665:
497:
84:
722:
584:. The crisis passed without breaking into open war, and Crawford took a period of absence from the navy, going out to the East Indies where he attended to his personal affairs. He took passage back to Britain aboard a merchant ship at some point after the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, but the ship was captured by a French warship en route. He was held as a
664:
280:
until 1797, when he was able to return to the navy and joined the flagship of his old patron, Sir Roger Curtis. After two years in this post, he was given his own ship, which he commanded until the end of the French
Revolutionary Wars. Promoted to
536:, which had run aground off Gibraltar and forced to surrender. The Spanish made several attempts to recapture or destroy her, sending flotillas against her on 12 November and 18 December. Both attempts failed, though several days later the
513:
All the previous assaults having failed to capture
Gibraltar, a Franco-Spanish forced launched the biggest assault yet on the fortifications, on 13 September 1782. Anticipating the assault, and the danger to shipping, the British scuttled
644:
Crawford arranged for the capitulation of the French garrison of the fort there, which caused his senior officer to write approvingly of his "liberal attention and zealous services". Vigo was then besieged by a French army led by
Marshal
368:, upon which Crawford moved with his captain to the new ship. He continued as midshipman until one of the ship's lieutenants was wounded during operations around Boston. Henry then appointed him acting lieutenant on 24 October 1778.
556:
on 10 August 1783, but with the conclusion of the
American War of Independence and the drawdown of the navy, there was little service available. Crawford does not appear to have served at sea for some time after his commission.
252:
Crawford first went to sea aboard merchant vessels, trading with North
America, before joining the navy during the American War of Independence. He saw action on shore on several occasions, distinguishing himself in the
269:, later to become a prominent naval officer. After a period of unemployment following the end of the American War of Independence, Curtis saw to it that Crawford was offered a position in the fleet during the
501:
1107:
530:
was re-floated within a few days and
Crawford resumed his post aboard her, serving under Curtis. He remained her until October 1782, when he was moved to the recently captured Spanish ship of the line
1112:
386:. The besieging forces were eventually repulsed and for his good service there, Crawford was mentioned in the despatches written by Captain Henry, and the commander of the land forces, General
1117:
447:. The siege was intensified about this time, with the Spanish making determined efforts to oust the British. On 7 August 1781 he played an important role in the defence of the
416:
was placed out of commission shortly after her arrival in
Britain, and Crawford reverted to his former rank of midshipman. He spent two months serving aboard the 100-gun
398:, which ended in the capitulation of the city to the British. Following this success, Captain Henry was again transferred, taking over command of the newly captured
68:
1122:
565:
Crawford's former service with Curtis, now Sir Roger Curtis following his knighthood for his service at
Gibraltar, brought dividends during the
1072:
309:
on 20 July 1760, the son of James
Crawford and his wife Helen, née Coutts. Helen was a cousin of the owners of the large London banking firm
276:
While returning to
Britain after the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, Crawford's ship was captured by the French. He was kept as a
405:, with orders to take her back to Britain carrying despatches. Crawford again accompanied Henry, still with the rank of acting-lieutenant.
603:. He remained with Curtis until his promotion to commander on 14 February 1799, and his subsequent appointment to command the 14-gun brig
1063:
285:
in 1802, he was again unemployed for a time, until being given command of various frigates, at first supporting the Spanish in the
357:
was armed with heavy cannon for supporting shore-based operations during the American War of Independence. Crawford served aboard
261:. Returning from North America with despatches, he was given a hired ship and acted in support of the British defences during the
737:
545:
1047:
732:
Crawford was twice married, his first wife was Anne Duncan, with whom he had a daughter, Mary. Mary married the naval officer
531:
399:
733:
478:, to defend her. Despite the superior Spanish numbers, the three British vessels were able to fight off the gunboats and
1127:
1102:
610:
in March that year. He spent the rest of the war commanding her, principally off the British coast, and was promoted to
265:. During this conflict he was heavily engaged on numerous occasions with Spanish gunboats, and came to the attention of
238:
574:
1030:
350:
578:
322:
318:
169:
748:
on 10 May 1828, at the age of 67. He had been travelling to London, but was taken ill and died after a few days.
540:
was blown from her anchorage and had to be run aground. She stayed in British hands for the remainder of the war.
242:
191:
1053:
The Naval History of Great Britain: From the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV
313:. He initially went to sea aboard merchant ships, making several voyages to trade with the American colonies of
654:
444:
262:
184:
687:
599:, which was at this time the flagship of Crawford's old patron, now Rear-Admiral Sir Roger Curtis, with the
486:, often closely engaged with Spanish gunboats, Crawford was appointed acting first lieutenant of the 32-gun
290:
206:
496:
592:
in March 1797, and allowed to return to Britain. Once there he was appointed lieutenant aboard the 98-gun
623:
371:
Crawford took part in several important battles during the remainder of the war, commanding a battery of
126:
506:
83:
634:
134:
16:
This article is about the naval officer. For his son, the naval officer and New Zealand official, see
1097:
1092:
570:
487:
417:
387:
273:. When war was averted, Crawford went out to the East Indies for several years on personal business.
604:
526:
during the assault, which was eventually repulsed. With the attack decisively defeated, the sunken
395:
343:
258:
179:
118:
691:
668:
314:
150:
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680:
593:
589:
553:
452:
383:
379:
254:
174:
142:
566:
459:
362:
270:
653:, and lead them against the French in defence of the city. The French were defeated at the
741:
725:
585:
277:
246:
221:
196:
17:
630:
286:
201:
1064:
British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates
736:
in 1823. Crawford's second wife, Jane Inglis, was the eldest daughter of Vice-Admiral
721:
1086:
650:
600:
523:
633:, supporting Spanish patriots against the French forces, later moving to the 32-gun
611:
519:
467:
428:
282:
266:
105:
577:
recommended Crawford to Howe. Howe took Crawford aboard his flagship, the 100-gun
297:
as the wars with France drew to a close, and died, still a post-captain, in 1828.
1051:
728:, a naval officer like his father, and later a prominent citizen of New Zealand
686:
in late 1810 and sailed for the East Indies in February 1811. He served at the
646:
339:
234:
87:
431:, until April 1781 when Darby gave him command of an armed vessel, the 5-gun
745:
463:
440:
349:, then serving off the North American coast under the command of Lieutenant
57:
709:
was put out of commission towards the end of the wars and Crawford went on
289:, but later being sent to the East Indies. Here Crawford took part in the
710:
690:
between August and September 1811. In 1813 he took command of the 36-gun
424:
294:
740:. The couple had a son together, James Coutts Crawford, better known as
622:
After a long period without a ship, Crawford was assigned to the 24-gun
518:, and Crawford went ashore to serve with the naval brigade encamped at
702:
310:
306:
40:
1024:. Vol. 13. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. 1829.
509:. Depicting the September assault, which Crawford served throughout.
361:
until late in 1777, when Henry was appointed to command the 20-gun
720:
663:
495:
502:
The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar, September 1782
672:
658:
641:
552:
in March 1783. His lieutenant's commission was confirmed by the
448:
439:
had been fitted with Spanish-made 26-pounders, and was based at
1034:. Vol. 98, Part 1. London: A. Dodd and A. Smith. 1828.
629:
in 1808. He commanded her off the Spanish coast during the
569:. As the threat of war with Spain loomed, Curtis, by now
482:
was towed into harbour. After thirteen months commanding
466:
to attack her, against which the senior British officer,
233:(20 July 1760 – 10 May 1828) was an officer in the
1108:
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
544:
was eventually sailed to Britain under the command of
1113:
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
697:
and on 6 February 1813 captured the 14-gun privateer
640:
to carry out the same service. During operations off
217:
162:
111:
101:
93:
76:
64:
47:
34:
27:
713:. He does not appear to have served at sea again.
649:, causing Crawford to land a party of seamen and
458:, which had been becalmed in the entrance of the
293:in 1811, before returning to Britain. He went on
561:Spanish Armament and French Revolutionary Wars
548:, and Crawford joined Roger Curtis aboard the
974:British Warships of the Age of Sail 1793–1814
940:British Warships of the Age of Sail 1793–1814
8:
1042:. Vol. 4. London: T. Clerc Smith. 1828.
1118:Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
24:
953:
951:
949:
675:, target of the British force in mid-1811
325:, before joining the navy in April 1777.
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
834:
832:
830:
828:
813:
811:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
744:. Captain James Coutts Crawford died at
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
757:
378:s guns that had been landed to defend
7:
522:under Curtis. He served as Curtis's
462:. The Spanish sent 14 gunboats from
1056:. Vol. 6. London: R. Bentley.
989:The Naval History of Great Britain
14:
1022:The Annual Biography and Obituary
679:Crawford commissioned the 38-gun
474:, and another armed vessel, the
82:
1040:The Naval and Military Magazine
1003:The Naval and Military Magazine
959:The Naval and Military Magazine
902:The Naval and Military Magazine
854:The Naval and Military Magazine
840:The Naval and Military Magazine
819:The Naval and Military Magazine
1123:Military personnel from Dundee
1:
925:Annual Biography and Obituary
777:Annual Biography and Obituary
329:American War of Independence
239:American War of Independence
338:His first posting was as a
1144:
991:. Vol. 6. p. 33.
394:then moved to support the
170:American Revolutionary War
15:
192:French Revolutionary Wars
71:Great Britain and Ireland
1031:The Gentleman's Magazine
879:The Gentleman's Magazine
802:The Gentleman's Magazine
657:and forced back towards
655:Battle of Puente Sanpayo
470:, dispatched Crawford's
263:Great Siege of Gibraltar
185:Great Siege of Gibraltar
1061:Winfield, Rif (2008).
729:
676:
510:
237:who served during the
726:James Coutts Crawford
724:
717:Family and later life
667:
507:John Singleton Copley
499:
305:Crawford was born at
301:Family and early life
231:James Coutts Crawford
94:Years of service
29:James Coutts Crawford
571:captain of the fleet
243:French Revolutionary
1128:Royal Navy captains
1103:Royal Navy officers
671:, on the island of
546:Sir Charles Knowles
396:Siege of Charleston
259:siege of Charleston
255:defence of Savannah
180:Siege of Charleston
730:
677:
614:on 29 April 1802.
511:
1074:978-1-86176-246-7
688:reduction of Java
388:Augustine Prévost
342:aboard the sloop
228:
227:
175:Siege of Savannah
69:United Kingdom of
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781:
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567:Spanish Armament
460:Bay of Gibraltar
427:of Vice-Admiral
377:
291:Invasion of Java
271:Spanish Armament
207:Invasion of Java
97:1777 – 1828
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54:
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742:Coutts Crawford
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618:Napoleonic Wars
586:prisoner of war
581:Queen Charlotte
563:
411:
375:
336:
331:
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278:prisoner of war
247:Napoleonic Wars
222:Coutts Crawford
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197:Napoleonic Wars
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52:
39:
30:
21:
18:Coutts Crawford
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11:
5:
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1048:James, William
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1008:
1005:. p. 135.
994:
979:
976:. p. 161.
964:
961:. p. 134.
945:
942:. p. 213.
930:
927:. p. 429.
907:
904:. p. 133.
884:
881:. p. 567.
859:
856:. p. 132.
845:
842:. p. 131.
824:
821:. p. 130.
807:
804:. p. 566.
782:
779:. p. 428.
756:
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718:
715:
631:Peninsular War
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323:South Carolina
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55:(aged 67)
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601:Channel Fleet
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524:brigade major
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23:
19:
1067:. Seaforth.
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958:
939:
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818:
801:
776:
734:Henry Duncan
731:
706:
698:
693:
682:
678:
636:
625:
621:
612:post-captain
606:
595:
588:until being
580:
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549:
541:
537:
532:
527:
520:Europa Point
515:
512:
500:
489:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:Roger Curtis
454:
436:
432:
429:George Darby
419:
413:
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401:
391:
372:
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364:
358:
354:
345:
337:
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283:post-captain
275:
267:Roger Curtis
251:
230:
229:
163:Battles/wars
152:
144:
136:
128:
120:
106:Post-Captain
60:, Lancashire
53:(1828-05-10)
38:20 July 1760
22:
1098:1828 deaths
1093:1760 births
738:John Inglis
573:to Admiral
445:great siege
443:during the
51:10 May 1828
1087:Categories
1014:References
972:Winfield.
938:Winfield.
647:Michel Ney
542:San Miguel
538:San Miguel
533:San Miguel
414:Providence
402:Providence
351:John Henry
340:midshipman
235:Royal Navy
88:Royal Navy
65:Allegiance
43:, Scotland
752:Citations
746:Liverpool
692:HMS
681:HMS
635:HMS
624:HMS
605:HMS
594:HMS
590:exchanged
579:HMS
575:Lord Howe
554:Admiralty
550:Brilliant
528:Brilliant
516:Brilliant
490:Brilliant
488:HMS
464:Algeciras
453:HMS
441:Gibraltar
420:Britannia
418:HMS
409:Gibraltar
400:HMS
384:its siege
363:HMS
344:HMS
218:Relations
151:HMS
143:HMS
135:HMS
127:HMS
119:HMS
58:Liverpool
1050:(1847).
711:half-pay
626:Champion
607:Childers
476:Vanguard
451:-rigged
425:flagship
380:Savannah
359:Vigilant
355:Vigilant
346:Vigilant
315:Virginia
295:half-pay
257:and the
241:and the
129:Champion
121:Childers
112:Commands
77:Service/
987:James.
707:Modeste
694:Modeste
669:Batavia
651:marines
484:Repulse
472:Repulse
437:Repulse
433:Repulse
382:during
153:Modeste
1071:
703:Sicily
683:Hussar
596:Prince
480:Helena
455:Helena
423:, the
311:Coutts
307:Dundee
145:Hussar
79:branch
41:Dundee
699:Furet
637:Venus
505:, by
392:Fowey
376:'
373:Fowey
365:Fowey
319:North
224:(son)
137:Venus
1069:ISBN
701:off
673:Java
659:Lugo
642:Vigo
449:brig
321:and
317:and
245:and
102:Rank
48:Died
35:Born
1089::
948:^
910:^
887:^
862:^
827:^
810:^
785:^
760:^
705:.
661:.
493:.
435:.
390:.
353:.
249:.
1077:.
20:.
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