277:. He advised both the French and British armies on the use of anesthesia, and his nitrous oxide-oxygen apparatus was frequently used to treat soldiers who were wounded in the conflict. Upon the conclusion of hostilities, Gwathmey returned to his New York practice. He remained active in academic medicine for the rest of his life, publishing 113 papers in medical journals and revising his textbook. His passion for learning and improving the practice of anesthesiology was not diminished in old age. He continued to attend the national meetings on anesthesia into his 70s. A colleague describes how Gwathmey decided to master the details of giving spinal anesthesia - this in 1934, when Gwathmey was 72 years old. It was only in 1939 that Gwathmey retired from clinical practice due to his severe bronchial asthma and coronary heart disease. James Tayloe Gwathmey died on February 11, 1944, at the
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176:. The third year of his college education was marked by multiple citations for bad behavior, including exhibiting "culpable neglect of his duties and studies" and "an air of careless indifference", going to a billiards saloon without authorization, and of throwing a brick into a subprofessor's window. This last infraction led to his expulsion from V.M.I. on December 8, 1887. While at the Institute, he had become very interested in acrobatics, so after his dismissal he left to join an acrobatic troupe that he traveled with for two years. Following this, he taught gymnastics at the YMCA first in Des Moines, Iowa, and then in Omaha, Nebraska. In 1890, Gwathmey moved to
226:), in which Gwathmey served as the second president. He was a primary force behind the establishment of the first national organization of anesthetists. On June 12, 1912, the American Association of Anesthetists was incorporated and elected James T. Gwathmey as its first president. The innovations that Gwathmey imparted to the practice of anesthesia during the beginning of the 20th century were several. For one, he proposed using combinations of anesthetic agents during the same case. He also was a proponent of tailoring the choice of anesthetic to the particular patient and situation, ridiculing physicians who would only ever use a single method:
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anesthesiology full-time. Gwathmey was among the first full-time private practice anesthesiologists in the U.S., and his actions helped to establish the field as an independent medical specialty on the same footing as the older specialties. His practice was not affiliated with any individual hospital or surgeon, instead he worked on a case-by-case basis and would send patients his own separate bill. His writings make clear this was a deliberate choice intended to guarantee his independence and income as an anesthetist:
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208:. At the time, medical specialists whose sole job was to administer anesthesia did not exist, and as a resident Gwathmey practiced giving anesthesia alongside the rest of his training. While at the hospital, he made improvements on the Bennett Inhaler, an early self-administered chloroform device. Gwathmey, not wanting to accrue personal gain from the design or sale of his medical instruments, refused to receive money from or patent this and his later devices.
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James T. Gwathmey was the third of six sons for mother Mary
Lavinia Tayloe and his father William Watts Gwathmey. His father's side of the family was descended from Owen Gwathmey, who fled to Virginia from Wales in the 1600s. His mother was part of an old and respected Virginia family which carried a
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Handling another man’s money is both theoretically and practically wrong. When the anesthetist is paid by the surgeon, it always means the minimum fee. The anesthetist should send his bills directly to the patient, thus establishing his identity and independence. Under this system the anesthetist can
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How foolish, then, for one to suggest or recommend this or that special anesthetic or method, as, for example, ether by the drop method. This seems like an attempt to fit the anesthetic to the anesthetist and not to the patient. Those who recommend the drop method exclusively would be satisfied with
184:. During his time at the school, Gwathmey became president of the Bicycle Club, was Director of the Gymnasium and Instructor in Physical Exercise, and was the faculty advisor to the Chi Chapter of the Kappa Alpha fraternity. He thought about pursuing a career in the ministry before enrolling at the
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Gwathmey was also actively involved in the early organization of anesthesiology as a specialty around this time. He was a founding member of the Long Island
Society of Anesthetists, established in 1905. This organization expanded its scope on October 28, 1911, to become the New York Society of
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With his training complete in 1903, Gwathmey initially practiced both dermatology and anesthesia. His mastery of the design of anesthesia apparatuses and of the administration of the drugs, coupled with the dearth of trained anesthetists at the time, led him to quickly transition to practicing
247:-oxygen Boothby-Cotton anesthesia respirator, making adjustments that allowed the operator to estimate the amount of anesthetic gases remaining as well as reducing the weight of the instrument from 50 lbs (22.7 kg) to 14.5 lbs (6.6 kg). Writing with New York chemist Dr.
298:. He married Margaret L. Riddle, a Nashville resident, in 1890, although the marriage ended in divorce. Gwathmey had one daughter, Mary Tayloe Gwathmey, and one son, William Riddle Gwanthmey, who was a captain in the British Army.
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stand as high in the profession and make as good a living as other physicians. There would not be many gynecologists if the general practitioners who referred patients to them also paid them for their services.
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Gwathmey also developed an ether-oil anesthesia cocktail that would be given to patients rectally and was frequently used in obstetrics. He made refinements on a 1911
251:, Gwathmey detailed his contributions and research within the first complete compilation of the medical knowledge of anesthesiology in the 1914 textbook titled
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135:). A pioneer of early anesthetic devices for medical use, he co-authored the first comprehensive textbook on the subject of medical anesthetics, titled
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131:, M.D. (September 10, 1862—February 11, 1944) was an American physician and the first president of the American Association of Anesthetics (now the
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Illustration of rectal administration of
Gwathmey's ether-oil anesthetic to a patient. This method of anesthesia was commonly used in obstetrics.
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and started practicing medicine. During this first year in New York, Gwathmey completed training in surgery and anesthesia at the
188:, where he earned his M.D. in 1899. Gwathmey was a lifelong devotee to athletics and acrobatics and in 1915 published the book
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333:"DR. J. T. GWATHMEY, ANESTHETIST, DIES; Leading Authority on Subject Stricken at 80; Aided Our Allies in First World War"
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An illustration of
Gwathmey's Nitrous Oxide-Oxygen anesthesia device as it appears in Gwathmey's 1914 textbook,
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478:"1863-James Tayloe Gwathmey, M.D., F.I.C.A.-1944 (Father of M... : Anesthesia & Analgesia"
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and Mary
Elizabeth Langhorne. He was a student at the Norfolk Male Academy and later attended the
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548:. The Genesis of Contemporary American Anesthesiology: Charles C. Thomas. pp. 185–211.
412:"James Tayloe Gwathmey: Seeds of a Developing Specialty. : Anesthesia & Analgesia"
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Woodward, Henry L. (1931). "Gwathmey
Synergistic Analgesia in Obstetrics".
539:"HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGISTS, INC."
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In 1902, several years after he finished medical school, Gwathmey moved to
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Gwathmey, JT (1909). "Anesthetics in hospitals and private practice".
273:, Gwathmey served in Europe as a captain in the medical branch of the
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an orchestra of one piece and this one piece to have but one string.
180:, where he founded and led the Summer School for Higher Culture at
139:, which was published in 1914. For this and other contributions to
601:"Eskind Biomedical Library - VUMC Biographies: Dr. James Gwathmey"
451:"Eskind Biomedical Library - VUMC Biographies: Dr. James Gwathmey"
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Anesthetists (which later expanded to a national level as the
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history of military and community service, The Tayloe's of
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The
Genesis of Contemporary American Anesthesiology
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410:Cope, Doris K. (March 1993).
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
