515:(often referred to as "SX–EW") is a process frequently applied for recovering copper from low-grade and/or oxidised copper ore. It involves leaching the copper from the ore using an acidic solution, collecting the leach liquor containing the copper and contacting this solution with an organic extractant. The copper ions in the leach liquor transfer to the organic extractant, moving from a relatively low concentration to a higher concentration. The extractant is subsequently brought into contact with a second aqueous solution that is more acid than the original leach liquor, and the copper again moves, this time from the extractant into the aqueous solution. The result is an acidic solution of copper in which the copper concentration is high enough for it to be recovered by electrowinning. The solution destined for electrowinning is known as the
129:
350:
was substituted with copper ore for a time between mid-1943 and mid-1946. Over time, the lead, zinc and other mineral grains in the ore became progressively finer, the ore grade decreased and it became more difficult to treat. These trends, combined with an increase in the concentrator's throughput, significantly reduced the concentrator's performance in the 1980s, resulting in a "tense" period of "an endless circle of circuit changes, reagent changes, operator changes, metallurgist changes, and so on". The decreasing grain size and pushing the grinding circuit beyond its design throughput meant a reduction in the degree of separation of the individual mineral grains (referred to as "liberation") during grinding. From 1984 to 1991, the liberation of
312:(ÎĽm) in diameter. What was needed was a practical method of making such bubbles in large quantities, of the order of billions per second. The device needed to be simple to construct and operate, capable of running for long periods with minimal maintenance, and should be resistant to blockage by stray large particles in the feed. He began to look at the theory of bubble breakup in sheared flows, that is, in flow fields in which layers of liquid slide over each other. Lewis and Davidson had recently published a theory to predict the maximum size of bubbles in a well-characterised flow environment. By balancing the forces acting on a bubble in a shearing flow, including the disruptive dynamic stresses from the liquid motion and the restoring force of
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external splitter box called an "External
Recycle Mechanism" or "ERM" box separate to the flotation cell. Thus, when the production of the feed stream to the Jameson Cell decreased as a result of a fluctuation elsewhere in the concentrator, a higher percentage of the tailings was automatically recycled to the downcomers, producing a constant flow rate, hence feed pressure, to the cell. This had the added benefit of giving a proportion of the tailings (typically 40%) a second pass through the system, which resulted in higher recoveries. In coal fines flotation, this allowed a single Cell to achieve the same recovery of combustibles as had previously been achieved in some two-stage Cell systems.
1063:– Cell users typically report short payback periods for their investments in the technology. For example, the 2007 installation of a 5.4 m diameter Jameson Cell with 18 downcomers to treat preflotation concentrate recovered up to 90% of the zinc previously lost to the tailings disposal facility and had a payback of approximately one year at the zinc prices of the day. Peko Mines reported a payback period of two months for its Cell installation. The complete replacement of 32 mechanical cells with eight Jameson Cells at the Goonyella coal mine had a payback of 17 months. More recently, the installation of a Cell ahead of each of two cleaner trains at the
652:
300:, pointed out that many of the new mineral deposits being found around the world required fine grinding to separate the valuable particles from the rock in which they were embedded, and the flotation technologies available at the time were relatively inefficient for recovering fine particles. Kitchener felt that improvements could best be achieved by an increased knowledge of the physics of flotation, rather than the chemistry of the reagents. Jameson had gained some expertise in the properties of bubbles and particles in suspensions whilst a PhD student at Cambridge. He began research into the
174:
installed to recover coal fines. It is mainly used in metals applications to solve final grade and capacity issues from conventional cell cleaner circuits. It has found a niche in transforming traditional circuit designs where its inclusion allows cleaner circuits to be designed with fewer cells in a smaller footprint, while achieving cleaner and/or higher grade concentrates. It has also made possible the recovery of previously discarded fine materials, such as coal and phosphate fines, thereby increasing the efficiency and extending the life of the world's non-renewable natural resources.
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the nozzle, which is at a level above that of the liquid level in the tank. This creates a hydrostatic head in the downcomer, meaning that the pressure inside the top of the downcomer is lower than the atmospheric pressure. When the inlet is opened, air is drawn into the top space of the downcomer by this lower pressure, where it too is entrained into the downcomer contents by the plunging jet. At the same time, a downward flow is established in the pulp in the downcomer that is sufficient to counter the buoyancy of the bubbles, and the aerated pulp discharges into the tank.
833:
633:
758:
235:
mixture travels down the downcomer, driven by hydrostatic forces, before it is discharged into the tank portion of the
Jameson Cell (see Figure 4). The downcomer is designed to provide high-intensity mixing of the air and the slurry to generate a dense foam of fine bubbles and maximise the contact between the target mineral particles and the bubbles. The probability of particle–bubble contact is "virtually 100%" with a slurry residence time in the downcomer of 5–10 seconds.
774:
203:
them. Column flotation cells, invented in Canada by Boutin and
Tremblay in 1961, grew increasingly popular in the 1980s and 1990s as a way of reducing entrainment of fine gangue particles during "cleaning" of flotation concentrates. With heights usually between 6 and 14 meters, they could have froth depths up to 2 m, providing more residence time than conventional cells and more stable froth surfaces that enable better froth washing.
239:
720:
78:
227:
1021:– the hydrodynamic conditions for particle collection inside the downcomer and separation in the tank are identical between the laboratory, pilot plant and industrial-scale Jameson Cell, meaning that there is direct scale-up. This makes predicting plant performance for small-scale tests straightforward. In contrast, factors have to be used to scale-up the design of mechanical and column flotation cells.
689:("KCl"). After a test work campaign in which it compared the performance of the Cell with mechanical flotation cells in various duties in the flotation circuit, Cleveland Potash ordered a Cell with 6 downcomers for recovering potash slimes. The test work had shown a 4.8% increase in the recovery of potash slimes, equivalent at the time to an increase in revenue of approximately ÂŁ518,000 per year.
1003:– the only energy that is required to operate the Cell is to pump the slurry through the slurry lens. This means that it requires significantly less electricity than conventional mechanical or column flotation cells. In addition, the better particle–bubble contact means that fewer Cells are required for the equivalent duty of mechanical cells, giving an even bigger power saving.
1015:– The Cell uses froth washing as standard to control concentrate grade. A conventional flotation cell has problems with recovering fine particles at high grades due to the entrainment of gangue minerals in the froth. The high throughput of the Jameson Cell means that the froth is produced in a small surface area so it is economic to apply froth washing to all cells
36:
369:. Initially, MIM received good revenue from its bulk concentrate, but as the nature of the ore continued to deteriorate, the production of the bulk concentrate increased and saturated the market. Payment terms declined until MIM received less than half the payment for zinc in the bulk concentrate than it received for zinc in the zinc concentrate.
380:). This material was naturally hydrophobic and floated without the aid of a collector into the lead concentrate, diluting it. The additional sulfur from the pyrite in the lead concentrate reduced the lead smelter's lead production because the ability to eliminate sulfur from the concentrate was lead smelter's capacity bottleneck.
207:
1033:– process variables such as air flow rate, froth depth and wash water are all automated making optimisation straightforward. The small tank volumes means very short residence times in the tank (typically 1–3 minutes) so changes made, whether they are deliberate or from normal plant fluctuations, are observed almost instantly.
325:
choice of jet velocity and diameter, it is possible to provide a controlled shear environment that can generate bubbles of a suitable size for flotation, with the added advantage that the air is naturally aspirated by the jet, so there is no need for a compressor or blower. Thus the idea of the
Jameson Cell was born.
1027:– the high intensity of bubble-particle contact means that very low residence times are required in the Cell (residence time in the downcomer is 5–10 seconds and the separation tank volume is small compared with alternative technologies). This means that the total volume of the Cell is lower than the alternatives.
1045:– the Cell has no moving parts and is designed to provide easy access to serviceable parts. The slurry lens orifice has a service life exceeding 5 years under normal operating conditions and the service life of the other wet-end wear parts is reported to be over 10 years under normal operating conditions.
880:
cleaner-scalper duties, in which the
Jameson Cell recovers fast floating minerals to produce a final-grade concentrate, thus reducing the load on the rest of the cleaning circuit and reducing its size. In this application, it can also be used as a low-cost way of expanding the capacity of an existing
769:
to generate the downcomer jet. The new slurry lens design had a smooth, shallow entry angle that created an optimum flow regime over the ceramic, reducing wear and extending its life. The shape resulted in a decrease in power consumption by the feed slurry pump by up to 10% and resulted in better jet
701:
The motivation for installing
Jameson Cells was, in part, to take advantage of their space-saving capabilities and to improve copper recovery at a minimum cost. The Cell circuit occupied 60% less floor area and achieved equivalent results to the mechanical banks with 40% of their residence time. They
697:
In 1993 Philex Mining
Corporation, a Philippines mining company, replaced the mechanical cleaner circuit with Cells at its Benguet copper concentrator. Following their successful operation, Philex replaced the mechanical cells in its cleaner-scavenger circuit in 1994 and began the phased introduction
647:
Subsequently, an internal recycling system, referred to as the "internal recycle control" or "IRC" was developed. This was mainly used in integrated rectangular cells (see Figure 6), where the feed tank and tailings recycling system could easily be built in a single unit with the flotation cell. This
643:
One of the problems encountered with the Mark I Cell was that its performance was reduced if the feed rate to the cell varied, which was a common occurrence arising from normal fluctuations in operating concentrators. This problem was resolved by recycling some of the tailings to the cell feed via an
409:
A pilot two tonne per hour (t/h) Jameson Cell with a 100 mm downcomer and using an orifice plate to create the jet was tested in MIM's lead–zinc concentrator. Subsequently, in 1988, MIM tested the flotation of a stream of fine lead-bearing particles in a conventional mechanical flotation cell, a
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The concept of the Cell followed when further investigations showed that most of the bubble–particle interactions were occurring in the downcomer, rendering unnecessary the collection zone of flotation columns. The idea of the downcomer and short separation tank was developed and a provisional patent
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in
Queensland, initially working alone. The plant metallurgists took an interest in the technology and helped to refine it, particularly checking the scale-up procedures that Jameson had devised. In 1988 a recent graduate was assigned full-time for a year to verify and validate the performance of the
246:
The high probability of particle–bubble contact, and subsequent short residence times (five to ten seconds in the downcomer, allows for a much more compact column design than conventional column flotation cells (see Figure 1). The fine nature of the bubbles (0.3 to 0.5 mm in diameter) gives them
705:
In addition to these benefits, the use of the
Jameson Cells in the rougher and rougher–scavenger section of the plant resulted in a 3.3% increase in copper recovery and a 4.5% increase in gold recovery. When combined with the other Cells in the cleaner, recleaner and cleaner–scavenger section, there
440:
Subsequently, a full-scale plant was commissioned at
Newlands in the 1988–89 financial year, with six rectangular Cells (1.5 m × 3.5 m) installed in a two-stage arrangement. The cells in the first stage had seven downcomers, while those in the second had six. These cells were in continuous
417:
As a result of this work, in 1989 MIM ordered four full-scale Cells, two for the Mount Isa lead–zinc concentrator and another two for the new Hilton lead–zinc concentrator to be built at the Hilton Mine, located about 20 kilometers north of Mount Isa. The Mount Isa cells had diameters of 1.9 m,
275:
The Cell has no moving parts and no requirement for compressed air or sparging mechanisms. This results in lower power consumption than the equivalent mechanical or column flotation cells. Maintenance costs are also lower because the only wearing part is the slurry lens used to create the jet in the
234:
The slurry is introduced at the top of the downcomer as a jet that draws in air through a second pipe to form a stable two-phase mixture (see Figure 3). The plunging slurry jet shears and then entrains the air. The target minerals, with their collector-coated surfaces, attach to the bubbles and this
807:
Flotation is one of the unit processes used to separate the bituminous component of oil sands as part of the process of oil extraction. Some of the bitumen is not recovered in the primary separation vessel and reports to the tailings. These tailings are typically retreated in a scavenging operation
727:
The Mark III design encompassed the greatest improvement in the technology since its commercialisation. The focus was to make the technology more robust and easier to use in operations. The total redesign of the downcomer assembly allowed it to be isolated and unblocked much more easily compared to
304:
of the flotation process and set in train a series of experimental projects into the effect of particle diameter and bubble size on the flotation rate constant. Much of the research was conducted by honours students in chemical engineering. Jameson accepted the challenge of coming up with practical
182:
Froth flotation is achieved by mixing chemicals known as collectors with the ore slurry. The collectors adsorb onto the surfaces of the particles of select minerals (usually the valuable mineral that is targeted for concentration), making these minerals hydrophobic. Air is passed through the slurry
979:
Legend International Holdings Incorporated ("Legend") owns major phosphate deposits that average 20–60% particles less than 20 μm that contain up to 50% of the phosphate. This makes the traditional phosphate concentration practice uneconomic for these deposits. In response, Legend developed a
975:
Phosphate processing operations that use flotation as the principal mechanism to concentrate the phosphate-bearing minerals usually discard particles smaller than 20 ÎĽm in diameter. This is because the fine particles have had poor flotation performance and because their presence decreases the
894:
The Jameson Cell has been found to be particularly effective in cleaning and recovering fine coal particles. For example, at BHP Coal's Goonyella mine (now part of the BHP Mitsubishi Alliance) eight Cells were installed to replace the entire 32 mechanical cell flotation circuit in 1995 in its 1800
575:
The orifice plate used to generate the slurry jet was a high-wear item and its materials of construction were also a focus of the development effort. After testing high-chromium hardened steel and various ceramics, high-density alumina was found to have excellent wear properties, and it became the
349:
The commercial development of the Cell occurred indirectly as a result of problems being experienced in MIM's Mount Isa lead–zinc concentrator (sometimes referred to as a "mill" in the mining industry). MIM had been operating a lead–zinc concentrator at Mount Isa since 1931, although lead–zinc ore
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air from the atmosphere into the water, and at the same time, breaks up the entrained air into fine bubbles. The effect is magnified if there is a detergent in the water. Detergents, known as frothers, are used in flotation to prevent bubble coalescence, and to create stable froths. By the correct
257:
The Cell is operated by initially closing the air inlet at the top of the downcomer and feeding the flotation pulp in through the nozzle. The air in the downcomer is entrained in the pulp, creating a partial vacuum that draws pulp from the tank up into the downcomer. The pulp level quickly reaches
250:
The foam in the downcomer is about 50–60% air. Because of this, the pulp is distributed in the form of thin interfacial slurry films between the bubbles, providing an ideal environment for particle–bubble contact. Collection occurs by migration of the particles within the thin films, which are not
160:
The Cell produces fast mineral flotation rates, especially for very fine mineral particles. It produces high concentrate grades from fast floating liberated particles and is able to do this from a single stage of flotation. The high carrying capacity of the Jameson Cell is particularly beneficial
667:
There was significant turbulence in the areas beneath the downcomers. that could result in particles detaching from bubbles. These turbulent areas were calmed by the addition of conical diffusers beneath each downcomer. They allowed uniform bubble rise velocities across the surface of the cell by
548:
After the initial applications within the MIM Holdings group of companies, the years to 1994 saw Jameson Cells installed by various base and precious metals companies in Asia, South Africa, Canada and the United States, mainly in concentrate cleaning duties, but also in SX–EW electrolyte cleaning
522:
The electrolyte solution usually contains traces of the organic extractant that exist as tiny droplets within it. These need to be removed before the copper can be recovered in the electrowinning process, as the presence of minimal amounts of the extractant can cause difficulties by stripping and
173:
liquors. Xstrata Technology, Glencore Xstrata's technology marketing arm, listed 328 Jameson Cell installations in May 2013. Cells have been installed by 94 companies in 27 countries. Today, the technology is the standard in the Australian Coal Industry where well over one hundred Cells have been
785:
The AISE valves were developed to prevent solids being sucked back into the air lines when individual downcomers become blocked. Solids depositing in the air lines and their build up in the air distributor decreases flotation performance as it prevents air from being efficiently entrained in the
218:
In a conventional mechanically agitated cell, the void fraction is low (5–10%) and the bubble size is large (2–3 mm), which results in a low interfacial area with a low probability of particle–bubble contact. In a conventional flotation column, the void fraction is similarly low, and so the
202:
in size. Some of the gangue particles follow the water between the bubbles as it drains back to the underlying pulp. This process can be assisted by the application of sufficient "wash water" to the froth to displace the water entrained with the bubbles and the fine gangue particles brought with
676:
While the JamesonCell continued to expand in base metals concentrate cleaning, SX–EW electrolyte cleaning and coal fines recovery applications, it also found new applications in cleaning potash slimes and was adopted by the Philex Mining Corporation as the sole flotation machine for its Benguet
261:
Once in the tank, the wider cross sectional area of the tank reduces the downward superficial velocity of the mixture, allowing mineral-laden bubbles to disengage from the liquid and rise to the surface as they would in a conventional cell, where they form the froth. The velocity of the mixture
781:
For coal applications, the wash water addition system was changed from a tray to stainless-steel circular rings attached to a manual lifting system. This allowed the flexibility of an easy transition from above-froth wash water addition to the in-froth addition that might be necessary for high
659:
During this period, the orifice diameter was increased from the 28 mm design used in 1990 to 34 mm with the Mark II model and 38 mm in 1997. This, together with the larger Mark II downcomer diameter, allowed the slurry flow per downcomer to be doubled from 30 m/h in 1990 to
533:
The cell was 3 m high, twice the height of the early Cells used in MIM's lead–zinc concentrators, as it was thought that additional residence time would enhance recovery. It used a single downcomer. The downcomer was used to contact the electrolyte with air and the droplets of the organic
168:
The Cell was initially developed as a lower-cost alternative to conventional column flotation cells for recovering fine particles, and was first used in the Mount Isa lead–zinc concentrator in 1988. Since then, use of the technology has spread to include coal flotation, base and precious metal
876:
rougher-scalper and roughing duties where selectivity and froth washing produce high-grade concentrate. In this application, the recovery in one Jameson Cell is normally equivalent to several mechanical cells, and where the feed contains fast-floating liberated particles, the Cell can produce
357:
The initial response to the problem of decreased zinc recovery was in 1986 to start to produce a lower-grade concentrate that was a mixture of zinc and lead (known in the industry as a "bulk concentrate" and referred to at Mount Isa as the "low-grade middlings concentrate"). This concentrate
931:
Recent developments in the Cell design for SX–EW applications include large, flat-bottomed cell design to allow it to sit on the ground and large (500 mm diameter) downcomers that can have multiple liquor (there being no slurry in SX–EW applications) lenses fitted to each downcomer.
872:
preflotation roughers for removing naturally hydrophobic gangue materials (such as carbon, talc and elemental sulfur), where the Jameson Cell minimises the entrainment of the valuable minerals while eliminating naturally floating gangue minerals that would otherwise contaminate the
268:
The froth that forms at the top of the tank flows over its lip to be collected. This froth can be "washed" by a light flow of water, if desired. The bubbles flowing over the lip of the cell are smaller in diameter than those that flow over the lip of conventional flotation columns.
247:
enhanced carrying capabilities for fine mineral particles. Fine bubbles also improve the separation of minerals, as they intensify the difference in the flotation kinetics of the valuable minerals from the gangue minerals, thus allowing higher grade concentrates to be produced.
183:
in a tank known as a flotation cell. The air is broken into tiny bubbles by various mechanisms (depending on the design of the flotation cell), and the now-hydrophobic minerals attach to the bubbles, rising with them to the surface of the flotation cell, where they form a
338:
Cell. In 1989 a worldwide exclusive license was negotiated between Tunra Ltd on behalf of the University of Newcastle, Jameson, and MIM Holdings Limited, for the use of the Cell for metallurgical purposes. Summary papers on the theory and practice have been published.
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of Cell rougher and scavenger lines that was completed in early 1996. This was the first operation in which the external recycle mechanism system was applied. By the time the last Jameson Cell was installed, the entire flotation circuit was composed of Jameson Cells.
401:
In 1985, MIM commissioned Jameson to undertake a project to improve the sparger design for flotation columns. Instead, he developed the concept of using a jet in a downcomer to create the bubbles and eliminate the need for a sparger in conventional flotation columns.
794:
This period was one of rapid growth for the Jameson Cells in the existing applications. Seventy-seven Cells were installed in concentrators around the world, mainly in coal and base metal operations. However, during this time, the Cell also moved into the Canadian
663:
The increased distance between the downcomers reduced the interaction of aerated slurry discharging from adjacent downcomers. This interaction could reduce overall cell recovery by causing particles collected by bubbles in the downcomer to detach in the pulp tank.
1009:– The Cell is able to achieve final product specification from previously discarded coal fines at very high recoveries (95–98%) in a single pass. It has also been shown to be effective in recovering fine particles in base metals, potash and phosphate applications.
668:
slowing the superficial gas velocity in the high void-fraction area immediately around the downcomer and provided a more even bubble dispersion. It was reported that the diffusers reduced the turbulence by 69% compared with a standard downcomer with no diffuser.
867:
In base and precious metals flotation, the Jameson Cell has established itself as being particularly useful in several applications in flotation circuits that also use other types of flotation cells, such as mechanical cells. These applications include:
437:, which contained 15–50% ash and was previously discarded. The particle size of this stream was less than 25 μm. Pilot plant testing showed that it was possible to achieve greater than 90% recovery of coal, with less than 10% ash in the product.
262:
discharging into the tank, and the large density differential between it and the remainder of the pulp in the tank, results in recirculating fluid patterns that keep the particles in the tank in suspension without requiring mechanical agitation.
157:, the Cell introduces the feed and the air to the Cell in a combined stream via one or more cylindrical columns referred to as "downcomers". Other types of flotation cell typically introduce the feed and the air separately to the cell.
884:
final cleaning duties where mechanical cleaning circuits are unable to consistently produce final grade concentrate because of entrained gangue, the Jameson Cell with its enhanced selectivity and froth washing, is able to remove the
383:
As part of the effort to try to fix the problems, MIM installed some column flotation cells in the zinc concentrate and bulk concentrate sections of the plant. In those days, the air was introduced into flotation columns using air
480:. Peko Mines personnel also tested a conventional flotation column for comparison. Following the test work, Peko Mines installed two full-scale, 1.4 m diameter Jameson Cells in the concentrator, each with three downcomers.
1051:– the small footprint of the Cell reduces the amount of steel required in its construction and, coupled with the simplicity of its design, has lower installation costs when compared with conventional or column flotation cells.
553:) for electrolyte cleaning at its Morenci operation in Arizona was notable for having a large cell 6.5 m in diameter with 30 downcomers. The Morenci Jameson Cell consistently recovered over 82% of the organic extractant.
920:
Contamination of the electrolyte increases operating costs and reduces the quality of the copper product. Any solvent remaining in the raffinate stream represents a loss of solvent and hence an increase in operating costs.
1163:
214:
Froth flotation efficiency is determined by a series of probabilities: those of particle–bubble contact, particle–bubble attachment, transport between the pulp and the froth, and froth collection into the product launder.
1532:
222:
Traditionally, the ore slurry and the air are introduced separately to the flotation cell (see Figure 2). The Jameson Cell differs from this traditional approach by mixing the slurry with the air in the downcomers.
895:
t/h coal flotation plant. The result was an overall increase in yield for the plant of 3.5% (better than the predicted yield of 2.1% that was used to justify the project) and the production of a low-ash product.
328:
After a number of failures, the radical new process for flotation emerged in the laboratory at the University of Newcastle. Jameson filed a provisional patent application in 1986. After an initial trial at the
150:) in the flotation cell. The lack of a requirement for compressed air and the lack of moving parts means that power consumption is less than for the equivalent mechanical or conventional column flotation cell.
2048:
308:
Jameson's research showed that the kinetics of flotation of fine particles was a strong function of the bubble diameter and that the way to improve recoveries was to use small bubbles in the order of 300
2112:
D R Seaman, F Burns, B Adamson, B A Seaman and P Manton, "Telfer processing plant upgrade – the implementation of additional cleaning capacity and the regrinding of copper and pyrite concentrates," in:
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By producing the bulk concentrate, the total recovery of zinc for sale was maintained at over 70% until 1989. However, the high lead content meant that the bulk concentrate could not be treated by the
187:. The froth flows over the top edge (or "lip") of the flotation cell and forms the flotation concentrate. Ideally, none of the unwanted mineral particles float, and they remain behind as the flotation
406:
application was lodged in 1986. This patent was later assigned to TUNRA Limited ("TUNRA"), the technology transfer company of the University of Newcastle that is now known as "Newcastle Innovation".
410:
conventional column and the Jameson Cell. The Cell gave the best recoveries. This was thought to be a combination of the short residence time of the particles in the Cell and the fact that the
530:
in the 1960s. In a world first, a Jameson Cell was used to clean the electrolyte solution by removing the remaining organic solvent. This replaced the sand filters traditionally used.
1216:
R Araya, L Huynh, M Young and K Arburo, "Solving challenges in copper cleaning circuits with the Jameson Cell," to be presented at: Procemin 2013,Santiago, Chile, 15–18 October 2013.
354:(the zinc-bearing mineral, ZnS) decreased from almost 70% to just over 50%. This decrease in liberation resulted in a reduction in the recovery of zinc to saleable zinc concentrate.
128:
372:
The problems in the concentrator also affected the performance of MIM's Mount Isa lead smelter. The lead–zinc ore also contained increasing amounts of fine-grained, carbonaceous
1728:
J D Pease, M F Young, C J Greet, N W Johnson and P D Munro, "Application of fine grinding to improve galena flotation at the Mt Isa Mines lead/zinc concentrator," presented at:
2094:
D Curry, M Cooper, J Rubenstein, T Shouldice and M Young, "The right tools in the right place: how Xstrata Nickel Australasia increased Ni throughput at its Cosmos plant," in:
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the Mark II design. The Mark III design also saw slurry flow per downcomer to be increased from 60 m/h to 75–85 m/h using larger orifice sizes in the slurry lenses.
685:
Cleveland Potash Limited extracts and refines sylvinite ore from a deposit in North Yorkshire, England. Its processing plant uses froth flotation to produce a product rich in
316:, it was possible to predict the critical shear rate required to produce a bubble of given size. Jameson then looked for simple and practical ways of generating the required
198:") minerals are also carried into the froth, largely by entrainment with the water rising with the bubbles. This is particularly the case for particles less than 10
819:
in 2008. In the latter case, the downcomers were used to treat middlings in an existing tertiary oil recovery vessel in a bitumen recovery process patented by Syncrude.
545:
In April 1989, MIM Holdings Limited acquired the world rights to the Jameson Cell from TUNRA, with TUNRA retaining the rights to use the Cell for waste water treatment.
2045:
1630:
Collins, G.L. and Jameson, G.J., 1976. Experiments on the flotation of fine particles - the effect of particle size and charge. Chemical Engineering Science 31, 985.
388:, usually in the form of a bag or sheath around a pipe. The spargers were high-maintenance items, and their performance was critical to the operation of the column.
2209:
1995:
1639:
Ahmed, N.A. and Jameson, G.J., 1985. The effect of bubble size on the rate of flotation of fine particles, International Journal of Mineral Processing 14, 195-215.
1715:
M F Young, J D Pease, N W Johnson and P D Munro, "Developments in milling practice at the lead/zinc concentrator of Mount Isa Mines Limited from 1990," in:
1478:
The AusIMM Kalgoorlie Branch, Equipment in the Minerals Industry: Exploration, Mining and Processing Conference, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, October 1987
1456:
B V Clingan and D R McGregor, "Column flotation experience at Magma Copper Company, with related experience of other mineral processors," presented at the
980:
process based on using the Jameson Cell in a rougher-scavenger-cleaner configuration to recover at least 80% of the phosphate at a grade of at least 32% P
320:, and found inspiration in the kitchen sink. If a jet of water from a tap plunges into a basin full of water, a shear layer develops around the jet, that
556:
Toward the end of the period, Cells were installed in coal preparation plants operated by the BHP Mitsubishi Alliance and by Peabody for fines recovery.
782:
concentrate-grade operations. For metals applications, new design wash water trays consisting of removable rubber mats for easy maintenance were used.
1039:– the small volume of the tank means that the Cell can be filled and drained quickly so with plant upsets the Cell can reach steady state very quickly.
57:
44:
947:). It has subsequently been applied at Israel Chemicals Limited's Dead Sea Works and by an unnamed producer in the Saskatchewan province of Canada.
2679:
706:
was a 2.6% increase in final copper concentrate grade and a 3.5% increase in plant copper recovery, with a 2.6% increase in plant gold recovery.
284:
The Jameson Cell grew out of a long-term research program aimed at improving the recovery of fine particles by flotation. The work started at
333:
tin mine in Tasmania, certain design features were modified. He led a further plant trial with a small cell in the lead-zinc concentrator at
358:
typically contained 34% zinc and 13% lead, compared to the normal zinc concentrate composition of at least 50% zinc and less than 3% lead.
265:
The purpose of the tank is simply for bubble–pulp separation, so the volume of the tank is small compared with alternative technologies.
2202:
2081:
Z Pokrajcic, G J Harbort, V Lawson and L Reemeyer, "Applications of the Jameson Cell at the head of base metal flotation circuits," in:
677:
copper concentrator. This is not the normal application for the Cell. No other metals concentrator operates solely using Jameson Cells.
105:
1861:
P D Munro, "Lead-zinc-silver ore concentration practice at the lead-zinc concentrator of Mount Isa Mines Limited, Mount Isa, Qld," in:
1894:
D Readett, "Copper recovery by heap leaching, solvent extraction, and electrowinning at Mount Isa Mines Limited, Mount Isa, Qld," in:
967:
The Jameson Cell can be used for the reverse flotation of silica from iron ore, where flotation columns have traditionally been used.
1391:
R Q Honaker, A Patwardhan, M K Mohanty and K U Bhaskar, "Fine coal cleaning using Jameson Cells: the North American experience," in:
898:
Since then, Jameson Cells have been installed in many coal preparation plants around the world, with the largest installation at the
2230:
1400:
1322:
1245:
1057:– the lack of moving parts with a consequent lower power consumption, long wear life and easy access results in low operating costs.
913:
The Jameson Cell is used to recover the organic solvent in solvent extraction – electrowinning plants from both the electrolyte and
564:
Improvements to this early design included a focus on the weight and wear of the downcomer. The downcomer was originally built with
1848:
P Rohner, "Lead-zinc-silver ore concentration practice at the Hilton Concentrator of Mount Isa Mines Limited, Mount Isa, Qld," in:
1666:
M F Young, J D Pease and K S Fisher, "The George Fisher project to increase recovery in the Mount Isa lead/zinc concentrator," in:
1493:, Eds A L Mular, D N Halbe and D J Barratt (Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration: Littleton, Colorado, 2002), 1239–1252.
1447:, Eds A L Mular, D N Halbe and D J Barratt (Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration: Littleton, Colorado, 2002), 1097–1123.
526:
In the late 1980s, MIM built an SX–EW plant at Mount Isa to recover copper leached from low grade ore stockpiled while mining its
288:, and continued when Jameson moved in 1978 to the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, where he is Laureate Professor (2015).
1928:
M J Burns, G Coates and L Barnard, "Use of Jameson Cell flotation technology at Cleveland Potash Ltd, North Yorkshire, England,"
2068:
D Carr, G Harbort and V Lawson, "Expansion of the Mount Isa Mines copper concentrator phase one cleaner circuit expansion," in:
928:
operations and Grupo México at its Cananea and La Caridad operations. In all, Xstrata Technology reports 41 SX–EW applications.
651:
296:
Jameson's research into flotation began when he was at Imperial College London, in 1969. A colleague, Dr J. A. Kitchener of the
1614:
140:(see Figure 1), and it does not require air compressors to aerate the suspension of ground ore particles and water (known as a
537:
After some initial modifications to the orifice size, the Cell was able to remove 70–90% of the entrained organic extractant.
219:
probability of particle–bubble contact is increased by increasing the height of the column to provide greater residence time.
2309:
2304:
2195:
453:
1378:
D Osborne, L Huynh, I Kohli, M Young and F Mercuri, "Two decades of Jameson Cell installations in coal," to be presented at
210:
Figure 2. A schematic diagram illustrating the operating principles of a conventional, mechanically agitated flotation cell.
2838:
2583:
2153:
836:
Figure 10. Photograph of the quick-release clamps used to attach the slurry line to the top of the Jameson Cell downcomer.
444:
Two additional Cells were installed at MIM Holdings' Collinsville Coal operations in 1990. These had 10 downcomers each.
2752:
1568:
2833:
2593:
2126:
D Bennett, I Crnkovic and P Walker, "Recent process developments at the Phu Kham copper–gold concentrator, Laos," in:
1515:
B W Atkinson, C J Conway and G J Jameson, "Fundamentals of Jameson Cell operation including size–yield response," in:
341:
There have been ongoing significant changes to the design of the Cell since it was first developed in the late 1980s.
321:
1865:, Eds. J T Woodcock and J K Hamilton (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 1993), 498–503.
1852:, Eds. J T Woodcock and J K Hamilton (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 1993), 504–507.
1301:
2179:
955:
The Jameson Cell has been adopted by Shell Canada and Syncrude for floating bitumen in the oil sands industry (see
832:
132:
Figure 1. Comparison of the sizes of conventional column flotation cells and Jameson Cells with similar capacities.
1930:
Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)
49:
2848:
1443:
N W Johnson and P D Munro, "Overview of flotation technology and plant practice for complex sulphide ores," in:
569:
1833:
924:
Major users of the Cell in SX–EW plants include Freeport McMoRan at its Morenci operations, BHP Billiton at its
1194:
K E Barns, P J Colbert and P D Munro, "Designing the optimal flotation circuit – the Prominent Hill case," in:
943:
The first potash application was in England in 1993, where Jameson Cells were used to treat potash slimes (see
2096:
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Canadian Mineral Processors, Ottawa, Ontario, 19–21 January 2010
2057:
Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Mineral Processors, Ottawa, Ontario, 22–24 January 2008
632:
161:
when high yields (mass pulls) are required, such as in recleaning in metals flotation and in the flotation of
2000:
Proceedings of the 44th Canadian Mineral Processors Operators Conference, Ottawa, Ontario, 17–19 January 2012
2166:
757:
285:
1657:
Jameson, G.J., 1993. Bubbles in motion, Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers A71, 587-594.
905:
The Cell can also be applied to coal preparation plant tailings to recover fine coal previously discarded.
418:
with three downcomers each, while those at Hilton were 1.3 m in diameter and had two downcomers each.
2478:
1168:
Proceedings of the 38th Annual Canadian Mineral Processors Conference, Ottawa, Ontario, 17–19 January 2006
777:
Figure 9. A stainless-steel wash water system fitted to a Jameson Cell being used for floating coal fines.
1240:
Ed. Deepak Malhotra (Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration: Littleton, Colorado, 1993), 164–170.
2646:
2614:
2565:
2218:
297:
169:
flotation, potash flotation, oil sands flotation, molybdenum flotation, graphite flotation and cleaning
2139:
D W Lauder, M Mavotoi and J W Glatthaar, "Fluorine removal from OK Tedi copper/gold concentrates," in:
441:
operation at Newlands for 15 years until a new washing plant was built to replace the old one in 2006.
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1335:
113:
2029:
1908:
719:
2843:
2699:
2588:
2474:
2421:
2227:
1960:
G J Harbort, A S Murphy and A Budod, "Jameson Cell developments at Philex Mining Corporation," in:
773:
935:
The biggest operating Cell is at the Olympic Dam operations, treating 3000 m/h of raffinate.
2529:
2469:
2426:
2238:
1164:"Jameson Cell: the 'comeback' in base metals applications using improved design and flow sheets,"
877:
final-grade product, thus reducing the number of mechanical cells required in a flotation circuit
686:
508:
461:
427:
170:
162:
1648:
Lewis, D.A. and Davidson, J.F., 1982. Bubble splitting in shear flow. Trans IChemE, 60: 283-291.
1102:
G J Jameson, G Harbort and N Riches, "The development and application of the Jameson Cell," in:
1591:
G J Jameson and E V Manlapig, "Flotation cell design – experiences with the Jameson Cell," in:
2726:
2464:
2257:
1539:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2004). Accessed: 23 May 2013.
1533:"Recovery interactions between the froth zone, pulp zone and downcomer within a Jameson Cell,"
1396:
1318:
1241:
899:
254:
The best collection occurs when the volume of air roughly equals that of the injected slurry.
619:
a tailings recycle system was added to maintain constant downcomer flow and higher recoveries
2807:
2712:
2684:
2272:
2262:
925:
815:
in 2007 for a large scale pilot plant project and eight 500 mm downcomers were sold to
550:
238:
2797:
2757:
2633:
2449:
2441:
2378:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2052:
1808:
J A Cowburn, R Stone, S Bourke and B Hill, "Design developments of the Jameson Cell," in:
1537:
10th Australian Coal Preparation Conference, Pokolbin, New South Wales, 17–21 October 2004
1170:, (Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum), 311–332. Accessed 23 May 2013.
527:
465:
334:
313:
301:
154:
137:
109:
97:
86:
1863:
Australasian Mining and Metallurgy, The Sir Maurice Mawby Memorial Volume, Second Edition
1850:
Australasian Mining and Metallurgy, The Sir Maurice Mawby Memorial Volume, Second Edition
1395:(The Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration: Littelton, Colorado, 1999), 331–341.
1317:(The Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration: Littelton, Colorado, 1999), 289–307.
2128:
Proceedings of the 11th Mill Operators' Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, 29–31 October 2012
2002:(Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum), 115–124. Accessed 24 May 2013.
840:
The Mark IV Cell design was introduced in 2009. It included the following improvements:
811:
Three industrial-size single downcomer Jameson Cells were sold by Xstrata Technology to
655:
Figure 6. Drawing of a Jameson Cell designed with an internal tailings recycling system.
77:
2747:
2578:
2544:
2508:
2416:
2299:
2287:
1896:
Australasian Mining and Metallurgy – The Sir Maurice Mawby Memorial Volume, 2nd Edition
1236:
D Readett and B Clayton, "Cleaning hydrometallurgical liquor using Jameson Cells," in:
636:
Figure 5. Drawing of a Jameson Cell fitted with an external tailings recycle mechanism.
512:
468:
copper concentrate to improve its grade by removing gangue minerals, including pyrite,
411:
226:
136:
The high intensity of the Jameson Cell means that it is much shorter than conventional
101:
82:
2827:
2802:
2707:
2689:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2539:
2534:
1668:
Seventh Mill Operators' Conference, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, 12–14 October 2000
959:). Syncrude bought an additional eight 500 mm downcomers for its plant in 2012.
766:
457:
426:
In parallel with this work, the Cell was tested for the recovery of fine coal at the
366:
362:
194:
However, the selectivity of the collection mechanism is not perfect. Some unwanted ("
1517:
Sixth Australian Coal Preparation Conference, Mackay, Queensland, 6–9 September 1993
609:
In 1994 MIM launched the Mark II model Cell. It incorporated the following changes:
2739:
2459:
2411:
1962:
AusIMM Sixth Mill Operators' Conference, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 6–8 October 1997
1717:
AusIMM Sixth Mill Operators' Conference, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 6–8 October 1997
1615:"Jameson Cell scale-up experiences at BHP Coal's Goonyella coal preparation plant,"
956:
944:
812:
565:
434:
431:
330:
272:
The non-floating tailings are discharged through a hole in the bottom of the tank.
731:
The Mark III Cell was introduced in 2000. It included the following improvements:
81:
Copper-sulfide-loaded air bubbles on a Jameson Cell at the flotation plant of the
988:
from a feed with a particle size distribution of up to 80% less than 20 ÎĽm.
2609:
2573:
2401:
2333:
2143:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2003), 203–209.
2130:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2012), 257–272.
2117:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2012), 373–381.
2085:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2005), 165–170.
1964:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 1997), 105–113.
1898:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 1993), 721–725.
1812:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2005), 193–199.
1670:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2000), 157–163.
1198:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2009), 173–182.
1064:
761:
Figure 8. A Jameson Cell slurry lens being inserted into the top of a downcomer.
744:
a stainless steel adjustable above and in-froth wash water system (see Figure 9)
516:
1575:, Ed. K A Matis (Marcel Dekker: New York, 1995), 331–363. Accessed 24 May 2013.
1196:
Tenth Mill Operators' Conference, Adelaide, South Australia, 12–14 October 2009
456:, also engaged Jameson to undertake test work in its Warrego concentrator near
2812:
2762:
2555:
2494:
2484:
2341:
2282:
2072:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 2003), 53–62.
1480:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 1987), 81–93.
1130:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 1992), 25–31.
1106:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 1991), 45–50.
351:
317:
1821:
1719:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 1997), 3–12.
2654:
2619:
2489:
2373:
2316:
1595:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 1991), 1–6.
1593:
Extractive Metallurgy Conference, Perth, Western Australia, 2–4 October 1991
1476:
G S Lane and R C Dunne, "Column flotation – an Australian perspective," in:
1380:
The 17th International Coal Preparation Congress, Istanbul, 1–6 October 2013
914:
796:
534:
extractant attached themselves to the air bubbles created in the downcomer.
500:
Peko Mines reported a payback on the investment in the Cells of two months.
469:
17:
648:
system reduced the cell installation costs and made the cell more compact.
35:
2141:
Eighth Mill Operators' Conference, Townsville, Queensland, 21–23 July 2003
2115:
11th Mill Operators' Conference 2012, Hobart, Tasmania, 29–31 October 2012
2070:
Eighth Mill Operators' Conference, Townsville, Queensland, 21–23 July 2003
1978:
Personal communication, L Huynh, Jameson Cell Manager, Xstrata Technology.
1128:
The AusIMM Annual Conference, Broken Hill, New South Wales, 17–21 May 1992
902:
in Australia, where 12 Cells treat over 5 million t/y of coal fines.
2782:
2549:
2521:
2346:
1423:
A J Teague and M C Lollback, "The beneficiation of ultrafine phosphate,"
816:
473:
188:
117:
2187:
523:
damaging the cathodes with a subsequent loss of cathode copper quality.
2406:
2383:
2351:
2277:
1519:(The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, 1993).
385:
309:
2787:
2294:
2083:
Centenary of Flotation Symposium, Brisbane, Queensland, 6–9 June 2005
1810:
Centenary of Flotation Symposium, Brisbane, Queensland, 6–9 June 2005
1104:
Fourth Mill Operators' Conference, Burnie, Tasmania, 10–14 March 1991
477:
373:
195:
142:
464:. The objective was to determine the Jameson Cell's performance in
242:
Figure 4. A cut-away drawing showing a typical Jameson Cell design.
2321:
2098:(Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum), 215–234.
2059:(Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum), 333–346.
831:
772:
756:
718:
650:
631:
504:
Electrolyte cleaning in solvent extraction – electrowinning plants
365:, and it had to be sold to zinc smelters using the more-expensive
237:
225:
206:
205:
199:
184:
127:
76:
305:
solutions to remedy the situation, if these could be identified.
2792:
2046:"Removal of organic carbon with a Jameson Cell at Red Dog mine,"
1878:(Hayes Publishing Company: Sherwood, Queensland, 1993), 227–314.
1730:
39th Annual AMIRA Technical Meeting, Adelaide, 11 September 1997
2191:
2267:
850:
stainless steel quick-release clamps in the downcomer assembly
847:
clamping of the slurry lens onto the downcomer (see Figure 10)
29:
589:
The original Jameson Cell design had the following features:
430:, also owned by MIM Holdings Limited. This fines stream was
996:
The Jameson Cell reportedly has the following advantages:
1996:"Secondary recovery of bitumen using Jameson downcomers,"
1876:
Process Principles in Minerals & Materials Production
1619:
Coal Prep '97, Lexington, Kentucky, 29 April – 1 May 1997
1458:
SME Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, 24–27 February 1987
625:
increased depth of tank from the bottom of the downcomer
750:
air-isolating slurry-eliminating valves ("AISE valves")
496:
ease of operation and lower expected maintenance costs.
735:
a new slurry lens orifice design (see Figures 7 and 8)
487:
metallurgical performance during pilot plant test work
1491:
Mineral Processing Plant Design, Practice and Control
1445:
Mineral Processing Plant Design, Practice and Control
1313:
B A Firth, "Australian coal flotation practice," in:
844:
a flexible hose for easier alignment of the downcomer
640:
These changes resulted in a higher capacity design.
2775:
2738:
2725:
2698:
2645:
2632:
2602:
2564:
2520:
2507:
2440:
2394:
2332:
2250:
2237:
1162:M F Young, K E Barnes, G S Anderson and J D Pease,
613:
the downcomer diameter was increased to 280 mm
808:to try to recover some of the remaining bitumen.
251:much thicker than the diameter of the particles.
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
616:wash-water trays were included for froth washing
490:lower capital expenditure and installation costs
1683:, (Angus and Robertson: Sydney, 1960), 182–191.
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1126:G J Jameson, "Flotation cell development," in:
976:flotation performance of the coarse particles.
723:Figure 7. The Jameson Cell Mark IV slurry lens.
1956:
1954:
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1940:
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1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1527:
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1067:had a payback of between two and seven months.
549:duties. The installation by Phelps Dodge (now
2203:
1711:
1709:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1098:
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1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
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1082:
1080:
853:long-lasting rubber flaps in the AISE valves.
452:Also in 1989, Peko Mines, then a division of
100:cell that was invented by Laureate Professor
8:
2044:T Smith, D Lin, B Lacouture and G Anderson,
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1158:
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765:The earlier models of the Jameson Cell used
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572:("HDPE") construction with seven elements.
493:shorter construction and installation times
414:of the lead particles decreased over time.
392:Inception and early development (1985–1990)
2735:
2642:
2517:
2247:
2210:
2196:
2188:
2180:"Minimal Maintenance – High Availability."
1756:
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1362:
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628:increased distance between the downcomers.
2108:
2106:
2104:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1909:"Jameson Cell – Rising to the Challenge."
1844:
1842:
1613:M F Carretta, J N Graham and W J Dawson,
1567:G M Evans, B W Atkinson and G J Jameson,
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
770:formation that improved air entrainment.
747:automated air and wash water flow control
741:a new design flat plate bubble dispersers
2040:
2038:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
1531:G Harbort, J Cowburn and E V Manlapig,
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1076:
799:industry for the flotation of bitumen.
593:small (200 mm diameter) downcomers
1238:Flotation Plants – Are They Optimized?
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1974:
1972:
1970:
230:Figure 3. The Jameson Cell downcomer.
7:
753:a bottom-fed new slurry distributor.
622:conical bubble dispersers were added
568:-lined steel, and then changed to a
483:Peko Mines' decision was based on:
106:University of Newcastle (Australia)
2167:"Easy to tune – quick to respond."
863:Base and precious metals flotation
108:and developed in conjunction with
25:
2231:Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
1994:O Neiman, B Hilscher and R Siy,
1822:"TUNRA Bulk Solids – Who We Are."
1573:Flotation Science and Engineering
1489:G Dobby, "Column Flotation," in:
738:a new design downcomer and nozzle
27:Machinery for processing minerals
1393:Advances in Flotation Technology
1315:Advances in Flotation Technology
1031:fast response to process changes
702:provided a power saving of 18%.
112:Limited ("MIM", a subsidiary of
34:
2154:"Accurate design and scale-up."
165:, where yields can exceed 80%.
48:may be too short to adequately
541:Early spread of the technology
454:North Broken Hill Peko Limited
292:Academic research (1969–1990)
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
2584:Bottom-blown oxygen converter
1932:, May–August 1994, C162–C167.
1834:"About Newcastle Innovation."
1302:"Jameson Cell installations,"
710:The Mark III Cell (2000–2008)
153:In contrast to most types of
1336:"Jameson Cell Applications."
580:The Mark II Cell (1994–1999)
1037:rapid start-up and shutdown
345:Trouble in the mill (1980s)
2865:
1025:relatively small footprint
2225:
1001:relatively low energy use
823:The Mark IV Cell (2009– )
570:high-density polyethylene
560:Early design developments
367:Imperial Smelting Process
363:electrolytic zinc process
2310:Underground in soft rock
2305:Underground in hard rock
693:Copper rougher flotation
1621:. Accessed 29 May 2013.
1013:effective froth washing
397:Lead and zinc flotation
286:Imperial College London
2030:Jameson Cell brochure.
1007:high recovery of fines
837:
778:
762:
724:
656:
637:
243:
231:
211:
138:column flotation cells
133:
89:
2638:(by aqueous solution)
2470:Gravity Concentration
2219:Extractive metallurgy
2182:Accessed 7 June 2013.
2169:Accessed 1 July 2013.
2156:Accessed 9 June 2013.
2032:Accessed 2 July 2013.
1836:Accessed 1 June 2013.
1824:Accessed 1 June 2013.
1681:Mines in the Spinifex
1338:Accessed 1 July 2013.
1304:Accessed 29 May 2013.
1300:Xstrata Technology,
1061:short payback periods
1043:low maintenance costs
835:
776:
760:
722:
715:Mark III improvements
660:60 m/h in 1997.
654:
635:
298:Royal School of Mines
241:
229:
209:
131:
120:group of companies).
80:
2839:Industrial processes
2753:Hall–Héroult process
2432:Mechanical screening
2178:Xstrata Technology,
2165:Xstrata Technology,
2152:Xstrata Technology,
2028:Xstrata Technology,
1907:Xstrata Technology,
1425:Minerals Engineering
1334:Xstrata Technology,
858:Current applications
828:Mark IV improvements
602:no bubble dispersers
585:Mark II improvements
178:Operating principles
116:and now part of the
114:MIM Holdings Limited
96:is a high-intensity
2475:Magnetic separation
2422:Cyclonic separation
2243:(by physical means)
2228:Metallurgical assay
1569:"The Jameson Cell,"
1055:low operating costs
971:Phosphate flotation
599:no tailings recycle
528:Black Rock open cut
2834:Chemical equipment
2556:Refractory linings
2427:Gyratory equipment
2239:Mineral processing
2051:2012-03-17 at the
838:
779:
763:
725:
687:potassium chloride
657:
638:
509:Solvent extraction
462:Northern Territory
428:Newlands coal mine
244:
232:
212:
171:solvent extraction
163:metallurgical coal
134:
90:
2821:
2820:
2771:
2770:
2732:
2727:Electrometallurgy
2721:
2720:
2680:Gold chlorination
2639:
2628:
2627:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2465:Jig concentrators
2263:Natural resources
2258:Geological survey
2244:
1460:. Preprint 87-91.
957:Bitumen flotation
900:Curragh coal mine
803:Bitumen flotation
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
2856:
2849:Mining equipment
2736:
2731:(by electricity)
2730:
2713:Pan amalgamation
2685:Gold cyanidation
2675:In situ leaching
2643:
2637:
2518:
2512:
2273:Economic geology
2248:
2242:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2003:
1992:
1979:
1976:
1965:
1958:
1933:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1846:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1611:
1596:
1589:
1576:
1565:
1540:
1529:
1520:
1513:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1432:
1431:, (2012), 52–59.
1421:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1249:
1234:
1217:
1214:
1199:
1192:
1171:
1160:
1131:
1124:
1107:
1100:
1049:low capital cost
1019:easily scaled up
945:Potash flotation
817:Syncrude Limited
790:New applications
681:Potash flotation
672:New applications
551:Freeport-McMoRan
448:Copper flotation
335:Mt Isa Mines Ltd
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2767:
2758:Castner process
2729:
2717:
2694:
2636:
2634:Hydrometallurgy
2624:
2598:
2594:IsaKidd process
2560:
2511:
2499:
2450:Froth flotation
2436:
2390:
2328:
2241:
2233:
2221:
2216:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2053:Wayback Machine
2043:
2036:
2027:
2006:
1993:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1936:
1927:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1612:
1599:
1590:
1579:
1566:
1543:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1435:
1422:
1407:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1252:
1235:
1220:
1215:
1202:
1193:
1174:
1161:
1134:
1125:
1110:
1101:
1078:
1074:
994:
987:
983:
973:
965:
953:
941:
911:
892:
881:cleaner circuit
865:
860:
830:
825:
805:
792:
717:
712:
695:
683:
674:
587:
582:
562:
543:
506:
460:in Australia's
450:
424:
399:
394:
379:
347:
314:surface tension
302:fluid mechanics
294:
282:
180:
126:
110:Mount Isa Mines
98:froth flotation
87:South Australia
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2748:Electrowinning
2744:
2742:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:Parkes process
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:Flash smelting
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2515:
2509:Pyrometallurgy
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2288:Precious metal
2285:
2280:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2171:
2158:
2145:
2132:
2119:
2100:
2087:
2074:
2061:
2034:
2004:
1980:
1966:
1934:
1912:
1900:
1880:
1867:
1854:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1734:
1721:
1685:
1672:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1617:Presented at:
1597:
1577:
1541:
1521:
1495:
1482:
1462:
1449:
1433:
1405:
1384:
1340:
1327:
1306:
1250:
1218:
1200:
1172:
1132:
1108:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
993:
990:
985:
981:
972:
969:
964:
961:
952:
949:
940:
937:
910:
907:
891:
890:Coal flotation
888:
887:
886:
882:
878:
874:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
848:
845:
829:
826:
824:
821:
804:
801:
791:
788:
767:orifice plates
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
716:
713:
711:
708:
694:
691:
682:
679:
673:
670:
630:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
607:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
586:
583:
581:
578:
561:
558:
542:
539:
513:electrowinning
505:
502:
498:
497:
494:
491:
488:
449:
446:
423:
422:Coal flotation
420:
412:hydrophobicity
398:
395:
393:
390:
377:
346:
343:
293:
290:
281:
278:
179:
176:
155:flotation cell
125:
122:
102:Graeme Jameson
83:Prominent Hill
73:
72:
66:September 2021
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2861:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Patio process
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2690:Bayer process
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:Tank leaching
2668:
2666:
2665:Dump leaching
2663:
2661:
2660:Heap leaching
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Zinc smelting
2538:
2536:
2535:Lead smelting
2533:
2531:
2530:Iron smelting
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2442:Concentration
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:0-87335-184-3
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:0-87335-184-3
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:0-87335-124-X
1243:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
991:
989:
977:
970:
968:
962:
960:
958:
950:
948:
946:
938:
936:
933:
929:
927:
922:
918:
916:
908:
906:
903:
901:
896:
889:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:
869:
862:
857:
852:
849:
846:
843:
842:
841:
834:
827:
822:
820:
818:
814:
809:
802:
800:
798:
789:
787:
783:
775:
771:
768:
759:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
721:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
692:
690:
688:
680:
678:
671:
669:
665:
661:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
611:
610:
605:low capacity.
604:
601:
598:
596:no wash water
595:
592:
591:
590:
584:
579:
577:
573:
571:
567:
559:
557:
554:
552:
546:
540:
538:
535:
531:
529:
524:
520:
518:
514:
510:
503:
501:
495:
492:
489:
486:
485:
484:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:Tennant Creek
455:
447:
445:
442:
438:
436:
433:
429:
421:
419:
415:
413:
407:
403:
396:
391:
389:
387:
381:
375:
370:
368:
364:
359:
355:
353:
344:
342:
339:
336:
332:
326:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
303:
299:
291:
289:
287:
279:
277:
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
240:
236:
228:
224:
220:
216:
208:
204:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
177:
175:
172:
166:
164:
158:
156:
151:
149:
145:
144:
139:
130:
123:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
88:
84:
79:
69:
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2740:Electrolysis
2700:Amalgamation
2455:Jameson cell
2454:
2412:Hydrocyclone
2174:
2161:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2056:
1999:
1961:
1929:
1903:
1895:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1849:
1829:
1817:
1809:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1662:
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1635:
1626:
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1592:
1572:
1536:
1516:
1490:
1485:
1477:
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1452:
1444:
1428:
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1000:
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978:
974:
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954:
942:
934:
930:
923:
919:
912:
909:SX–EW plants
904:
897:
893:
866:
839:
813:Shell Canada
810:
806:
793:
786:downcomers.
784:
780:
764:
730:
726:
704:
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684:
675:
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608:
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574:
566:polyurethane
563:
555:
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331:Renison Bell
327:
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167:
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147:
141:
135:
124:Introduction
94:Jameson Cell
93:
91:
63:
47:
45:lead section
18:Jameson Cell
2776:Co-products
2610:Calcination
2574:Cupellation
2490:Dry washing
2479:Magnetation
2402:Ore sorting
2367:Pebble mill
2334:Comminution
1679:G Blainey,
1065:Telfer Mine
926:Olympic Dam
873:concentrate
517:electrolyte
318:shear rates
276:downcomer.
2844:Metallurgy
2828:Categories
2813:Stamp sand
2763:Downs cell
2495:Buddle pit
2485:Rocker box
2342:Stamp mill
2283:Base metal
2251:Extraction
1072:References
992:Advantages
576:standard.
352:sphalerite
2655:Lixiviant
2620:Liquation
2513:(by heat)
2374:Ball mill
2317:Recycling
1874:P Hayes,
951:Oil sands
917:streams.
915:raffinate
797:oil sands
470:magnetite
50:summarize
2783:Tailings
2647:Leaching
2615:Roasting
2566:Refining
2550:ISASMELT
2522:Smelting
2379:Rod mill
2362:SAG mill
2347:Arrastra
2049:Archived
963:Iron ore
474:hematite
466:cleaning
435:overflow
386:spargers
322:entrains
189:tailings
118:Glencore
85:mine in
2808:Red mud
2798:Clinker
2552:furnace
2460:Panning
2417:Trommel
2407:Vanning
2384:IsaMill
2357:AG mill
2352:Crusher
2300:Surface
2278:Mineral
432:cyclone
310:microns
280:History
104:of the
2788:Gangue
2589:Poling
2395:Sizing
2295:Mining
1399:
1321:
1244:
939:Potash
885:gangue
478:quartz
374:pyrite
196:gangue
143:slurry
2603:Other
2322:Scrap
1429:27–28
982:2>
185:froth
2803:Chat
2793:Slag
2055:in:
1998:in:
1571:In:
1535:in:
1397:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1166:in:
476:and
376:(FeS
148:pulp
92:The
2268:Ore
146:or
2830::
2103:^
2037:^
2007:^
1983:^
1969:^
1937:^
1915:^
1883:^
1841:^
1737:^
1688:^
1600:^
1580:^
1544:^
1524:^
1498:^
1465:^
1436:^
1427:,
1408:^
1343:^
1253:^
1221:^
1203:^
1175:^
1135:^
1111:^
1079:^
519:.
511:–
472:,
200:ÎĽm
191:.
2481:)
2477:(
2211:e
2204:t
2197:v
1732:.
1403:.
1382:.
1325:.
1248:.
986:5
984:O
378:2
68:)
64:(
54:.
20:)
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