713:, supporting Māori rights and condemning land confiscation as an "enormous crime". He also campaigned to have primary responsibility for relations with the Māori transferred from the Governor to Parliament. Other suggestions he made included reserving a third of Parliament for Māori politicians, recognition of the Māori King movement, and the withdrawal of British troops from New Zealand. FitzGerald strongly believed that if Māori and colonists did not make a deliberate attempt at reconciliation, one or both would eventually be destroyed.
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consider him to have been prime minister as the term is used today. FitzGerald accepted the position in the belief that full authority would later be transferred from
Wynyard's appointees to the new cabinet, and was consequently angry when Wynyard claimed that royal assent (which had not been given) was necessary for this change to occur. Seven weeks after their appointment, FitzGerald's cabinet resigned, and was replaced by another cabinet of four persons headed by Thomas Forsaith.
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FitzGerald died in
Wellington on 2 August 1896, aged 78. He was buried in the Bolton Street Cemetery. Two of his children who both died in 1880 share the grave, as well as a female relative who died in 1886. His wife died on 8 July 1900 and is also buried in this plot. The grave is stop number 26 of
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Later, when the 2nd New
Zealand Parliament managed to obtain the power that had eluded the 1st, FitzGerald was too ill to attend. Instead, Henry Sewell (one of FitzGerald's colleagues in the first attempted cabinet) was asked to form a government. In 1857, FitzGerald resigned from Parliament on the
615:. Despite his election to Parliament, he chose to retain the Superintendency of Canterbury, a decision criticised by some. In Parliament, FitzGerald argued strongly in favour of "responsible government" once again, attempting to make New Zealand's executive responsible to Parliament rather than the
724:"which distinctly guaranteed and pledged the faith of the Crown that the lands of the natives shall not be taken from them except by the ordinary process of law—that is, taken within the meaning of the Treaty." He also stated that in his opinion, the purpose of the Act was to acquire Maori land.
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A major part of his work as
Superintendent was an attempt to increase Canterbury's self-government, drawing the province's "cabinet" from the elected Council rather than appointing it himself. His goal was to make the province's executive responsible to its legislature. He remained Superintendent
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and was appointed comptroller of the public account, supervising all government expenditures. Later, he also acted as
Auditor-General. He retained these positions until his death. He was also seriously involved in the establishment of the Public Service Association, a union for all government
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FitzGerald was chosen to lead this delegation, which lasted from 14 June 1854 to 2 August 1854, and is therefore sometimes said to have headed New
Zealand's first "cabinet". He had no formal title, however, and did not have sufficient powers to actually govern. As such, most historians do not
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contested the election. They received 136, 94 and 89 votes, respectively. Campbell protested about the election, as the returning officer had indicated to the voters that he could not be elected, as he had been struck off the electoral list. But the protest came to nothing, and
Fitzgerald was
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In
Christchurch, FitzGerald had a number of roles. He continued to act as an agent for the Canterbury Association, but also became a sub-inspector of police. He later established a cattle and dairy farm, and became the founding editor of the
327:. His suggested solution to poverty was emigration to the colonies, where more opportunities might exist for prosperity. As such, he became heavily involved in the promotion and planning of new colonies. In 1849, he became secretary of the
308:, England. His parents, Gerald FitzGerald and Katherine O'Brien, were Irish, and FitzGerald is known to have cherished his connection with Ireland, despite being educated in England. He was educated first in Bath, and then at
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FitzGerald married
Frances Erskine Draper on 22 August 1850, and soon afterwards quarrelled with her father. As a result, FitzGerald and his wife themselves left for Christchurch. They arrived in
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FitzGerald was also active in the cultural life of the capital. He was known as a painter (mostly watercolours), public speaker, and debater, and also wrote poetry and drama.
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for Sydney and returned to
England, where he resumed his work for the Canterbury Association. During his time in England, he was offered governorships of both
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353:, was designed by FitzGerald in 1850 in England. The building was constructed in 1863 and is the only building known to have been designed by FitzGerald.
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in the government of Frederick Weld (another colleague from the first provisional cabinet), but did not succeed in implementing many of his policies.
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advice of his doctors, and also decided not to seek re-election as provincial superintendent. Instead, he left Lyttelton on 30 September on the
339:, New Zealand. The settlement was well organised by the Canterbury Association; the printing press for the colony's newspaper was sent with the
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should properly be given that title. He was a notable campaigner for New Zealand self-governance. He was the first
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FitzGerald gradually became concerned with the alleviation of poverty, an interest spurred by the problems of the
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The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts
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Parliamentary Debates New Zealand. Parliament. House of Representatives 3rd Parliament
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politician. According to some historians, he should be considered the country's first
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Cyclopedia Company Limited (1906). "Former Members of the House of Representatives".
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In 1867, FitzGerald retired from politics completely. He was subsequently moved to
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1076:. Vol. XIV, no. 1084. Daily Southern Cross. 17 November 1857. p. 3
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The Canterbury Association (1848–1852): A Study of Its Members' Connections
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Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings : Christchurch, New Zealand
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in 1866 (elected unopposed), from which he resigned the following year.
320:'s Antiquities department, and became the museum's Assistant Secretary.
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of the University of Cambridge. He initially sought a commission in the
448: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Reeves, W. P.; Tucker, Jane. "FitzGerald, James Edward (1818–1896)".
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In Parliament, he strongly advocated peaceful negotiations in the
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On 5 November 1863, he attempted to convince Parliament that the
360:, the port of Christchurch, on 16 December 1850 on board of the
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declared the first Superintendent of the Canterbury Province.
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to the Executive Council. They were later joined briefly by
1116:. Vol. XXV, no. 1612. 13 February 1866. p. 2
284:, although a more conventional view is that neither he nor
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991:. Vol. II, no. 59. 14 September 1853. p. 3
965:. Vol. II, no. 97. 13 November 1852. p. 5
1017:. Vol. IX, no. 838. 13 August 1853. p. 2
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In November 1852, a deputation put a requisition to
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Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
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674:By 1860, he had returned to New Zealand on the
607:was called, FitzGerald was elected MP for the
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1228:. Bolton Street Memorial Park. Archived from
1040:. Christchurch: Canterbury Regional Council.
680:, and shortly afterwards won election to the
670:Statue of FitzGerald, Cashel St, Christchurch
343:(FitzGerald becoming the first editor of the
230:Frances (Fanny) Erskine Draper (married 1850)
19:For other people named James FitzGerald, see
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1788:New Zealand MPs for Christchurch electorates
1743:Members of the Canterbury Provincial Council
1286:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1334:New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949
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1336:(3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.
1185:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
803:. London: Hutchinson & Co – via
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464:Learn how and when to remove this message
73:12 August 1865 – 16 October 1865
1203:. Friends of Bolton Street Memorial Park
1036:Wilson, John; Duncan Shaw-Brown (1991).
932:New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero
801:The Dictionary of Australasian Biography
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1283:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1150:. Hansard. 1861–1863. pp. 783–784.
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410:until he retired on 28 September 1857.
304:FitzGerald was born on 4 March 1818 in
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879:"Fitzgerald, James Edward (FTST837JE)"
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1201:"Details for FITZGERALD James Edward"
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276:(4 March 1818 – 2 August 1896) was a
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848:"FitzGerald, James Edward 1818–1896"
727:In 1865, he had a two-month term as
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446:adding citations to reliable sources
1783:New Zealand people of Irish descent
853:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
1385:Member of Parliament for Ellesmere
1358:Member of Parliament for Lyttelton
1316:. Christchurch: Project Canterbury
700:12 July 1862 Ellesmere by-election
16:New Zealand politician (1818–1896)
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1793:Burials at Bolton Street Cemetery
858:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
773:the lower Bolton Memorial Trail.
21:James FitzGerald (disambiguation)
1275:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
1271:Dictionary of National Biography
1261:"FitzGerald, James Edward"
1011:"Saturday, August 13, 1853"
796:"FitzGerald, James Edward"
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179:20 July 1853 – Oct 1857
1258:Reeves, William Pember (1901).
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928:"Christ's College Big School"
682:Canterbury Provincial Council
1778:New Zealand magazine editors
1307:Blain, Rev. Michael (2007).
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1763:New Zealand public servants
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883:A Cambridge Alumni Database
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1473:Minister of Native Affairs
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1607:Edward Dobson
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403:Henry Tancred
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246:(grandfather)
245:
241:(grandfather)
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222:, New Zealand
221:
213:2 August 1896
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29:
26:
22:
1692:Henry Jacobs
1682:Emily Foster
1657:
1636:
1617:Michael Hart
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1561:
1531:
1471:
1444:
1439:
1415:
1398:
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1368:Crosbie Ward
1356:
1351:
1333:
1318:. Retrieved
1309:
1281:
1269:
1237:. Retrieved
1230:the original
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1195:
1169:. Retrieved
1163:
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1147:
1142:
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1111:
1102:
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:"CANTERBURY"
1068:
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993:. Retrieved
988:
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967:. Retrieved
960:
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939:. Retrieved
931:
907:. Retrieved
882:
873:
863:15 September
861:. Retrieved
851:
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771:
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755:Oriental Bay
734:His brother
733:
726:
715:
708:
685:
675:
673:
653:James Gibson
652:
649:
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625:Henry Sewell
602:
589:Christchurch
580:–1867
555:–1866
528:–1857
503:–1855
460:
451:
440:Please help
435:verification
432:
408:
388:
371:
368:
361:
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344:
337:Christchurch
322:
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273:
272:
215:(1896-08-02)
200:4 March 1818
174:
152:
123:
94:
68:
25:
1728:1896 deaths
1723:1818 births
1393:In abeyance
1266:Lee, Sidney
1239:17 November
1120:22 December
985:"Lyttelton"
969:9 September
766:employees.
698:caused the
637:Dillon Bell
596:Independent
571:Independent
542:Independent
519:Independent
492:Electorate
278:New Zealand
1717:Categories
1440:New office
1421:1866–1867
1389:1862–1866
1362:1853–1857
1302:required.)
1252:References
818:Blain 2007
805:Wikisource
763:Wellington
746:Later life
661:Queensland
536:Lyttelton
454:March 2020
300:Early life
220:Wellington
1400:John Hall
1332:(1950) .
1181:cite book
909:7 January
687:The Press
603:When the
564:Ellesmere
512:Lyttelton
358:Lyttelton
256:Signature
251:(brother)
235:Relations
205:, England
175:In office
153:In office
124:In office
116:Ellesmere
95:In office
87:Lyttelton
69:In office
1638:Randolph
1450:1853–57
793:(1892).
617:Governor
333:Anglican
1320:1 March
1268:(ed.).
1171:21 July
694:in the
677:Matoaka
292:of the
282:premier
1588:Cressy
1296:
1207:26 May
1044:
1021:26 May
995:26 May
941:27 May
736:Gerard
631:, and
495:Party
486:Years
227:Spouse
1477:1865
1314:(PDF)
1264:. In
1233:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
1080:1 May
777:Notes
489:Term
160:–1867
131:–1866
102:–1857
1521:The
1322:2015
1241:2012
1209:2010
1187:link
1173:2010
1122:2020
1082:2010
1042:ISBN
1023:2010
997:2010
971:2013
943:2012
911:2010
865:2012
659:and
578:1866
553:1862
526:1855
501:1853
401:and
306:Bath
210:Died
203:Bath
193:Born
165:1st
158:1866
143:for
129:1862
114:for
100:1853
85:for
59:6th
1288:doi
584:4th
559:3rd
532:2nd
507:1st
444:by
1719::
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1179:{{
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807:.
467:)
461:(
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452:(
438:.
23:.
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