192:, designed to house the newly built Celestial Bed. His "wonder-working edifice" was 12 by 9 feet (3.7 by 2.7 m), and canopied by a dome covered in musical automata, fresh flowers, and a pair of live turtle doves. Stimulating oriental fragrances and "aethereal" gases were released from a reservoir inside the dome. A tilting inner frame put couples in the best position to conceive, and their movements set off music from organ pipes which breathed out "celestial sounds", whose intensity increased with the ardour of the bed's occupants. The electrified, magnetic creation was insulated by 40 glass pillars. At the head of the bed, above a moving clockwork tableau celebrating
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Graham published his first medical tract in 1775, and continued to promote his ideas in print throughout his life. His publications were distinguished by their flowery and hyperbolical rhetoric, and their humane and progressive views on war, slavery, women’s education, farming, religious tolerance
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Graham was soon in financial difficulties. He vacated the
Adelphi Temple of Health in July 1781, and concentrated on trying to recoup his costs at Schomberg House. By March 1784 he was forced to sell most of his possessions. He returned to Edinburgh, to display the remains of his apparatus in a
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as well as electricity and magnetism, published marriage guidance material, gave medical lectures and sold medicines such as "Electrical Aether" and "Nervous
Aetherial Balsam." He performed with the help of a succession of Goddesses of Health, displayed as models of physical perfection. A later
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Graham developed from the 1770s another therapy, which he called "earth-bathing" in a 1790 pamphlet. In 1786, he gave public exhibitions of earth-bathing in Panton Street in London, and lectured buried up to the neck in earth.
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The Temple of Health was a success and Graham became the talk of London, featuring in satirical plays, poems, prints and newspaper skits. During the 1780s he was publicly associated with society figures.
208:, a frank explanation of how to conceive which saw sex as a patriotic act and procreation as a national duty. Cold water washing of the genitals was recommended as essential to good sexual health, and
108:'s friend and collaborator, and he later wrote that it was in Philadelphia that he began to develop the prototype of his Celestial Bed. Leaving America around the time of the first rumblings of the
123:. Advertisements promoting cures using "Effluvia, Vapours and Applications ætherial, magnetic or electric" attracted his first celebrity patient, the historian
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127:. She became the subject of scandal in 1778 when she married James Graham’s 21-year-old brother William, who was less than half her age.
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At the end of 1792, Graham began to experiment with extended fasting to prolong his life. He died at his home in
Edinburgh in 1794.
151:. In May 1780, Graham opened his first Temple of Health, housed in the centre of the Adam brothers' speculative development at the
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In 1770 Graham left
England for America, travelling around the middle colonies as an oculist and aurist before settling in
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30:. A self-styled doctor, he was best known for his electro-magnetic musical Grand State Celestial Bed. Dismissed as a
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100:. He placed prosthetic eyes and performed cataract surgery. Here he learned the principles of electricity from
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73:, where he trained in medicine, but left medical school without taking a degree. Probably with the help of
496:"The Regeneration of the body: Sex, Religion and the Sublime in James Graham's Temple of Health and Hymen"
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were castigated. Graham gave more discreet marriage guidance in a pamphlet called "A Private Advice."
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155:. Here he displayed elaborate electro-magnetic apparatus, treated patients with musical therapy and
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93:. They had three children, of whom a son, James, a diplomat, and a daughter survived their father.
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by medical experts, Graham apparently believed in the efficacy of his unusual treatments.
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112:, he worked briefly in Bristol and then Bath before setting up practice in London, where
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During a research tour of Europe in the summer of 1779, Graham acquired a new patron in
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by Jacqui
Lofthouse (London: Penguin Books, 1996). He is also a character in the novel
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Davenport, John. Aphrodisiacs and Love
Stimulants. Kessinger Publishing, 2003. p. 59
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After travelling in
Holland, Germany and Russia in 1776, Graham set up practice in
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Fads and
Quackery in Healing: An Analysis of the Foibles of the Healing Cults
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The Facts of Life: The
Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1650-1950
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states that Graham's sexological views were quite typical of the period.
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From the mid-1780s Graham preached, and opposed the religious views of
196:, the god of marriage, and sparkling with electricity, were the words:
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In June 1781 Graham launched the Temple of Hymen in new premises at
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James Graham, son of a saddler, was born on 23 June 1745 in
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Dr. James Graham going along the North Bridge in a High Wind
386:"Ophthalmology in North America: Early Stories (1491-1801)"
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proponent of electrical cures, showman, and pioneer in
236:. At times he was confined to his house as a lunatic.
164:(then known as Emy Lyon), was employed as the goddess
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Doctor of Love: Dr James Graham and His
Celestial Bed
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Scottish medical quack and sex therapist (1745–1794)
220:temporary Temple of Health on South Bridge Street.
200:"Be fruitful, multiply and replenish the earth!"
480:. Charles C. Thomas Publisher. pp. 112–132
303:. Journal of Eighteenth Century Life 4: 43-49.
373:. Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
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330:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
89:, and in 1764 he married Mary Pickering of
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260:James Graham is the subject of the novel
327:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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44:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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168:. His gigantic porters were nicknamed
363:"Sandberg, Samuel Louis Graham"
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204:At Schomberg House, Graham gave his
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543:Health professionals from Edinburgh
77:, future author of the best-seller
57:, caricature portrait from 1785 by
290:. New York: Covici Friede. pp. 5-6
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139:Graham with some of his patients.
548:18th-century Scottish scientists
384:Leffler CT, et al. (2017).
369:Dictionary of National Biography
149:Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire
478:The Natural History of Quackery
390:Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases
324:Porter, Roy. "Graham, James".
248:and diet (he was a passionate
172:, after the Guildhall Giants.
116:consulted him about his gout.
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160:rumour stated that the young
533:18th-century Scottish people
344:UK public library membership
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301:James Graham, Master Quack
284:Fishbein, Morris. (1932).
433:Raffael, Michael (2006).
491:. Yale University Press.
473:James Graham Masterquack
402:10.1177/1179172117721902
299:Whitwell, W. L. (1977).
437:. Birlinn. p. 41.
500:Romanticism on the Net
470:Eric Jameson. (1961).
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509:. London: Alma Books.
505:Lydia Syson. (2008).
206:Lecture on Generation
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538:British sexologists
502:23 (September 2001)
268:by David Donachie.
262:The Temple of Hymen
157:pneumatic chemistry
110:American Revolution
102:Ebenezer Kinnersley
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125:Catharine Macaulay
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22:(1745–1794) was a
342:(Subscription or
180:The Celestial Bed
106:Benjamin Franklin
79:Domestic Medicine
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147:, mother of
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98:Philadelphia
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528:1794 deaths
523:1745 births
358:Lee, Sidney
28:sex therapy
517:Categories
487:. (1995).
485:Roy Porter
346:required.)
272:References
256:In fiction
250:vegetarian
224:Last years
65:Early life
39:Roy Porter
37:Historian
190:Pall Mall
87:Yorkshire
83:Doncaster
71:Edinburgh
420:28804247
396:: 1–51.
91:Ackworth
59:John Kay
24:Scottish
411:5533269
153:Adelphi
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476:. In
194:Hymen
188:, in
32:quack
439:ISBN
416:PMID
212:and
406:PMC
398:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
