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became shipwrecked off the coast of Africa while travelling to collect captives. Irving and its crew were themselves captured and enslaved. He wrote to a
British vice-consul, John Hutchinson, pleading for his release. He said we are "in the hands of Arabs and Moors in a Condition miserable beyond
113:"O I hope you can feel for us, first Suffering shipwreck, then seized on by a party of Arabs with outstretched Arms and Knives ready to stab us, next stripped to the skin, suffering a Thousand Deaths daily, insulted, spit upon, exposed to the Sun and Night Dews".
22:(15 December 1759 – 24 December 1791) was a Scottish slave trader, sea captain and surgeon. In 1789, Irving was captured and enslaved himself. After he was freed, Irving returned to slave trading as a career and died on his next slaving voyage.
143:. She sailed from Africa on 16 September. The ship's log records Irving's death on 24 December 1791 but does not indicate how he died. James Baillie, her third mate, but by then the ranking officer, replaced Irving as master, and
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Irving sent a series of letters to his wife Mary that have been recorded. The letters, intended only for private consumption, offer a unique account of life aboard slave ships in the 18th century.
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sailed for
Liverpool on 30 March and arrived home on 15 May. She had left Liverpool with 16 crew members and had suffered six crew deaths (including Irving), on her voyage.
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arrived at
Trinidad and Tobago on 11 January 1792. She had embarked 253 enslaved people and she arrived with 206. The loss of 47 captives represented a 19% mortality rate.
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After 14 months of enslavement Irving was released, the exact circumstances of the release are unknown. Irving along with 10 other crew from
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Irving arrived back in
England in October 1790. In December 1790, he had become the captain of another of Dawson's slave ships,
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Schwarz writes that Irving had likely been too sickly after his own enslavement to survive the rigors of the trip.
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135:, which set sail for Africa on 3 January 1801 from Liverpool. She started acquiring captives on 4 April, first at
55:–1791). He was born at Langholm on 15 December 1759. In the 1780s he moved to Liverpool with his cousin.
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Conception’. And later in his correspondence "rescue us speedily from the most intollerable
Slavery".
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Schwarz, Suzanne (2004). "Irving, James (1759–1791), naval surgeon and slave trader".
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Slave
Captain - The Career of James Irving in the Liverpool Slave Trade
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Slave
Captain: The Career of James Irving in the Liverpool Slave Trade
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were handed over to
Hutchinson and set sail to return to England.
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Transactions of the
Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire
37:–1787), a blacksmith and innkeeper in the Scottish border town
391:"The Captains in the British slave trade from 1785 to 1807"
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Dawson went on to give Irving his first captaincy on
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In
January 1782, Irving was working as a surgeon on
453:"'Narrative of the Shipwreck of the Ann' 1789-90"
30:James Irving was the third child of John Irving (
209:"Liverpool Slave Trade | Encyclopedia.com"
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457:The Yale University Library Gazette
487:18th-century British slave traders
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185:), launched at Liverpool in 1789.
181:was a small schooner of 50 tons (
16:Scottish slave trader (1759–1791)
468:. Bridge Books. pp. 9–77.
462:Schwarz, Suzanne, ed. (1995).
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429:UK public library membership
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451:Schwarz, Suzanne (2008).
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482:Scottish slave traders
421:10.1093/ref:odnb/67766
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236:Spartacus Educational
387:Behrendt, Stephen D.
213:www.encyclopedia.com
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158:Letters of Irving
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497:1791 deaths
492:1759 births
97:Enslavement
73:John Dawson
53: 1725
35: 1731
476:Categories
431:required.)
380:References
69:slave ship
65:Prosperity
26:Early life
193:Citations
101:In 1789,
91:Liverpool
71:owned by
389:(1990).
39:Langholm
141:Anomabu
79:Captain
59:Surgeon
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394:(PDF)
346:Ellen
166:Notes
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125:Death
179:Anna
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