244:
227:
225:
209:Personal details
195:
183:
165:William Millward
147:Thomas M. Pettit
141:George N. Eckert
99:Millard Fillmore
70:
46:
32:
21:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2582:
2577:
2543:
2534:
2526:
2500:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2463:The Numismatist
2460:
2454:The Numismatist
2451:
2445:The Numismatist
2442:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2406:
2403:
2393:
2373:
2367:
2354:
2348:
2335:
2329:
2316:
2310:
2297:
2287:
2281:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2229:
2223:
2210:
2204:
2191:
2185:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1917:
1913:, p. 1980.
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1826:, pp. 1–4.
1824:Pessolano-Filos
1822:
1818:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1745:, p. 1923.
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1538:, p. 1971.
1534:
1530:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1498:
1494:, p. 1970.
1490:
1483:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1177:
1133:Henry Linderman
1128:
1121:
1118:
1109:
1104:Reverse of the
1102:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1069:
1063:by year's end.
996:In God We Trust
991:Salmon P. Chase
974:
967:
964:
955:
952:
943:
936:
927:
921:
912:
887:Peter the eagle
883:Gobrecht dollar
867:Duncan Ingraham
835:
828:
825:
816:
813:
804:
694:
669:Q. David Bowers
630:
617:
610:
607:Chester Harding
600:
591:
590:at age 82, 1833
585:
576:
565:
556:
553:
544:
520:Niles' Register
515:John C. Calhoun
494:John C. Calhoun
408:
353:John C. Calhoun
287:
279:
275:
272:
246:
242:
241:January 1, 1869
229:
228:August 11, 1794
223:
221:
220:
219:
193:
181:
176:
171:Henry Linderman
123:
114:Abraham Lincoln
104:Franklin Pierce
71:
66:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2541:William Barber
2539:
2536:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2498:External links
2496:
2495:
2494:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2420:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2371:
2365:
2352:
2346:
2333:
2327:
2314:
2308:
2295:
2285:
2279:
2266:
2247:
2227:
2221:
2208:
2202:
2189:
2183:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2155:, p. 174.
2145:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2071:
2069:, p. 228.
2059:
2047:
2045:, p. 115.
2032:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1801:
1799:, p. 214.
1786:
1771:
1769:, p. 226.
1759:
1757:, p. 315.
1747:
1735:
1733:, p. 140.
1723:
1708:
1706:, p. 223.
1696:
1694:, p. 224.
1681:
1669:
1657:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1603:
1601:, p. 223.
1588:
1576:
1564:
1562:, p. 207.
1552:
1540:
1528:
1513:
1511:, p. 205.
1496:
1481:
1479:, p. 476.
1466:
1454:
1452:, p. 222.
1435:
1423:
1421:, p. 183.
1408:
1393:
1389:Senate Journal
1381:
1369:
1367:, p. 221.
1354:
1339:
1327:
1302:
1300:, p. 133.
1290:
1278:
1276:, p. 219.
1261:
1259:, p. 213.
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1196:
1193:Two-cent piece
1190:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1048:Hugh McCulloch
1044:Andrew Johnson
1036:William Barber
1003:Joseph Wharton
983:two-cent piece
973:
970:
969:
968:
965:
958:
956:
953:
946:
944:
937:
930:
928:
922:
915:
911:
908:
840:heraldic eagle
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
819:
817:
814:
807:
803:
800:
775:Zachary Taylor
693:
690:
673:Franklin Peale
629:
626:
616:
613:
612:
611:
601:
594:
592:
586:
579:
577:
569:Andrew Jackson
566:
559:
557:
554:
547:
543:
540:
471:John Sanderson
463:Andrew Jackson
407:
404:
400:William Barber
396:two-cent piece
372:Franklin Peale
316:
315:
312:
311:
310:
309:
306:
301:
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
277:
273:
270:
269:
267:
263:
262:
261:, Philadelphia
256:
252:
251:
245:(aged 74)
239:
235:
234:
217:
215:
211:
210:
206:
205:
202:
201:
199:William Barber
196:
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
175:
174:
168:
162:
156:
150:
144:
138:
131:
129:
125:
124:
122:
121:
119:Andrew Johnson
116:
111:
109:James Buchanan
106:
101:
96:
94:Zachary Taylor
91:
86:
80:
78:
74:
73:
63:
62:
55:
54:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2754:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2401:Other sources
2400:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2143:, p. 11.
2142:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2107:, p. 50.
2106:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2083:, p. 72.
2082:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2057:, p. 41.
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1967:, p. 40.
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1952:, p. 60.
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1877:, p. 94.
1876:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1838:, p. 92.
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1784:, p. 58.
1783:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1655:, p. 57.
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1526:, p. 78.
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1406:, p. 90.
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1325:, p. 56.
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:Liberty Head
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:Shield nickel
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1106:Shield nickel
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1067:Later designs
1066:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1027:Shield nickel
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
988:
984:
979:
971:
962:
957:
950:
945:
941:
934:
929:
925:
919:
914:
909:
907:
904:
898:
895:
890:
888:
884:
879:
874:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
852:quarter eagle
849:
844:
841:
832:
823:
818:
811:
806:
801:
799:
796:
792:
791:Thomas Eckert
787:
785:
784:Thomas Corwin
781:
776:
771:
769:
765:
758:
756:
755:
749:
743:
741:
735:
733:
729:
724:
720:
715:
713:
707:
704:
700:
691:
689:
687:
684:among them.
682:
678:
677:Adam Eckfeldt
674:
670:
665:
664:photography.
663:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
627:
621:
614:
608:
604:
598:
593:
589:
588:James Madison
583:
578:
574:
570:
563:
558:
551:
546:
541:
539:
537:
536:1 Wall Street
533:
532:Panic of 1837
529:
524:
522:
521:
516:
512:
511:James Madison
508:
504:
495:
490:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
412:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
333:Shield nickel
330:
326:
322:
313:
307:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
268:
264:
260:
257:
255:Resting place
253:
249:
240:
236:
232:
216:
212:
207:
203:
200:
197:
191:
188:
185:
179:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:James Pollock
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
130:
128:Mint Director
126:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
89:James K. Polk
87:
85:
82:
81:
79:
75:
69:
64:
61:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2661:Joseph Menna
2655:
2645:
2605:
2529:
2508:Find a Grave
2486:. Retrieved
2479:the original
2462:
2453:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2428:the original
2415:
2411:
2380:
2356:
2337:
2318:
2299:
2289:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2252:
2232:
2212:
2193:
2174:
2162:Bibliography
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2079:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1945:
1933:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1831:
1819:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1699:
1672:
1660:
1633:
1621:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1457:
1426:
1384:
1372:
1330:
1293:
1281:
1252:
1168:
1164:
1148:
1137:
1129:
1057:
1040:
1032:
1020:
1000:
975:
899:
891:
875:
864:
845:
836:
788:
772:
760:
752:
747:
745:
736:
728:Flying Eagle
723:double eagle
716:
708:
695:
686:Walter Breen
666:
662:daguerrotype
654:
631:
603:Daniel Boone
573:Thomas Sully
527:
525:
518:
506:
502:
499:
482:
474:
467:Thomas Sully
459:Encyclopedia
458:
456:
443:John Hancock
424:
417:
388:
380:double eagle
361:
341:
320:
319:
248:Philadelphia
243:(1869-01-01)
194:Succeeded by
67:
29:
2687:1869 deaths
2682:1794 births
2488:October 15,
2260:January 14,
1989:Bowers 2006
1782:Bowers 2006
1653:Bowers 2006
1524:Bowers 2001
1431:Bowers 2006
1323:Bowers 2006
1286:Bowers 2006
1240:(1849–1907)
1234:(1854–1889)
1228:(1849–1889)
1226:gold dollar
1221:(1892–1916)
1219:Barber dime
1211:(1866–1883)
1205:(1865–1889)
1195:(1864–1873)
1189:(1859–1909)
1183:(1856–1858)
938:Longacre's
926:(1856–1858)
903:Howell Cobb
860:Barber dime
802:Early coins
719:gold dollar
628:Appointment
431:Robert Scot
376:gold dollar
305:Portraitist
182:Preceded by
173:(1867–1869)
167:(1866–1867)
161:(1861–1866)
155:(1853–1861)
143:(1852–1853)
137:(1844–1852)
2676:Categories
2535:1844–1869
2243:B004AB7C9M
1245:References
1061:$ 10 piece
650:John Tyler
479:Numismatic
300:Profession
224:1794-08-11
84:John Tyler
2616:C. Barber
2611:W. Barber
978:Civil War
642:Don Taxay
427:engraving
359:in 1844.
348:engraving
77:President
68:In office
2651:Mercanti
2636:Gasparro
2606:Longacre
2601:Gobrecht
2434:March 4,
2377:(1971).
2129:McKenzie
2117:Vermeule
2105:Vermeule
1950:Vermeule
1911:McKenzie
1743:McKenzie
894:patterns
567:General
492:Senator
308:engraver
292:Children
58:4th
2631:Roberts
2626:Sinnock
1536:DeLorey
1492:DeLorey
528:Gallery
286:
278:
274:
2621:Morgan
2596:Kneass
2389:
2363:
2344:
2325:
2306:
2277:
2241:
2219:
2200:
2181:
1812:Krause
1203:nickel
1158:, and
441:, and
266:Spouse
233:, U.S.
149:(1853)
2641:Jones
2482:(PDF)
2475:(PDF)
2167:Books
2043:Evans
2013:Taxay
2001:Breen
1977:Taxay
1926:Lange
1887:Breen
1875:Lange
1836:Lange
1755:Breen
1719:Taxay
1704:Taxay
1677:Taxay
1665:Taxay
1638:Taxay
1626:Taxay
1614:Taxay
1584:Taxay
1560:Taxay
1548:Taxay
1509:Taxay
1477:Breen
1462:Taxay
1419:Taxay
1404:Lange
1377:Taxay
280:(
276:
2591:Scot
2490:2014
2436:2014
2387:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2262:2013
2239:ASIN
2217:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2141:Snow
2067:Snow
2028:Snow
1938:Snow
1899:Snow
1863:Snow
1851:Snow
1767:Snow
1692:Snow
1599:Snow
1572:Snow
1450:Snow
1365:Snow
1350:Snow
1335:Snow
1274:Snow
976:The
730:and
721:and
681:dies
378:and
238:Died
214:Born
2506:at
2055:Kay
1965:Kay
998:".
754:sic
473:'s
2678::
2414:.
2410:.
2035:^
2020:^
1957:^
1918:^
1843:^
1804:^
1789:^
1774:^
1711:^
1684:^
1645:^
1606:^
1591:^
1516:^
1499:^
1484:^
1469:^
1438:^
1411:^
1396:^
1357:^
1342:^
1305:^
1264:^
1154:,
862:.
485:.
437:,
335:,
282:m.
2572:e
2565:t
2558:v
2492:.
2438:.
2416:3
2395:.
2369:.
2350:.
2331:.
2312:.
2283:.
2264:.
2245:.
2225:.
2206:.
2187:.
1814:.
609:)
575:)
295:5
226:)
222:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
