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43:
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520:
for the Prince of Wales, to marry her as proxy, and conduct her to her husband in
England. For once his diplomatic skills seem to have failed him: confronted with Caroline's bizarre manner and appearance, he sent no advance word to the Prince, who was so shocked by the sight of his future wife that
643:
with his mother's milk, viz. that France is our natural enemy". He said on another occasion that "The history of the present century afforded repeated proofs, that the
English fought and conquered less for themselves than for the sake of their allies, and to preserve that equilibrium of power, on
635:
and
Whitworth the credit of raising diplomacy from a profession in which only great nobles won the prizes to a career opening the path of honour to ability. One historian called him "the greatest English diplomat of the eighteenth century." Paul Langford has claimed that Malmesbury "was by any
602:, consulted on foreign policy by successive foreign ministers, trusted by men of the most different ideas in political crises, and above all the confidant, and for a short time after Pitt's death almost the political director, of Canning. Younger men were also wont to go to him for advice, and
626:
As a statesman, Malmesbury had an influence among his contemporaries which is scarcely to be understood from his writings, but which must have owed much to personal charm of manner and persuasiveness of tongue; as a diplomatist, he seems to have deserved his reputation, and shares with
636:
standards a brilliant diplomat as well as an experienced one. Though he was not disposed to undervalue himself, neither were others; Talleyrand considered him the ablest
British diplomat of the age and certainly his achievement at the Hague was to sustain such a judgement".
606:
particularly, who was his ward, was tenderly attached to him, and owed many of his ideas on foreign policy directly to his teaching. His later years were free from politics, and until his death on 21 November 1820 he lived very quietly and almost forgotten.
1474:
529:
461:, that had deposed the stadtholder as Captain-General of that Army, to defect. The counter-measures of the States of Holland precipitated a political crisis that prompted the States to ask for French mediation. The arrest of Princess
484:
In 1786 he told Pitt that France was "an ambitious and restless rival power, on whose good faith we never can rely, whose friendship never can be deemed sincere, and of whose enmity we have the most to apprehend." He also wrote to
389:
He did very great service in furthering Pitt's policy of maintaining
England's influence on the Continent by the arms of her allies, and held the threads of the diplomacy which ended in the king of Prussia's overthrowing the
590:
After 1797, he became partially deaf, and quit diplomacy altogether; but for his long and eminent services he was on 29 December 1800 created Earl of
Malmesbury and Viscount FitzHarris of Hurn Court in the
1288:
1080:
1469:
489:: "...from everything I hear and observe, there is not the least doubt that France is working hard at the formation of a League, the object of which, is the Destruction of England."
1494:
253:
at that court on the departure of Sir James Grey in August 1769 until the arrival of George Pitt, afterwards Lord Rivers. This interval gave him his opportunity; he discovered the
1444:
1439:
1317:
1234:
307:
465:, the wife of the stadtholder, on 28 June 1782, gave Prussia and Great Britain an opening to muscle in on this diplomatic mediation, and eventually offered an excuse to
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1464:
582:
1504:
1454:
564:
414:
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1085:
570:
Due to bad roads in France, Malmesbury reached Paris on 22 October 1796, a week after leaving London. This led the foremost opponent of peace with France,
187:
496:
has claimed that Harris "proved brilliantly effective as a focus for
Orangist and anti-French feeling, and as the agent of Anglo-Prussian cooperation".
1184:
1135:
663:
462:
1359:
1300:
1271:
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He returned to
England and took an anxious interest in politics, which ended in his seceding from the Whig party with the Duke of Portland in 1793.
98:
365:, in spite of her predilections for France, and steered adroitly through the accumulated difficulties of the first Armed Neutrality. He was made a
560:
477:
on 19 September 1788, and permitted by the King of
Prussia to bear the Prussian eagle on his arms, and by the Prince of Orange to use his motto "
647:
Malmesbury did not publish anything himself, except an account of the Dutch revolution, and an edition of his father's works, but his important
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1155:
1342:
1261:
796:
603:
302:
86:
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329:
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In that year he was sent by Pitt, but in vain, to try to keep
Prussia true to the first coalition against France. In 1794, he was sent to
1120:
1489:
1484:
1479:
632:
418:
1111:
324:
74:
1227:
1212:
1200:
986:
289:. His service in this office was undistinguished but he made an impression on Frederick, who requested that he be reappointed.
445:. Harris returned to London in secret at the end of May 1787, where he managed to convince the Cabinet to endorse a policy of
357:
In autumn of 1777, Harris travelled to Russia to be envoy-extraordinary to Russia, an office he held until September 1783. At
1459:
442:
1046:
Britain, Russia and the Armed Neutrality of 1780: Sir James Harris's Mission to St Petersburg During the American Revolution
975:
Britain, Russia and the armed neutrality of 1780: Sir James Harris's mission to St Petersburg during the American Revolution
1310:
1281:
1189:
1141:
434:
1434:
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466:
57:
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in his dictatorial powers. As envoy, Harris immersed himself in Dutch politics from 1784 on and managed to become the
402:
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1173:
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410:
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1001:
378:
261:, and was instrumental in thwarting it by putting on a bold countenance. As a reward he was appointed minister
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278:
249:
362:
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in Berlin, arriving on 21 February. Within a month of his arrival he became the first diplomat to hear of
254:
224:
592:
517:
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at the end of 1778; but in 1782 he returned home owing to ill-health, and was appointed by his friend,
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318:
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1380:
1327:
919:
838:
599:
422:
366:
220:
212:
64:
785:
Dictionary of pastellists before 1800 (Online edition); also known as Pastels & pastellists
449:
in the Dutch Republic, to be funded by £70,000 from a slush fund, laundered through the king's
792:
549:
454:
370:
33:
1399:
1208:
914:
615:
545:
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258:
833:
297:
Harris married Harriet Maria Amyand (1761 – 20 August 1830), the youngest daughter of Sir
1016:
Ambassadors and Secret Agents: The Diplomacy of the First Earl of Malmesbury at The Hague
962:
Ambassadors and Secret Agents: The Diplomacy of the First Earl of Malmesbury at The Hague
243:
Harris arrived in Spain in December 1768 and became secretary to the British embassy at
395:
391:
338:
341:
Thomas Alfred Harris (24 March 1782 – 15 December 1823) m. Maria Markham, daughter of
1413:
1076:
1071:
1031:
1011:
537:
493:
358:
306:(1720–1766) and Anna Maria Korteen, and sister of Anna Maria Amyand, who married Sir
298:
987:
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "C" (part 4)
571:
346:
335:
42:
574:, to quip that his journey was slow because "he went the whole way on his knees".
1244:
1021:
783:
399:
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Natural and Necessary Enemies. Anglo-French relations in the Eighteenth Century
854:
Natural and Necessary Enemies. Anglo-French relations in the Eighteenth Century
690:
1052:
728:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 7 August 2011.
721:
553:
450:
446:
782:
Jeffares, Neil (30 April 2006). "MINTO, Countess of, née Anna Maria Amyand".
640:
374:
130:
126:
1059:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 7 Aug 2011.
548:, and then in Lille in summer 1797 for equally fruitless negotiations with
216:
1089:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 493.
803:
It is not known when the only recorded pastel by Lady Elliot was made...
430:
274:
134:
534:
Glorious reception of the Ambassador of Peace, on his entry into Paris
1475:
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
286:
244:
1102:
Diaries and Correspondence of James Harris, First Earl of Malmesbury
1070:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
586:
Salisbury Cathedral, Monument to James Harris, 1st Earl Malmesbury
528:
332:(19 August 1778 – 10 September 1841) m. Harriet Susan Dashwood
544:
In 1796 and 1797 he was in Paris vainly negotiating with the
273:
In January 1772 Harris was appointed envoy-extraordinary to
191:(21 April 1746 – 21 November 1820) was an English diplomat.
933:
Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1851 by Rupert Gunnis
639:
Malmesbury remarked that it was "a truth inculcated into
453:. Harris agents used the money to bribe regiments of the
398:, which was inclined to France, and re-establishing the
323:
Lady Catherine Harris (d. December 1855) m. General Sir
317:
Lady Frances Harris (d. 1 November 1847) m. General Sir
942:
Fulford, Roger Royal Dukes William Collins and Son 1933
765:
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he made his reputation, for he managed to get on with
741:
in Lettre de Zuylen et du Pontet 28, (2003), p. 13-16
722:
Harris, James, first earl of Malmesbury (1746–1820)
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Harris, James, first earl of Malmesbury (1746–1820)
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80:
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63:
56:
23:
685:
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353:Envoy-extraordinary in St Petersburg (1777 – 1783)
469:. In recognition of his services he was created
1470:Ambassadors of Great Britain to the Netherlands
377:, an appointment confirmed after some delay by
1495:People educated at Salisbury Cathedral School
8:
1445:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
1440:Peers of Great Britain created by George III
239:Early diplomatic career: Spain (1768 – 1771)
330:James Edward Harris, 2nd Earl of Malmesbury
269:Envoy-extraordinary in Berlin (1772 – 1776)
1107:
902:The Younger Pitt. The Reluctant Transition
41:
20:
666:from 1770 to 1774 and from 1780 to 1788.
521:he asked Malmesbury to bring him brandy.
415:Charles Olivier de Saint-Georges de Vérac
769:
581:
1057:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
878:(Adam and Charles Black, 1976), p. 195.
726:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
675:
644:which the fate of all Europe depends".
565:Etienne Louis François Honoré Letourner
516:to solicit the hand of the unfortunate
421:, fought a secret war with the help of
1500:Ambassadors of Great Britain to France
1465:Ambassadors of Great Britain to Russia
977:(Yale University Press, 1962), p. 204.
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
508:French Revolutionary War (1793 – 1797)
413:party. He and his French counterpart,
1505:Ambassadors of Great Britain to Spain
1455:People educated at Winchester College
1289:British Ambassador to the Netherlands
1081:Malmesbury, James Harris, 1st Earl of
7:
1100:The Third Earl of Malmesbury (ed.),
655:(1870) were edited by his grandson.
183:James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury
169:James Harris, 2nd Earl of Malmesbury
598:He now became a sort of political
14:
842:. 13 September 1788. p. 437.
561:Georges René Le Peley de Pléville
419:States General of the Netherlands
313:They had four children together:
1112:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1063:
1036:The Eighteenth Century 1688-1815
923:. 6 December 1800. p. 1375.
876:The Eighteenth Century 1688-1815
1038:(Adam and Charles Black, 1976).
417:, the French ambassador to the
231:and did Law and History at the
1048:(Yale University Press, 1962).
518:Princess Caroline of Brunswick
443:Pierre Auguste Brahain Ducange
172:Rev. Hon. Thomas Alfred Harris
1:
1450:Lord-lieutenants of Hampshire
437:, and the confidential agent
435:Laurens Pieter van de Spiegel
1350:Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire
1262:British Ambassador to Russia
255:intention of Spain to attack
58:Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire
16:English diplomat (1746–1820)
1318:British Minister to Prussia
1235:British Minister to Prussia
403:William V, Prince of Orange
310:(later 1st Earl of Minto).
1521:
904:(Constable, 1983), p. 645.
814:Cobban, pp. 77-90, 105-120
457:in the pay of the Patriot
439:Hendrik August van Kinckel
211:, and Elizabeth Clarke of
207:, an MP and the author of
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856:(Duckworth, 1986), p. 70.
176:
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52:
40:
1368:Peerage of Great Britain
578:Later life (1798 – 1820)
500:Wilderness (1788 – 1793)
392:Patriot republican party
379:William Pitt the Younger
285:with the cooperation of
195:Early life (1746 – 1768)
1086:Encyclopædia Britannica
739:James Harris and Zélide
473:, of Malmesbury in the
385:The Hague (1784 – 1788)
1360:The Duke of Wellington
1292:(Minister until 1788)
1213:Sir John Frederick, Bt
1201:Sir John Frederick, Bt
1018:(Jonathan Cape, 1954).
964:(London, 1954), p. 89.
889:The First Four Georges
587:
541:
166:Lady Catherine Harris
99:The Duke of Wellington
47:The Earl of Malmesbury
30:The Earl of Malmesbury
1490:British MPs 1784–1790
1485:British MPs 1780–1784
1480:British MPs 1768–1774
1460:People from Salisbury
973:Isabel de Madariaga,
593:County of Southampton
585:
532:
525:French peace missions
219:. He was educated at
1181:Member of Parliament
1170:Thomas Villiers Hyde
1156:Thomas Villiers Hyde
1132:Member of Parliament
1121:Hon. Thomas Robinson
1028:, 3 vols. (1969–96).
660:Member of Parliament
557:Hugues-Bernard Maret
552:and the Directory's
467:intervene militarily
373:, to be minister at
319:Galbraith Lowry Cole
233:University of Leiden
26:The Right Honourable
1435:Earls of Malmesbury
1301:Alleyne Fitzherbert
1272:Alleyne Fitzherbert
1042:Isabel de Madariaga
691:"Person Page 47537"
612:Salisbury Cathedral
487:Robert Murray Keith
475:County of Wiltshire
429:of the province of
423:agents of influence
283:partition of Poland
279:Frederick the Great
164:Lady Frances Harris
156:Harriet Mary Amyand
1381:Earl of Malmesbury
1328:Lord Henry Spencer
920:The London Gazette
891:Batsford Ltd. 1956
839:The London Gazette
823:Cobban, pp.128-184
588:
542:
367:Knight of the Bath
247:, and was left as
65:Earl of Malmesbury
1408:
1407:
1388:Succeeded by
1357:Succeeded by
1325:Succeeded by
1298:Succeeded by
1269:Succeeded by
1242:Succeeded by
1220:Diplomatic posts
1206:Succeeded by
1153:Succeeded by
1008:(Duckworth, 1986)
951:Langford, p. 190.
798:978-0-906290-86-6
791:. Unicorn Press.
737:Kees van Strien,
554:plenipotentiaries
550:John Skey Eustace
459:States of Holland
455:Dutch States Army
441:, and spies like
371:Charles James Fox
250:chargé d'affaires
180:
179:
1512:
1430:Diplomatic peers
1400:Baron Malmesbury
1340:Preceded by
1335:Honorary titles
1308:Preceded by
1282:Sir Joseph Yorke
1279:Preceded by
1252:Preceded by
1225:Preceded by
1167:Preceded by
1118:Preceded by
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1026:The Younger Pitt
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693:. Thepeerage.com
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616:Francis Chantrey
614:was sculpted by
610:His monument in
546:French Directory
471:Baron Malmesbury
427:Grand Pensionary
425:, like the then-
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259:Falkland Islands
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144:21 November 1820
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109:Personal details
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1311:Sir Morton Eden
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1095:Further reading
1079:, ed. (1911). "
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960:Alfred Cobban,
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343:George Markham
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1391:James Harris
1379:
1375:New creation
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1233:
1197:James Harris
1195:
1185:Christchurch
1179:
1174:James Harris
1160:James Harris
1148:James Harris
1146:
1136:Christchurch
1130:
1125:James Harris
1101:
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205:James Harris
198:
182:
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146:(1820-11-21)
94:Succeeded by
18:
1425:1820 deaths
1420:1746 births
1245:Hugh Elliot
1209:Hans Sloane
1022:John Ehrman
915:"No. 15317"
834:"No. 13024"
651:(1844) and
400:stadtholder
265:at Madrid.
82:Preceded by
1414:Categories
1404:1788–1820
1385:1800–1820
1354:1807–1820
1322:1793–1795
1295:1784–1789
1266:1776–1783
1239:1772–1776
996:References
463:Wilhelmina
451:Civil list
447:subversion
263:ad interim
221:Winchester
120:1746-04-21
75:George III
662:(MP) for
658:He was a
641:John Bull
629:Macartney
514:Brunswick
381:in 1784.
375:The Hague
325:John Bell
201:Salisbury
131:Wiltshire
127:Salisbury
633:Auckland
411:Orangist
407:de facto
217:Somerset
213:Sandford
199:Born at
161:Children
1140:1770 –
1074::
697:29 June
653:Letters
649:Diaries
540:(1796).
431:Zeeland
394:in the
275:Prussia
135:England
71:Monarch
1194:With:
1145:With:
1068:
795:
622:Legacy
600:Nestor
287:Russia
245:Madrid
229:Oxford
209:Hermes
153:Spouse
789:(PDF)
670:Notes
223:, at
1190:1780
1183:for
1142:1774
1134:for
793:ISBN
699:2013
563:and
339:Hon.
336:Rev.
257:the
141:Died
114:Born
1083:".
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536:by
481:".
281:'s
188:GCB
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303:MP
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122:)
118:(
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