404:
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779:
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481:, adopted Catholicism, converted his native people to Christianity and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło in 1386. Subsequently, his descendants held a strong claim to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Lithuanian lords were at first apprehensive about forming a union with Poland. The Lithuanian nobility and minorities feared that merging the two countries would threaten their sovereignty. The Poles were also dissatisfied as the Jagiellonians possessed no blood relations with their predecessors, the
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was conveyed to the people through tax proclamations. In August 1497, tax levies equivalent to 25 per cent of ecclesiastical incomes were demanded from the clergy by
Cardinal Frederick Jagiellon to support his brother. By the summer of 1497, John assembled a strong army numbering some 80,000 men, supported by heavy
631:, known as Callimachus or Kallimach, exercised immense authority and influence over John in his early years and during his reign. He was initially appointed royal advisor and mentor at the behest of Queen Elizabeth. Buonaccorsi was described as more lenient and moderate than Longinus; he amended the syllabus with
1218:, the Moldavians routed the retreating Poles, whose heavy cavalry was unable to charge in thick woodland. The attack led to significant casualties, disorder and a loss of prestige for the Polish army. John eventually agreed to a humiliating peace treaty in 1499 and recognised Stephen as his equal and not as a
1159:
In May 1496, John raised civil taxes to finance the forthcoming campaign. The true motive behind his personal crusade was concealed, and all religious dimensions were excluded. In turn, national defence and preventing an
Ottoman incursion were chosen as the most suitable cause. This false narrative
946:
outlined that the weather conditions were not to blame, as the
January of 1493 appeared relatively warm and dry. The delay may have been attributed to the extensive distance covered (approximately 40–50 kilometres a day), as well as to the festivities and welcoming ceremonies in each town his royal
651:
the government. Buonaccorsi further argued for the strengthening of the king's authority, and asserting an absolute monarchy, at the expense of the nobility and inconspicuously advocated for the split with Rome. His appeal extended beyond politics and diplomacy; he befriended John and remained his
1209:
lasting from 24 September to 19 October curtailed John's ambitions. The Polish army had its supply lines disrupted by the
Moldavian forces and suffered from disease which forced John into bed. The siege of Suceava was lifted after Vladislaus sent a Hungarian army counting some 12,000 men to help
1085:
as bishop. Fearing an escalation, Konrad ordered his men to stand down; paving the way for the
Jagiellons to uphold their claim to Masovia. A year later, Konrad paid homage to John at Piotrków; where, on accusations of insubordination, he was deprived of most holdings and hereditary possessions.
916:. There were changes in conventional practices, for instance, Casimir IV first debated with his close council and then travelled to individual provincial sejmiks. John, on the other hand, called the sejmiks' representatives from across the country to gather and create a single unified assembly.
1502:
noted his "insistence on carnal and affectionless love". Kromer did point out his ambition, occasional wit, and intelligence. He was known to be shrewd and gifted in languages, which assisted him in diplomacy. Privately, he enjoyed banqueting, hunting, and frequent drinking, which encouraged
1205:(now in Romania). His final attempts to halt the Polish advance proved futile. The Moldavian chancellor, sent on a peacekeeping mission to the Polish camp, tried to convince the Poles to withdraw from the country; but John refused and had him confined. The unsuccessful attack on
923:, which would host successive tribunals and parliament sittings long into the 16th century. The Sejm summoned on 18 January, the precise inauguration date is difficult to determine as the king stayed in Kraków until 13 January, and subsequently left for the town of
1314:, John demanded on five occasions that the Teutonic Knights pledge reverence and submission. When Maximilian denounced the Peace of Thorn, asserting that neither the Empire nor the Holy See approved it, John mobilised a force with heavy artillery and set out to
994:, instrumental in coercing the king was a Jewish woman by the name of Rachel, who was the lady-in-waiting to Queen Mother Elizabeth. In 1495, John issued an edict whereby he expelled Jews from Kraków and forcibly relocated them in the adjacent township of
1463:, which stemmed from his education supervised by radical Callimachus. To win support for the Moldavian Campaign, John was compelled to appease the nobility. In 1496, the townspeople were forbidden to own land, and the freedom of movement for
1128:. His primary objective was to forcibly install his younger brother, Sigismund, on the Moldavian throne. Circumstances seemed, moreover, to favour the Poles. In his brother Vladislaus, he found a counterpoise to the machinations of Emperor
1298:
of 1466 and refused to render homage to the Polish Crown. In 1499, he rejected John's request to partake in a Sejm sitting at Piotrków, claiming that his absence stemmed from troubled domestic affairs. He then referred the matter to the
1237:, pillaging the city's environs. Fearing a retaliatory attack by the Moldavians or the Ottoman Empire, John ordered the construction of new defensive fortifications; including what became one of Poland's most recognisable monuments, the
723:
units in the far east was a considerable determinant. Others pointed out his failed intervention in
Hungary against his brother. Personal characteristics made the nobles agitated; although intelligent, John Albert was often described as
990:, lodged their complaints before John Albert in a private audience. John initially held the Jews in contempt and incarcerated leaders of the Jewish community; but was persuaded by Callimachus to release them shortly after. According to
1072:
hurried to secure his disputed succession by sending out troops to fortify
Masovian castles. He failed in deterring Polish ambitions; John soon assembled a small force that marched into Masovia and occupied the ecclesiastical city of
805:. In the end, it was Frederick's personal intervention that secured the crown for John, who was unanimously proclaimed king by an oral ballot amongst the shrieks of nobles on 27 August 1492. A courier carried the news to the
981:
and nearby settlements became engulfed in flames. Commoners began to speculate and blamed the Jews for the inferno. Jewish-owned enterprises and dwellings were then pillaged, soon followed by riots against the city's
691:
was obliged to nominate the King of Poland. These titles could be shared by one individual whose election was confirmed by both assemblies. On his deathbed, Casimir IV requested that John succeed him in the Crown and
507:, strengthened their efforts. Raised abroad, he was initially branded as illegitimate by the Poles and was influenced by the Lithuanian gentry, whom he supported in their calls for a separate state.
1424:
was said to be an allusion to the imperial pretensions of John and the
Jagiellonian dynasty in general. It is widely regarded as the first Renaissance composition in Poland and a breakthrough in
600:) was entrusted by Casimir with tutoring the royal children, including young John. Longinus, a deeply spiritual man, made sure that the princes were raised with great care and in accordance with
1164:. Stephen III attempted to prevent John and the Poles from crossing into Moldavia. Endorsed by Ivan III, he persuaded John's brother Alexander not to partake in the campaign. As reported by the
1307:, permitted Friedrich to aid Poland when called, but insisted that he refrains from searing oath of allegiance to the Polish king, instead maintaining "friendly" and "neighbourly" relations.
4497:, p. 63: "The Moldovan voivode secured significant military support from Hungary – the arrival of a 12,000-strong Transylvanian force convinced the Poles to raise the siege of Suceava"
6216:
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in 1444 enabled
Casimir's lineage and sons to become the potential successors to both titles. John's father was reluctant to accept the Polish crown and only did so when his opponents,
875:, superintended by their upper-class counterparts, which caused much discontent throughout the nobility. A major breakthrough came in 1454, when John's father, Casimir, approved the
793:
An army of 1,600 men was dispatched to counter Janusz and Konrad if their troops resorted to violence. Meanwhile, John preoccupied himself with negotiations and aimed to procure the
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and finally arriving in Piotrków no later than 28 January. It is, widely regarded that John's entourage and the Lesser Polish lords arrived late to the parliament. Historian
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Quarrels between highly-elevated members of state marked the tribunal; it was their course of action that determined the outcome. A considerable threat to the assembly were
778:
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The catastrophic
Moldavian Campaign was a major blunder that psychologically scarred John for life and likely affected his health. He died suddenly on 17 June 1501 in
6138:
1507:. Accounts of John strolling intoxicated in the alleyways of Kraków; and engaging in public brawls cannot be substantially justified due to the lack of evidence.
1510:
During their encounter, Miechowita described John as "tall, brown-eyed, with reddish skin on the face he was quick in movement and girded with a smallsword".
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550:, which was met with hostility from a faction of Hungarian nobles advocating for John Albert. Motivated by the Hungarians, John briefly invaded Hungary to
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Casimir IV was determined to educate all his sons equally and prepare them to assume the role of a monarch. In September 1467, chronicler and historian
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of Poland, was part of that faction but was unable to attend due to poor health. Thereby, the Queen Dowager Elizabeth nominated her acquiescent son,
1451:, John was not easily swayed and held firm views on the matters of state. 19th-century historians called him a "valiant soldier, but no commander".
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The defeat in Moldavia incited raids into Polish territory, largely conducted by Tatars and other irregulars. In July 1498, Turkish marauders of
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Histoire, mémoire et dévotion. Regards croisés sur la construction des identités dans le monde orthodoxe aux époques byzantine et post-byzantine
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5562:(2013). "Legăturile româno-turce de-a lungul veacurilor (până în 1981)". In Gemil, Tasin; Custurea, Gabriel; Cornea, Delia Roxana (eds.).
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1: Aachen, Siege of – Dyrrachium, Siege and Battle of (1081)
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with Hungary against common foes. The brothers pledged mutual assistance and vowed to quell any opposition that undermined their rule.
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Maasing, Madis (2015). "Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia". In Heß, Cordelia; Adams, Jonathan (eds.).
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Cristea, Ovidiu (2016). "Guerre, Histoire et Mémoire en Moldavie au temps d'Étienne le Grand (1457–1504)". In Păun, Radu G. (ed.).
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for the journey, and on 29 June, the funeral cortège left Toruń for the royal capital of Kraków. His heart was embedded inside the
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759:. Janusz's candidacy was endorsed by a strictly covert contingent of conservatives, whose intention was to restore the ancient
351:. The campaign's failure greatly hindered Polish expansion into Southern Europe, preventing any significant further expansion.
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711:. The assembled nobles were to decide which candidate should ascend the throne. John's successful 1487 engagement during the
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John's unconventionally large court was the biggest of any Polish monarch: it numbered around 1,600 knights and courtiers.
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with mediating between the Poles and the Teutonic Knights. However, the negotiations stalled when John died unexpectedly.
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were instructed to regularly visit the tombs of past sovereigns in an attempt to strengthen their allegiance to Poland.
527:
358:, his relatively short reign ended in a major military setback, and he was criticised during his lifetime for embracing
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in 1492. In spite of the conflict, the bond between the two siblings remained unhindered, and Vladislaus made John the
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643:. Radical for the time, many of his ideas and theories were later endorsed by John, such as limiting the power of the
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who led a promiscuous life. Even during his lifetime, John was known to be a notorious womaniser and a dissolute.
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suggested that the relocation was in part voluntary and for the benefit of the Jews who faced persecution from
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to appear before John but sent representatives on his behalf to negotiate. Fearing a major regional conflict,
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and a "blot" on their absolute sovereignty over East-Central Europe. John was a staunch supporter of imposing
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being independent of Poland at the time. In December 1492, John turned to Vladislaus and formed a much needed
617:
500:
616:, and classical literature were part of the rigid curriculum. According to the 16th-century political writer
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Before establishing a long-lasting legislative body of government, the Polish king would summon a so-called
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1148:(1494), the details of the expedition were arranged between the kings of Poland and Hungary and Elector
1113:
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into a single political entity were largely unsuccessful. Nobles of lower social status objected to the
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5878:
1065:
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863:) and prerogatives in return for favours or military support. Earlier attempts at unifying lower-class
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of his ancestral holdings and curtail internal opposition to his rule. In 1497, John Albert launched a
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Church, State and Dynasty in Renaissance Poland. The Career of Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellon (1468–1503)
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Church, state and dynasty in Renaissance Poland: the career of Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellon (1468–1503)
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The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania, Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569
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nobility gathered on the 15th of the same month. He then returned to the capital before departing for
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ruled since the creation of statehood in AD 966. In the wake of Władysław II's death, his eldest son
447:
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226:
222:
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174:
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1170:, the Lithuanian nobles condemned Poland's actions and refused to set foot on Moldavian territory.
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1490:. It is uncertain whether he fathered any illegitimate children; it is evident that the king was a
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Moștenirea culturală turcă în Dobrogea. Simpozion internațional. Constanța, 24 septembrie, 2013
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between the two nations. He was proclaimed the king by an oral ballot orchestrated by Cardinal
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Fear and Loathing in the North. Jews and Muslims in Medieval Scandinavia and the Baltic Region
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and were allied with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Jagiellonians perceived the duchy as a
986:. In the same year, the Jewish inhabitants, jointly with the city council representatives and
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succeeded him in Poland, and his younger son Casimir in Lithuania. Władysław III' fall at the
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The Ottoman Threat and Crusading on the Eastern Border of Christendom during the 15th Century
1358:, where he agreed to negotiate with the Teutonic Knights. The most likely cause of death was
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Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 22 Social and Cultural Boundaries in Pre-Modern Poland
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Młodsza Europa: Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia w kręgu cywilizacji chrześcijańskiej średniowiecza
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Historia Torunia. T. 2, cz. 1, U schyłku średniowiecza i w początkach odrodzenia (1454-1548)
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1475:. This greatly hindered the development of Polish towns and cities in comparison with their
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was abolished. The nobles would profit from the non-migrating peasants tied to the land and
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683:(1413), Lithuania was to elect the Grand Duke by its own independent assembly of nobles in
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530:. Although the mediation between the two failed, the Bohemian Diet elected Vladislaus the
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1362:, though the monarch suffered from other ailments and battle wounds. The king's body was
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were satisfied with the proposition; a cluster of Polish nobility wished to continue the
5745:
Commemorating the Polish renaissance child: funeral monuments and their European context
510:
John's right to the throne came entirely by coincidence, and it was his eldest brother,
382:
the right of expression in the matters of state. Conversely, he limited the movement of
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6513:
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Eșanu, Valentina (2013). "Luca Arbore în misiuni diplomatice ale lui Ștefan cel Mare".
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454:. It was the ambition of John's parents to install one of their sons as Emperor in the
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62:
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Grabarczyk, Tadeusz (2010). "Cosmin Forest, Battle of". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.).
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244:, a plan that ultimately failed. He was well-educated and tutored by scholars such as
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5221:(in Polish). Warszawa: Arx Regia, Ośrodek Wydawniczy Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie.
1499:
1105:
1081:. Cardinal Frederick then prevented local canons from obtaining office and installed
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1144:, John Albert was favourably situated for attacking the Turks. At the conference of
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which had no real authority over the sovereign. Its permanent members comprised the
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John Albert's first months as king were unsettling and marred by insecurities. The
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just less than a month later, on 23 September, by his ailing adversary Oleśnicki.
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5461:(in Lithuanian). translated by Birutė Mikalonienė and Vyturys Jarutis. Vilnius:
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cultivated by the magnates and paved the way for an early parliamentary system.
817:
celebration. The entourage then hurried to the capital, where he was crowned at
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Stephen the Great and Balkan Nationalism: Moldova and Eastern European History
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The ceding of Prussia to Poland as a royal dependency in the aftermath of the
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Demciuc, Vasile M. (2004). "Domnia lui Ștefan cel Mare. Repere cronologice".
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Panowanie Kazimierza Jagiellończyka, króla polskiego i.w. księcia litewskiego
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in favour of Sigismund was met with staunch resistance from the Hungarians.
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following George's death in 1471. Casimir IV's second son and his namesake,
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Jadwiga Zapolya. Piastówna śląska na Węgrzech w dobie panowania Jagiellonów
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In January 1493, the first parliament composed of two chambers convened in
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with their thirteen children, 1506. John Albert is placed between brothers
116:
6129:
5982:. Oxford: The Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature.
319:, he dispatched an army to the electoral proceedings, which alienated the
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in 1501 where the accords were initially signed. Friedrich dismissed the
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still posed a considerable threat and placed his reign in jeopardy, with
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383:
332:
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136:
6342:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 458.
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Proces narodowościowej transformacji Dolnoślązaków do początków XX wieku
1498:
writes that he "indulged in pleasures and desires like a warrior", and
1350:
is the first and earliest example of Renaissance architecture in Poland.
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in Kraków, in one of the dedicated chapels adjacent to the cathedral's
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5305:(in Polish). Vol. Część 1. Warszawa (Warsaw): Gebethner i Wolff.
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John Albert remains a largely forgotten and overlooked figure in the
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by an independent Lithuanian assembly, thus temporarily breaking the
269:
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personally selected by the reigning monarch. Under John Albert, the
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John ascended to the Polish throne in 1492, and his younger brother
292:, but was instead granted the Duchy of Głogów to calm his ambition.
5581:
Gorovei, Ștefan S. (2014). "Mai 1498: Ștefan cel Mare și Polonia".
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to honour his maternal grandfather and in the hope of securing his
6323:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1435:
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256:, John sought to strengthen royal authority at the expense of the
5944:(in Polish). Vol. 2. Polska: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
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Panowanie Jana Olbrachta i Aleksandra Jagiellończyków (1492-1506)
879:; which obligated the monarch to seek advice from the gentry and
252:, whom he had subsequently befriended. Heavily influenced by the
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956:
707:
An electoral tribunal convened on 15 August 1492 in the city of
688:
526:
on the condition that Casimir IV negotiated a peace treaty with
375:
6441:
6065:(in Polish). Polska: Towarzystwo Naukowe "Societas Vistulana".
5783:
Dzieje Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, przez Jędrzejn Moraczewskiego
5281:
Kings as Judges. Power, Justice, and the Origins of Parliaments
1002:. Chroniclers from the period make no mention of an expulsion;
963:
In June 1494, a fire broke out in Kraków during the visit of a
221:
from 1491 to 1498. He was the fourth Polish sovereign from the
755:, escorted a company of 1,000 hardline soldiers sent from the
6021:
Sparks amidst the ashes: the spiritual legacy of Polish Jewry
704:
between the two countries and initially opted for Alexander.
546:
and died in 1484. Six years later, Vladislaus was proclaimed
1197:
then sent reinforcements of about 600 men mostly comprising
883:(regional land councils) before taking action. According to
438:. He was one of thirteen children and the third son born to
5263:(in Polish). Polska: Towarzystwo Naukowe & Napoleon V.
6276:
Wierzbicki, Piotr; Spórna, Marcin; Wygonik, Edyta (2003).
5089:(in Polish). Vol. 2. Warsaw (Warszawa): A. Brzezina.
1271:
caused great animosity between the Teutonic State and the
1057:
into Poland's spheres of influence, including Masovia and
813:, which brought great joy to the townsfolk and prompted a
1132:, who in 1492 had concluded an alliance against him with
736:
magnates voiced their support for John's younger brother
6278:
Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego
847:
and parliamentary tendencies in Poland date back to the
6183:(in Polish). Vol. 2. Kraków: "Czas" Publications.
5863:(in Polish). Warszawa: Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza.
3288:
3192:
6086:(in Polish). Lwów (Lemberg): Dobrzański & Groman.
5624:
Crusading in the fifteenth century: message and impact
5343:(in Polish). Kraków: "Czas" W. Kirchmayer, F. Czerny.
1189:
The Polish army marched across the river Dniester and
514:, who was destined to inherit Poland and Lithuania by
6236:
Teller, Adam; Teter, Magda; Polonsky, Antony (2022).
6006:(in Polish). Warsaw (Warszawa): Wydawnictwo Sejmowe.
5421:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Instytut Wydaw. Pax.
5199:
Jan Długosz; jego życie i stanowisko w piśmiennictwie
635:, sports and ancient studies concerning the works of
5960:
Meandry kultury czyli Galimatias nie tylko krakowski
5669:(in Polish). Polska: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
3480:
3468:
1294:. Unlike his predecessor, Friedrich disregarded the
522:
pledged to make Vladislaus his heir in neighbouring
6920:
6872:
6849:
6825:
6804:
6659:
6594:
6566:
6475:
6041:
Słownik najsłynniejszych wodzów i dowódców polskich
5709:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Gebethner i Wolff.
4065:
240:, John Albert was groomed to become emperor in the
190:
180:
170:
158:
143:
126:
110:
106:
96:
86:
76:
68:
61:
41:
5173:(in Polish). Toruń: Society of Arts and Sciences.
5146:(in Polish). Toruń: Society of Arts and Sciences.
998:, which became one of Poland's primary centres of
6301:(in Polish). Polska: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza.
6124:. Wrocław: Ossolineum, Polska Akademia Nauk PAN.
5202:(in Polish). Kraków: Wydawn. K. Przeździeckiego.
4781:
1260:, who refused to pay homage to John. Portrait by
1033:John desired to assert royal power over Poland's
448:Albert II, Duke of Austria and King of the Romans
5883:Stephen the Great, Prince of Moldavia, 1457–1504
3384:
3372:
3360:
951:on taxation and closed the assembly on 3 March.
6221:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Świat Książki.
887:, the statutes acted as a counterweight to the
604:. During their childhood, John and his brother
5260:Siły zbrojne w wołoskiej wojnie Jana Olbrachta
5242:(in Polish). Wrocław: Uniwersytet Wrocławski.
5196:Bobrzyński, Michał; Smolka, Stanisław (1893).
947:cortège passed. On 2 March, the king issued a
740:, distinguished by his intellect and presumed
728:and intolerably arrogant. In consequence, the
458:. Thus, he received the second name Albert at
366:the government. He is credited for creating a
6453:
6083:O tronie elekcyjnym domu Jagiellonów w Polsce
5722:Kubinyi, András (2002). Kristó, Gyula (ed.).
5442:(in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie.
5108:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Józef Unger.
4745:
3156:
789:, who contributed to John's election in 1492.
652:most trusted courtier until he died in 1496.
554:the title but was defeated by his brother at
477:ruler of Lithuania who, upon the marriage to
8:
5171:Bazylika Katedralna Świętych Janów w Toruniu
4470:
3252:
3240:
1068:died heirless in February 1495, his brother
7000:indicates monarch of questioned historicity
6280:(in Polish). Polska: Wydawn. Zielona Sowa.
6143:(in Polish). Polska Akademia Umiejętności.
5941:Studia i materiały z dziejów nauki polskiej
5804:(in Polish). Poland: Ossoliński Institute.
5169:Biskup, Marian; Domasłowski, Jerzy (2003).
5127:(in Polish). Poznań: Podsiedlik-Raniowski.
4841:
4721:
4709:
4697:
4685:
4673:
4661:
4649:
4637:
4625:
3813:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3765:
3717:
3683:
3636:
3612:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3540:
1486:John never married and remained a lifelong
1326:, and John's brother-in-law by marriage to
27:For other monarchs with similar names, see
6460:
6446:
6438:
6347:
5019:
4876:
4864:
4613:
4601:
4529:
4518:
4482:
4456:
4420:
4384:
4372:
4348:
4312:
4180:
4145:
4134:
4099:
4088:
4077:
3706:
3695:
3672:
3444:
3276:
3264:
3108:
1530:
1521:
1370:, but its exact location remains unknown.
38:
5400:(in Polish). Poznań: Wydawn. Poznańskie.
5284:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4924:
4912:
4900:
4888:
4466:
4464:
3516:
3504:
3432:
3120:
3096:
1373:John was laid to rest on 28 July 1501 at
1201:who joined Stephen's forces stationed at
775:, to lead the proceedings in his stead.
5906:(in Polish). Polska: Gebethner i Wolff.
5606:. Oxford University Press. p. 434.
5538:Gassendi, Pierre; Thill, Oliver (2002).
5463:Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras
5124:Encyklopedia Polska 2000. Poczet władców
4204:
3204:
1245:Dispute with Teutonic Knights, 1499–1501
1100:John desired to pose as the champion of
6164:(in Polish). Kraków: Kluczycki "Czas".
5067:
4995:
4983:
4971:
4947:
4936:
4853:
4589:
4577:
4565:
4506:
4444:
4432:
4408:
4360:
4324:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4053:
4041:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3969:
3753:
3741:
3729:
3660:
3648:
3624:
3600:
3588:
3528:
3408:
3396:
3312:
3228:
3132:
3065:
1108:, whilst regaining lost ports near the
311:. To secure his succession against the
213:; 27 December 1459 – 17 June 1501) was
6102:The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795
5919:Pilat, Liviu; Cristea, Ovidiu (2018).
5644:"Synowie Kazimierza IV Jagiellończyka"
5362:. New York: Cornell University Press.
4959:
4817:
4793:
4769:
4494:
3168:
3084:
3072:
2369:
2249:
2245:
2233:
2125:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1889:
1775:
1771:
1759:
1654:
1543:
1539:
1535:
323:. He later invaded Masovia to deprive
264:. In 1487, he led a force against the
6258:Europe in Renaissance and Reformation
6140:Europa między Italią a Polską i Litwą
6023:. New York: Oxford University Press.
5055:
5043:
5031:
5007:
4829:
4757:
4733:
4553:
4541:
4396:
4336:
4300:
4216:
4192:
4168:
4156:
4122:
4110:
3849:
3837:
3825:
3492:
3456:
3420:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3300:
3289:Wierzbicki, Spórna & Wygonik 2003
3216:
3193:Wierzbicki, Spórna & Wygonik 2003
3180:
3144:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
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2987:
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2701:
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2615:
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2603:
2601:
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2413:
2403:
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2315:
2311:
2299:
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2267:
2257:
2253:
2227:
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2201:
2191:
2187:
2175:
2169:
2159:
2143:
2133:
2129:
2113:
2107:
2097:
2081:
2071:
2067:
2055:
2049:
2039:
2023:
2013:
2009:
1981:
1971:
1959:
1949:
1945:
1933:
1930:
1920:
1907:
1897:
1893:
1877:
1871:
1861:
1848:
1838:
1834:
1822:
1819:
1809:
1793:
1783:
1779:
1753:
1743:
1730:
1720:
1716:
1704:
1698:
1688:
1672:
1662:
1658:
1642:
1635:
1625:
1609:
1599:
1595:
1583:
1577:
1567:
1551:
1547:
1385:red-marble headstone with the king's
1177:John ordered the construction of the
859:, granting the nobility concessions (
624:which was encouraged by his father.
542:in Poland, however, he fell ill with
469:Paternally, John was the grandson of
446:. His mother was the second child of
426:John was born on 27 December 1459 at
7:
6080:Stadnicki, Hrabia Kazimierz (1880).
5980:Humanism in fifteenth-century Europe
5728:(in Hungarian). Szukits Könyvkiadó.
4805:
3957:
3945:
3933:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3861:
1440:An 18th-century portrait of John by
1210:Stephen. A truce was signed. At the
579:Night adventures of John Albert and
505:Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg
6044:(in Polish). Polska: Zielona Sowa.
5842:. Routledge: Taylor & Francis.
5785:(in Polish). Poznań: N. Kamieński.
5706:Wizerunki książąt i królów polskich
5627:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
5439:Jagiellnowie. Leksykon biograficzny
5322:. La Pomme d'or. pp. 305–344.
5219:Herkules i Dawid z rodu Jagiellonów
1152:. However, John's plan to dethrone
912:slowly transformed itself into the
347:in favour of John Albert's brother
7070:Pretenders to the Hungarian throne
6137:Święch-Płonka, Małgorzata (2004).
6105:. University of Washington Press.
5724:Magyarország vegyes házi királyai
5541:The Life of Copernicus (1473-1543)
1479:counterparts, and resulted in low
1455:emphasized the king's interest in
1014:Intervention in Masovia, 1495–1496
627:The Italian humanist and diplomat
566:for life to satisfy his ambition.
25:
6255:Thomson, Samuel Harrison (1963).
5703:Kraszewski, Józef Ignacy (1888).
4066:Teller, Teter & Polonsky 2022
6316:
5766:. De Gruyter. pp. 347–388.
5688:. London: Barrie & Jenkins.
5359:Poland. The First Thousand Years
1305:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
1286:, the Teutonic Order proclaimed
47:
6261:. Harcourt, Brace & World.
6240:. Liverpool: University Press.
6202:. Kraków: "Czas" Publications.
5747:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
1471:-based manorial estates called
1269:Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)
1185:-instigated retaliatory attack.
1090:Invasion of Moldavia, 1497–1499
1045:rulers held closer ties to the
696:in the Grand Duchy. Lithuanian
288:Hungary from his elder brother
29:John of Poland (disambiguation)
7075:Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503)
6161:Historya polska. Z mapą Polski
6122:Poland, the Land of Copernicus
5356:Dabrowski, Patrice M. (2014).
2270:Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
1675:Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver
1503:chroniclers to brand him as a
1420:. The tomb's resemblance to a
1096:Moldavian Campaign (1497–1499)
904:— trusted courtiers and loyal
713:Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503)
434:, which served as the seat of
276:during the early phase of the
1:
5938:Polska Akademia Nauk (1954).
5781:Moraczewski, Jędrzej (1862).
5278:Boucoyannis, Deborah (2021).
4782:Biskup & Domasłowski 2003
3045:History of Poland (1385–1569)
2296:Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
452:Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
72:27 August 1492 – 17 June 1501
53:John Albert's tomb effigy at
7035:16th-century Polish monarchs
7030:15th-century Polish monarchs
6985:Stanisław August Poniatowski
6199:Dzieje Polski: Jagiellonowie
6120:Suchodolski, Bogdan (1973).
5836:Nowakowska, Natalia (2017).
5817:Nowakowska, Natalia (2007).
5798:Nadolski, Bronisław (1961).
5650:(in Polish). Wielka Historia
5566:. Top Form. pp. 33–80.
5457:Duczmal, Małgorzata (2012).
5436:Duczmal, Małgorzata (1996).
3385:Bobrzyński & Smolka 1893
3373:Bobrzyński & Smolka 1893
3361:Bobrzyński & Smolka 1893
1432:Personal life and assessment
840:Creation of parliament, 1493
528:Matthias Corvinus of Hungary
378:, which granted lower-class
6960:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
6701:Władysław III Spindleshanks
6295:Wyczański, Andrzej (1987).
6019:Sherwin, Byron Lee (1997).
5523:. Oxford University Press.
5337:Czerny, Franciszek (1871).
2751:Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg
2026:Albert III, Duke of Austria
1389:and ledger was sculpted by
1233:and reached as far west as
1212:Battle of the Cosmin Forest
1029:and John Albert's adversary
450:, and the granddaughter of
399:Birth and family background
217:from 1492 to his death and
7091:
7065:Burials at Wawel Cathedral
5963:(in Polish). Kraków: WAM.
5857:Olkiewicz, Joanna (1981).
5686:The Architecture of Poland
5663:Kłoczowski, Jerzy (1998).
5415:Dobraczyński, Jan (1970).
5257:Borzemski, Antoni (1928).
2390:Hermann II, Count of Celje
2363:
2247:
2239:
2119:
2052:Albert IV, Duke of Austria
2003:
1999:
1883:
1773:
1765:
1648:
1541:
1537:
1525:Ancestors of John I Albert
1483:rates across the country.
1150:John Cicero of Brandenburg
1093:
612:and German, law, history,
321:higher nobles and magnates
280:. In the aftermath of the
26:
6993:
6791:Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania
6670:Senior or Supreme Princes
6426:
6417:
6409:
6399:
6390:
6382:
6377:
6350:
6099:Stone, Daniel Z. (2014).
6059:Sroka, Stanisław (2005).
5885:. Editura Enciclopedică.
5480:Eagles, Jonathan (2014).
5236:Bokajło, Wiesław (1993).
5217:Boczkowska, Anna (1993).
5083:Albertrandy, Jan (1827).
4746:Gassendi & Thill 2002
3481:Polska Akademia Nauk 1954
3469:Polska Akademia Nauk 1954
2963:
2961:
2929:
2927:
2904:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2554:
2520:
2433:
2425:
2397:
2375:
2371:
2335:
2313:
2305:
2277:
2255:
2251:
2211:
2189:
2181:
2153:
2146:Albert I, Duke of Bavaria
2131:
2127:
2091:
2069:
2061:
2033:
2011:
2007:
1965:
1947:
1939:
1914:
1895:
1891:
1855:
1836:
1828:
1803:
1781:
1777:
1737:
1718:
1710:
1682:
1660:
1656:
1619:
1597:
1589:
1561:
1545:
1330:, entrusted the Catholic
1262:Lucas Cranach the Younger
857:1374 Privilege of Koszyce
362:as well as attempting to
339:, establish control over
46:
6786:Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca
6215:Szwarc, Andrzej (2007).
6180:Dzieła Józefa Szujskiego
5900:Papée, Fryderyk (1936).
5621:Housley, Norman (2004).
5544:. Fairfax: Xulon Press.
5397:Słownik władców polskich
4471:Pilat & Cristea 2018
2876:Vladislaus II of Hungary
2740:Ladislaus the Posthumous
2172:Joanna Sophia of Bavaria
1849:21. Agrypina of Smolensk
669:John on an excerpt from
620:, John was subjected to
466:to the Imperial throne.
6766:Dukes of Greater Poland
6339:Encyclopædia Britannica
6196:Szujski, Józef (n.d.).
6177:Szujski, Józef (1894).
6158:Szujski, Józef (1889).
6038:Spórna, Marcin (2006).
5801:Wybór mów staropolskich
5743:Labno, Jeannie (2011).
5642:Janicki, Kamil (2021).
5142:Biskup, Marian (1992).
4339:, pp. 137–138, 140
4303:, pp. 137–138, 140
2703:Władysław III of Poland
2558:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
2354:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
1731:19. Anastasia of Halych
1453:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
1414:Basilica of Santa Croce
970:. Panic arose when the
803:Prince-Bishop of Warmia
679:In accordance with the
301:Grand Duke of Lithuania
7050:Polish Roman Catholics
6970:Augustus II the Strong
6887:Władysław III of Varna
6771:Dukes of Little Poland
6676:Władysław II the Exile
6631:Casimir I the Restorer
6625:Bolesław the Forgotten
5978:Rundle, David (2012).
5957:Rożek, Michał (2008).
5860:Kallimach doświadczony
5821:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
5394:Dobosz, Józef (1999).
5121:Biber, Tomasz (2000).
5102:Benni, Herman (1876).
2328:Elizabeth of Pomerania
1444:
1408:and archway, based on
1351:
1324:George, Duke of Saxony
1264:
1186:
1030:
959:from Kraków, 1494–1495
790:
763:on the Polish throne.
676:
589:
538:, then became the new
423:
282:Bohemian–Hungarian War
210:
6912:Sigismund II Augustus
6882:Władysław II Jagiełło
6859:Louis I the Hungarian
6841:Casimir III the Great
6736:Bolesław V the Chaste
6711:Mieszko IV Tanglefoot
6681:Bolesław IV the Curly
6651:Bolesław III Wrymouth
6558:Piast the Wheelwright
3020:Sigismund II Augustus
2516:Władysław II Jagiełło
2084:Beatrice of Nuremberg
1931:11. Aleksandra Drucka
1638:Władysław II Jagiełło
1439:
1397:. From 1502 to 1505,
1345:
1296:Second Peace of Thorn
1256:, Grandmaster of the
1252:
1176:
1021:
781:
668:
618:Stanisław Orzechowski
577:
558:in 1491 and again at
501:Bolesław IV of Warsaw
406:
394:Early life, 1459–1492
386:by confining them to
7060:Jagiellonian dynasty
7055:Nobility from Kraków
6955:John II Casimir Vasa
6874:Jagiellonian dynasty
6836:Władysław I Łokietek
6636:Bolesław II the Bold
6609:Bolesław I the Brave
5684:Knox, Brian (1971).
5299:Breza, Adam (1891).
2729:Elizabeth of Austria
2551:Albert II of Germany
2230:Elizabeth of Austria
2110:Albert II of Germany
1820:10. Andrew Olshansky
1756:Casimir IV Jagiellon
1442:Marcello Bacciarelli
1399:Francesco Fiorentino
1193:in August 1497. The
1120:) and strengthening
972:Church of Saint Mark
885:Aleksander Gieysztor
877:Statutes of Nieszawa
797:vote by recognising
518:. This changed when
440:Casimir IV Jagiellon
368:bicameral parliament
284:, John attempted to
231:Elizabeth of Austria
223:Jagiellonian dynasty
185:Elizabeth of Austria
175:Casimir IV of Poland
6907:Sigismund I the Old
6851:Capet-Anjou dynasty
6741:Leszek II the Black
6731:Bolesław the Horned
6691:Casimir II the Just
6686:Mieszko III the Old
6218:Kto rządził Polską?
4327:, pp. 315, 319
4171:, pp. 280, 281
2989:Louis II of Hungary
1908:22. Dmitry of Druck
1426:Polish architecture
1312:Jędrzej Moraczewski
1288:Frederick of Saxony
1282:After the death of
1254:Frederick of Saxony
1227:Malkoçoğlu Bali Bey
1167:Bychowiec Chronicle
1037:, most notably the
873:judiciary practices
787:Frederick Jagiellon
773:Frederick Jagiellon
694:Alexander Jagiellon
629:Filippo Buonaccorsi
622:corporal punishment
520:George of Poděbrady
343:ports and dethrone
309:Frederick Jagiellon
254:Italian Renaissance
139:, Kingdom of Poland
6945:Sigismund III Vasa
6796:Dukes of Pomerania
6726:Henry II the Pious
6641:Władysław I Herman
6619:Mieszko II Lambert
6469:Monarchs of Poland
6357:House of Jagiellon
5879:Papacostea, Șerban
4879:, pp. 226–228
4652:, pp. 207–208
4640:, pp. 207–208
4628:, pp. 206–207
3756:, pp. 153–154
3732:, pp. 153–154
3447:, pp. 217–218
3387:, pp. 124–125
3375:, pp. 124–125
3157:Święch-Płonka 2004
3111:, pp. 259–264
2524:Sophia of Halshany
2448:Anna of Schaunberg
1874:Sophia of Halshany
1445:
1352:
1265:
1187:
1134:Ivan III of Russia
1031:
791:
765:Zbigniew Oleśnicki
749:Janusz II of Płock
677:
672:Chronica Polonorum
590:
444:Elizabeth Habsburg
424:
412:Elizabeth Habsburg
278:Polish–Ottoman War
7007:
7006:
6965:John III Sobieski
6950:Władysław IV Vasa
6922:Elective monarchy
6806:Přemyslid dynasty
6721:Henry the Bearded
6436:
6435:
6427:Succeeded by
6400:Succeeded by
5930:978-90-04-27885-1
5773:978-3-11-034647-3
5648:wielkahistoria.pl
5613:978-0-19-533403-6
5573:978-606-8550-08-4
5491:978-1-78076-353-8
5379:Codrul Cosminului
5329:978-2-9557042-0-2
5302:Literatura polska
3253:Dobraczyński 1970
3241:Dobraczyński 1970
3050:Piotrków Statutes
3035:
3034:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2204:Margaret of Brieg
1496:Maciej Miechowita
1403:Early Renaissance
1332:Bishop of Meissen
1328:Barbara Jagiellon
1284:Johann von Tiefen
1079:primary bishopric
937:Antoni Walawender
845:Constitutionalism
834:military alliance
689:Polish Crown Diet
594:Johannes Longinus
479:Jadwiga of Poland
456:Holy Roman Empire
370:, comprising the
356:history of Poland
335:to uphold Polish
315:princes from the
268:and defeated the
246:Johannes Longinus
242:Holy Roman Empire
238:House of Habsburg
200:
199:
121:Kingdom of Poland
82:23 September 1492
16:(Redirected from
7082:
6781:Dukes of Kuyavia
6776:Dukes of Masovia
6761:Dukes of Silesia
6746:Henryk IV Probus
6706:Władysław Odonic
6696:Leszek the White
6462:
6455:
6448:
6439:
6410:Preceded by
6383:Preceded by
6373:
6366:
6365:27 December 1459
6348:
6343:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6312:
6291:
6272:
6251:
6232:
6211:
6192:
6173:
6154:
6133:
6116:
6095:
6076:
6055:
6034:
6015:
6005:
6000:Przegląd Sejmowy
5993:
5974:
5953:
5934:
5915:
5896:
5874:
5853:
5832:
5813:
5794:
5777:
5758:
5739:
5718:
5699:
5680:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5638:
5617:
5598:
5577:
5555:
5534:
5512:
5495:
5476:
5453:
5432:
5418:Rozdarty kościół
5411:
5390:
5373:
5352:
5333:
5314:
5295:
5274:
5253:
5232:
5213:
5192:
5165:
5138:
5117:
5098:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4842:Suchodolski 1973
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4760:, pp. 32–33
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4736:, pp. 32–33
4731:
4725:
4722:Moraczewski 1862
4719:
4713:
4710:Moraczewski 1862
4707:
4701:
4698:Moraczewski 1862
4695:
4689:
4686:Moraczewski 1862
4683:
4677:
4674:Moraczewski 1862
4671:
4665:
4662:Moraczewski 1862
4659:
4653:
4650:Moraczewski 1862
4647:
4641:
4638:Moraczewski 1862
4635:
4629:
4626:Moraczewski 1862
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4315:, pp. 65–66
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4044:, pp. 61–62
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3924:, pp. 84–85
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3888:, pp. 83–84
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3814:Boucoyannis 2021
3811:
3805:
3802:Boucoyannis 2021
3799:
3793:
3790:Boucoyannis 2021
3787:
3781:
3778:Boucoyannis 2021
3775:
3769:
3766:Boucoyannis 2021
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3718:Albertrandy 1827
3715:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3684:Albertrandy 1827
3681:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3637:Albertrandy 1827
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3613:Albertrandy 1827
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3577:Albertrandy 1827
3574:
3568:
3565:Albertrandy 1827
3562:
3556:
3553:Albertrandy 1827
3550:
3544:
3541:Albertrandy 1827
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3519:, pp. 37–40
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3459:, pp. 69–70
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3303:, pp. 34–35
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3183:, pp. 23–24
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3147:, pp. 23–24
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
2508:
2507:
2416:Barbara of Cilli
1531:
1522:
1477:Western European
1391:Stanisław Stwosz
1338:Death and burial
1191:invaded Moldavia
1059:Monastic Prussia
1039:Duchy of Masovia
984:Jewish community
980:
945:
914:Senate of Poland
849:Late Middle Ages
799:Lucas Watzenrode
757:Duchy of Masovia
751:and his brother
681:Union of Horodło
656:Reign, 1492–1501
329:personal crusade
317:Duchy of Masovia
133:
114:27 December 1459
51:
39:
21:
7090:
7089:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7045:Dukes of Głogów
7040:Kings of Poland
7010:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6989:
6940:Stephen Báthory
6930:Henry of Valois
6916:
6868:
6845:
6821:
6800:
6662:
6655:
6590:
6562:
6471:
6466:
6432:
6423:
6415:
6405:
6396:
6388:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6353:
6346:
6332:, ed. (1911). "
6328:
6317:
6315:
6309:
6294:
6288:
6275:
6269:
6254:
6248:
6235:
6229:
6214:
6195:
6176:
6157:
6151:
6136:
6119:
6113:
6098:
6079:
6073:
6058:
6052:
6037:
6031:
6018:
6003:
5996:
5990:
5977:
5971:
5956:
5937:
5931:
5918:
5899:
5893:
5877:
5871:
5856:
5850:
5835:
5829:
5816:
5797:
5780:
5774:
5761:
5755:
5742:
5736:
5721:
5702:
5696:
5683:
5677:
5662:
5653:
5651:
5641:
5635:
5620:
5614:
5601:
5580:
5574:
5558:
5552:
5537:
5531:
5515:
5498:
5492:
5484:. I.B. Tauris.
5479:
5473:
5456:
5450:
5435:
5429:
5414:
5408:
5393:
5376:
5370:
5355:
5336:
5330:
5317:
5298:
5292:
5277:
5271:
5256:
5250:
5235:
5229:
5216:
5210:
5195:
5181:
5168:
5154:
5141:
5135:
5120:
5101:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5030:
5026:
5020:Kraszewski 1888
5018:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4877:Kraszewski 1888
4875:
4871:
4865:Kraszewski 1888
4863:
4859:
4852:
4848:
4840:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4816:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4740:
4732:
4728:
4720:
4716:
4708:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4660:
4656:
4648:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4614:Nowakowska 2007
4612:
4608:
4602:Nowakowska 2007
4600:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4530:Nowakowska 2017
4528:
4524:
4519:Grabarczyk 2010
4517:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4483:Nowakowska 2007
4481:
4477:
4469:
4462:
4457:Grabarczyk 2010
4455:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4421:Nowakowska 2017
4419:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4385:Nowakowska 2017
4383:
4379:
4373:Nowakowska 2017
4371:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4349:Papacostea 1996
4347:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4313:Papacostea 1996
4311:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4181:Papacostea 1996
4179:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4146:Nowakowska 2017
4144:
4140:
4135:Nowakowska 2017
4133:
4129:
4121:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4100:Nowakowska 2017
4098:
4094:
4089:Nowakowska 2017
4087:
4083:
4078:Nowakowska 2017
4076:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3968:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3884:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3707:Nowakowska 2017
3705:
3701:
3696:Nowakowska 2017
3694:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3673:Nowakowska 2017
3671:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3445:Kraszewski 1888
3443:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3277:Kłoczowski 1998
3275:
3271:
3265:Kłoczowski 1998
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3109:Boczkowska 1993
3107:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3041:
3036:
2505:
2500:
1519:
1434:
1412:'s tomb at the
1375:Wawel Cathedral
1368:Toruń Cathedral
1348:Wawel Cathedral
1346:John's tomb at
1340:
1247:
1239:Kraków Barbican
1179:Kraków Barbican
1098:
1092:
1077:, the region's
1027:Duke of Masovia
1023:Konrad III Rudy
1016:
974:
961:
939:
842:
819:Wawel Cathedral
717:Crimean Khanate
687:. In turn, the
663:
661:Accession, 1492
658:
572:
548:King of Hungary
532:King of Bohemia
497:Battle of Varna
436:Polish monarchs
401:
396:
388:nobles' estates
274:Crimean Khanate
258:Catholic Church
236:Related to the
225:and the son of
154:
151:Wawel Cathedral
148:
135:
131:
115:
57:
55:Wawel Cathedral
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7088:
7086:
7078:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7012:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7001:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6935:Anna Jagiellon
6932:
6926:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6878:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6855:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6832:
6830:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6818:Wenceslaus III
6815:
6810:
6808:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6667:
6665:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6600:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6570:
6568:Proto-historic
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6489:
6481:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6442:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6425:
6420:Duke of Głogów
6416:
6413:János Corvinus
6411:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6398:
6393:King of Poland
6389:
6384:
6380:
6379:
6378:Regnal titles
6375:
6374:
6354:
6352:John I Albert
6351:
6345:
6344:
6330:Chisholm, Hugh
6313:
6307:
6298:Dogonić Europę
6292:
6286:
6273:
6267:
6252:
6246:
6233:
6227:
6212:
6193:
6174:
6155:
6149:
6134:
6117:
6111:
6096:
6077:
6071:
6056:
6050:
6035:
6029:
6016:
5994:
5988:
5975:
5969:
5954:
5935:
5929:
5916:
5897:
5891:
5875:
5869:
5854:
5848:
5833:
5827:
5814:
5795:
5778:
5772:
5759:
5753:
5740:
5734:
5719:
5700:
5694:
5681:
5675:
5660:
5639:
5633:
5618:
5612:
5599:
5589:(2): 401–414.
5583:Analele Putnei
5578:
5572:
5556:
5550:
5535:
5529:
5513:
5503:(4): 136–141.
5496:
5490:
5477:
5471:
5454:
5448:
5433:
5427:
5412:
5406:
5391:
5374:
5368:
5353:
5334:
5328:
5315:
5296:
5290:
5275:
5269:
5254:
5248:
5233:
5227:
5214:
5208:
5193:
5179:
5166:
5152:
5139:
5133:
5118:
5099:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5060:
5048:
5036:
5024:
5012:
5000:
4988:
4976:
4964:
4952:
4940:
4929:
4925:Dabrowski 2014
4917:
4913:Dabrowski 2014
4905:
4901:Dabrowski 2014
4893:
4889:Dabrowski 2014
4881:
4869:
4857:
4846:
4834:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4786:
4774:
4762:
4750:
4738:
4726:
4714:
4702:
4690:
4678:
4666:
4654:
4642:
4630:
4618:
4606:
4594:
4582:
4570:
4558:
4546:
4534:
4522:
4511:
4499:
4487:
4475:
4460:
4449:
4437:
4425:
4413:
4401:
4389:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4341:
4329:
4317:
4305:
4293:
4281:
4269:
4257:
4245:
4233:
4221:
4209:
4197:
4185:
4173:
4161:
4149:
4138:
4127:
4115:
4103:
4092:
4081:
4070:
4058:
4046:
4034:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3986:
3974:
3962:
3950:
3938:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3699:
3688:
3676:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3581:
3569:
3557:
3545:
3533:
3521:
3517:Stadnicki 1880
3509:
3505:Stadnicki 1880
3497:
3485:
3473:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3433:Borzemski 1928
3425:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3377:
3365:
3363:, pp. 122
3353:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3121:Olkiewicz 1981
3113:
3101:
3097:Wyczański 1987
3089:
3077:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
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3017:
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3013:
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3009:
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3005:
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2999:
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2142:
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2112:
2106:
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2068:
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2063:
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2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1910:
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1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
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1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:Ivan Olshansky
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1767:
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1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:Uliana of Tver
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
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1626:
1624:
1621:
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1618:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1433:
1430:
1422:triumphal arch
1410:Leonardo Bruni
1339:
1336:
1258:Teutonic Order
1246:
1243:
1195:Ottoman Sultan
1094:Main article:
1091:
1088:
1015:
1012:
960:
953:
867:with the high
861:tax reductions
841:
838:
826:Masovian Dukes
761:House of Piast
702:personal union
662:
659:
657:
654:
584:, painting by
571:
568:
564:Duke of Głogów
400:
397:
395:
392:
305:personal union
266:Ottoman Empire
219:Duke of Głogów
215:King of Poland
211:Jan I Olbracht
198:
197:
195:Roman Catholic
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
156:
155:
149:
145:
141:
140:
134:(aged 41)
128:
124:
123:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
80:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
63:King of Poland
59:
58:
52:
44:
43:
36:King of Poland
35:
24:
18:Jan I Olbracht
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7087:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
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7051:
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7041:
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7031:
7028:
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7018:
7017:
7015:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
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6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6897:John I Albert
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6848:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6828:Piast dynasty
6824:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6813:Wenceslaus II
6811:
6809:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
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6764:
6762:
6759:
6756:
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6752:
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6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6664:
6661:Fragmentation
6658:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6596:Piast dynasty
6593:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6556:
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6508:
6504:
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6463:
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6451:
6449:
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6443:
6440:
6431:
6422:
6421:
6414:
6408:
6404:
6395:
6394:
6387:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6364:
6359:
6358:
6349:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6326:
6325:public domain
6314:
6310:
6308:9788303018243
6304:
6300:
6299:
6293:
6289:
6287:9788372205605
6283:
6279:
6274:
6270:
6268:9780155766013
6264:
6260:
6259:
6253:
6249:
6247:9781802079456
6243:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6228:9788373118676
6224:
6220:
6219:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6156:
6152:
6150:9788388857737
6146:
6142:
6141:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6118:
6114:
6112:9780295803623
6108:
6104:
6103:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6078:
6074:
6072:9788388385544
6068:
6064:
6063:
6057:
6053:
6051:9788374350945
6047:
6043:
6042:
6036:
6032:
6030:9780195106855
6026:
6022:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
6001:
5997:Sejm (1993).
5995:
5991:
5989:9780907570400
5985:
5981:
5976:
5972:
5970:9788375052497
5966:
5962:
5961:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5898:
5894:
5892:973-45-0138-0
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5870:9788320532920
5866:
5862:
5861:
5855:
5851:
5849:9781351951555
5845:
5841:
5840:
5834:
5830:
5828:9780754656449
5824:
5820:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5756:
5754:9780754668251
5750:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5735:963-9441-58-9
5731:
5727:
5725:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5701:
5697:
5695:9780214652110
5691:
5687:
5682:
5678:
5676:9788306026894
5672:
5668:
5667:
5661:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5634:9781403902832
5630:
5626:
5625:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5551:9781591601937
5547:
5543:
5542:
5536:
5532:
5530:9780198208693
5526:
5522:
5518:
5517:Frost, Robert
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5472:9785420017036
5468:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5449:9788308025772
5445:
5441:
5440:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5413:
5409:
5407:9788371771200
5403:
5399:
5398:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5369:9781501757402
5365:
5361:
5360:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5297:
5293:
5291:9781107162792
5287:
5283:
5282:
5276:
5272:
5270:9788381780834
5266:
5262:
5261:
5255:
5251:
5249:9788322909751
5245:
5241:
5240:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5209:9788376762029
5205:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5180:9788387639594
5176:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5153:9788385196181
5149:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5134:9788372123077
5130:
5126:
5125:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5069:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5037:
5034:, p. 299
5033:
5028:
5025:
5022:, p. 226
5021:
5016:
5013:
5010:, p. 299
5009:
5004:
5001:
4998:, p. 130
4997:
4992:
4989:
4986:, p. 253
4985:
4980:
4977:
4974:, p. 253
4973:
4968:
4965:
4962:, p. 289
4961:
4956:
4953:
4950:, p. 253
4949:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4870:
4867:, p. 226
4866:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4850:
4847:
4844:, p. 150
4843:
4838:
4835:
4832:, p. 131
4831:
4826:
4823:
4820:, p. 143
4819:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4799:
4796:, p. 170
4795:
4790:
4787:
4784:, p. 166
4783:
4778:
4775:
4772:, p. 170
4771:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4727:
4724:, p. 208
4723:
4718:
4715:
4712:, p. 208
4711:
4706:
4703:
4700:, p. 208
4699:
4694:
4691:
4688:, p. 208
4687:
4682:
4679:
4676:, p. 208
4675:
4670:
4667:
4664:, p. 207
4663:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4595:
4592:, p. 135
4591:
4586:
4583:
4580:, p. 135
4579:
4574:
4571:
4568:, p. 11.
4567:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4535:
4532:, p. 133
4531:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4476:
4473:, p. 249
4472:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4423:, p. 132
4422:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4390:
4387:, p. 132
4386:
4381:
4378:
4375:, p. 132
4374:
4369:
4366:
4363:, p. 319
4362:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4291:, p. 132
4290:
4285:
4282:
4279:, p. 132
4278:
4273:
4270:
4267:, p. 132
4266:
4261:
4258:
4255:, p. 132
4254:
4249:
4246:
4243:, p. 132
4242:
4237:
4234:
4231:, p. 132
4230:
4225:
4222:
4219:, p. 281
4218:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4205:Chisholm 1911
4201:
4198:
4195:, p. 281
4194:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4162:
4159:, p. 376
4158:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4125:, p. 376
4124:
4119:
4116:
4113:, p. 376
4112:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4071:
4068:, p. 175
4067:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3963:
3960:, pp. 87
3959:
3954:
3951:
3948:, pp. 85
3947:
3942:
3939:
3936:, pp. 85
3935:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3915:
3912:, pp. 84
3911:
3906:
3903:
3900:, pp. 84
3899:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3819:
3816:, p. 223
3815:
3810:
3807:
3804:, p. 223
3803:
3798:
3795:
3792:, p. 222
3791:
3786:
3783:
3780:, p. 222
3779:
3774:
3771:
3768:, p. 222
3767:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3747:
3744:, p. 153
3743:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3723:
3720:, p. 212
3719:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3686:, p. 212
3685:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3663:, p. 152
3662:
3657:
3654:
3651:, p. 152
3650:
3645:
3642:
3639:, p. 211
3638:
3633:
3630:
3627:, p. 152
3626:
3621:
3618:
3615:, p. 211
3614:
3609:
3606:
3603:, p. 152
3602:
3597:
3594:
3591:, p. 152
3590:
3585:
3582:
3579:, p. 210
3578:
3573:
3570:
3567:, p. 210
3566:
3561:
3558:
3555:, p. 210
3554:
3549:
3546:
3543:, p. 210
3542:
3537:
3534:
3531:, p. 153
3530:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3483:, p. 112
3482:
3477:
3474:
3471:, p. 133
3470:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3411:, p. 303
3410:
3405:
3402:
3399:, p. 302
3398:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3351:, p. 280
3350:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3315:, p. 150
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3291:, p. 195
3290:
3285:
3282:
3279:, p. 120
3278:
3273:
3270:
3267:, p. 119
3266:
3261:
3258:
3255:, p. 290
3254:
3249:
3246:
3243:, p. 290
3242:
3237:
3234:
3231:, p. 174
3230:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3205:Nadolski 1961
3201:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3171:, p. 158
3170:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3135:, p. 191
3134:
3129:
3126:
3123:, p. 120
3122:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3087:, p. 160
3086:
3081:
3078:
3075:, p. 160
3074:
3069:
3066:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3021:
2990:
2982:
2980:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2883:John I Albert
2877:
2869:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2784:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2741:
2730:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2693:
2681:
2679:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2633:
2631:
2619:
2617:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2502:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1984:John I Albert
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1500:Marcin Kromer
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:, the son of
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:According to
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:Imperial Diet
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:crossed into
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1181:, fearing an
1180:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:Ottoman Turks
1103:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:Jan Lubrański
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1004:Marcin Kromer
1001:
997:
993:
992:Byron Sherwin
989:
985:
978:
973:
969:
966:
958:
954:
952:
950:
949:universal act
943:
938:
934:
930:
929:Lesser Polish
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
837:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
788:
784:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
690:
686:
682:
674:
673:
667:
660:
655:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
587:
583:
582:
576:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:heir apparent
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:primogeniture
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:Władysław III
490:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
398:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:John I Albert
196:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
166:
163:
161:
157:
152:
146:
142:
138:
129:
125:
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
50:
45:
42:John I Albert
40:
34:
30:
19:
6997:
6980:Augustus III
6896:
6757:
6668:
6623:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6418:
6391:
6372:17 June 1501
6369:
6362:
6355:
6337:
6297:
6277:
6257:
6237:
6217:
6198:
6179:
6160:
6139:
6121:
6101:
6082:
6061:
6040:
6020:
5999:
5979:
5959:
5940:
5920:
5903:Jan Olbracht
5902:
5882:
5859:
5838:
5818:
5800:
5782:
5763:
5744:
5726:
5723:
5705:
5685:
5665:
5652:. Retrieved
5647:
5623:
5603:
5586:
5582:
5563:
5560:Gemil, Tasin
5540:
5520:
5500:
5481:
5459:Jogailaičiai
5458:
5438:
5417:
5396:
5381:(10): 3–12.
5378:
5358:
5339:
5319:
5301:
5280:
5259:
5238:
5218:
5198:
5170:
5143:
5123:
5104:
5085:
5076:Bibliography
5068:Duczmal 1996
5063:
5058:, p. 79
5051:
5046:, p. 79
5039:
5027:
5015:
5003:
4996:Housley 2004
4991:
4984:Bokajło 1993
4979:
4972:Bokajło 1993
4967:
4955:
4948:Bokajło 1993
4943:
4937:Janicki 2021
4932:
4927:, p. 80
4920:
4915:, p. 80
4908:
4903:, p. 80
4896:
4891:, p. 80
4884:
4872:
4860:
4854:Janicki 2021
4849:
4837:
4825:
4813:
4808:, p. 14
4801:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4748:, p. 44
4741:
4729:
4717:
4705:
4693:
4681:
4669:
4657:
4645:
4633:
4621:
4616:, p. 50
4609:
4604:, p. 50
4597:
4590:Housley 2004
4585:
4578:Housley 2004
4573:
4566:Demciuc 2004
4561:
4556:, p. 33
4549:
4544:, p. 33
4537:
4525:
4514:
4509:, p. 11
4507:Demciuc 2004
4502:
4490:
4485:, p. 48
4478:
4452:
4447:, p. 11
4445:Demciuc 2004
4440:
4435:, p. 11
4433:Demciuc 2004
4428:
4416:
4411:, p. 11
4409:Demciuc 2004
4404:
4399:, p. 40
4392:
4380:
4368:
4361:Cristea 2016
4356:
4351:, p. 66
4344:
4332:
4325:Cristea 2016
4320:
4308:
4296:
4289:Housley 2004
4284:
4277:Housley 2004
4272:
4265:Housley 2004
4260:
4253:Housley 2004
4248:
4241:Housley 2004
4236:
4229:Housley 2004
4224:
4212:
4200:
4188:
4183:, p. 64
4176:
4164:
4152:
4141:
4130:
4118:
4106:
4095:
4084:
4073:
4061:
4056:, p. 61
4054:Sherwin 1997
4049:
4042:Sherwin 1997
4037:
4032:, p. 61
4030:Sherwin 1997
4025:
4020:, p. 61
4018:Sherwin 1997
4013:
4008:, p. 61
4006:Sherwin 1997
4001:
3996:, p. 61
3994:Sherwin 1997
3989:
3984:, p. 61
3982:Sherwin 1997
3977:
3972:, p. 61
3970:Sherwin 1997
3965:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3905:
3893:
3881:
3876:, p. 19
3869:
3864:, p. 19
3857:
3852:, p. 10
3845:
3833:
3828:, p. 11
3821:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3773:
3761:
3754:Szujski n.d.
3749:
3742:Szujski n.d.
3737:
3730:Szujski n.d.
3725:
3713:
3702:
3691:
3679:
3668:
3661:Szujski n.d.
3656:
3649:Szujski n.d.
3644:
3632:
3625:Szujski n.d.
3620:
3608:
3601:Szujski n.d.
3596:
3589:Szujski n.d.
3584:
3572:
3560:
3548:
3536:
3529:Szujski 1889
3524:
3512:
3507:, p. 37
3500:
3495:, p. 71
3488:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3423:, p. 69
3416:
3409:Duczmal 2012
3404:
3397:Duczmal 2012
3392:
3380:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3339:, p. 22
3332:
3327:, p. 22
3320:
3313:Szujski 1894
3308:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3229:Kubinyi 2002
3224:
3219:, p. 23
3212:
3207:, p. 29
3200:
3195:, p. 88
3188:
3176:
3164:
3159:, p. 11
3152:
3140:
3133:Thomson 1963
3128:
3116:
3104:
3099:, p. 64
3092:
3080:
3068:
2882:
1983:
1512:
1509:
1485:
1481:urbanisation
1446:
1372:
1353:
1309:
1292:Grand Master
1281:
1273:Polish Crown
1266:
1224:
1188:
1165:
1158:
1130:Maximilian I
1114:Cetatea Albă
1104:against the
1099:
1063:
1055:Polonisation
1032:
962:
925:Nowy Korczyn
918:
909:
901:
895:
893:
843:
823:
792:
785:of Cardinal
746:
726:supercilious
715:against the
706:
678:
670:
649:centralising
626:
597:
591:
578:
544:tuberculosis
509:
486:
468:
428:Wawel Castle
425:
353:
299:was elected
294:
235:
202:
201:
132:(1501-06-17)
130:17 June 1501
33:
7025:1501 deaths
7020:1459 births
6975:Stanisław I
6751:Przemysł II
6334:John Albert
5654:22 November
4960:Szwarc 2007
4818:Rundle 2012
4794:Biskup 1992
4770:Biskup 1992
4495:Eagles 2014
3840:, p. 9
3435:, p. 2
3169:Dobosz 1999
3085:Spórna 2006
3073:Spórna 2006
2908:Bona Sforza
2901:Sigismund I
2892:Alexander I
2503:Family tree
1401:created an
1383:Late Gothic
1290:as the new
1222:dependent.
1199:Janissaries
1154:Stephen III
1102:Christendom
1051:quasi-state
975: [
940: [
910:curia regis
906:dignitaries
902:consiliarii
897:curia regis
855:issued the
801:as the new
734:Leszczyński
698:dignitaries
602:Church laws
598:Jan Długosz
586:Jan Matejko
581:Callimachus
460:christening
345:Stephen III
250:Callimachus
101:Alexander I
87:Predecessor
7014:Categories
6892:Casimir IV
6535:Leszko III
6424:1491–1498
6397:1492–1501
6386:Casimir IV
6012:1201482208
5428:8321112706
5228:8370220274
5056:Biber 2000
5044:Biber 2000
5032:Rożek 2008
5008:Rożek 2008
4830:Labno 2011
4758:Stone 2014
4734:Stone 2014
4554:Stone 2014
4542:Stone 2014
4397:Gemil 2013
4337:Eșanu 2013
4301:Eșanu 2013
4217:Frost 2015
4193:Frost 2015
4169:Frost 2015
4157:Frost 2015
4123:Frost 2015
4111:Frost 2015
3850:Benni 1876
3838:Benni 1876
3826:Benni 1876
3493:Breza 1891
3457:Breza 1891
3421:Breza 1891
3349:Frost 2015
3337:Papée 1936
3325:Papée 1936
3301:Sroka 2005
3217:Stone 2014
3181:Stone 2014
3145:Stone 2014
3056:References
2710:Casimir IV
1461:absolutism
1457:militarism
1395:Veit Stoss
1122:suzerainty
1064:When Duke
1047:Gediminids
1008:Christians
955:Expelling
927:where the
512:Vladislaus
420:Vladislaus
408:Casimir IV
390:for life.
364:centralise
360:absolutism
337:suzerainty
325:Konrad III
290:Vladislaus
227:Casimir IV
91:Casimir IV
78:Coronation
6902:Alexander
6826:Restored
6758:See also:
6604:Mieszko I
6586:Siemomysł
6553:Chościsko
6548:Popiel II
6528:Leszko II
6500:Krakus II
6477:Legendary
6430:Sigismund
6403:Alexander
6208:254227833
6189:941034899
6092:253194759
5950:231045979
5923:. Brill.
5912:560200350
5810:246031956
5791:726792119
5595:1841-625X
5509:1857-0461
5387:1224-032X
5349:699877821
5311:557726238
5114:839145359
5095:785885479
4806:Knox 1971
3958:Sejm 1993
3946:Sejm 1993
3934:Sejm 1993
3922:Sejm 1993
3910:Sejm 1993
3898:Sejm 1993
3886:Sejm 1993
3874:Sejm 1993
3862:Sejm 1993
3061:Citations
2518:(Jogaila)
1640:(Jogaila)
1554:Gediminas
1492:libertine
1449:Alexander
1320:ultimatum
1162:artillery
1110:Black Sea
1066:Janusz II
996:Kazimierz
889:oligarchy
738:Sigismund
730:Tęczyński
606:Alexander
596:(Polish:
570:Education
464:candidacy
416:Alexander
349:Sigismund
341:Black Sea
297:Alexander
165:Jagiellon
147:July 1501
97:Successor
6716:Konrad I
6646:Zbigniew
6576:Siemowit
6542:Popiel I
6521:Leszko I
6493:Krakus I
6170:18043371
5881:(1996).
5715:24638238
5519:(2015).
5501:Akademos
5189:69581696
5162:69518168
3039:See also
1580:Algirdas
1517:Ancestry
1505:drunkard
1488:bachelor
1473:folwarks
1465:peasants
1418:Florence
1364:embalmed
1360:syphilis
1277:Holy See
1216:Bukovina
1142:Moldavia
1138:suzerain
1126:Moldavia
1041:, whose
1035:fiefdoms
988:burghers
921:Piotrków
869:magnates
807:burghers
795:Prussian
742:chastity
719:and its
709:Piotrków
614:rhetoric
488:de facto
384:peasants
374:and the
333:Moldavia
260:and the
191:Religion
153:, Kraków
6998:Italics
6864:Jadwiga
6614:Bezprym
6507:Lech II
6327::
5105:Ateneum
1469:serfdom
1447:Unlike
1231:Podolia
1207:Suceava
1183:Ottoman
1000:Judaism
965:Turkish
933:Miechów
881:sejmiks
853:Louis I
851:, when
830:Masovia
815:bonfire
783:Epitaph
769:Primate
685:Vilnius
536:Casimir
524:Bohemia
471:Jogaila
272:of the
160:Dynasty
6663:period
6581:Lestek
6486:Lech I
6368:
6321:
6305:
6284:
6265:
6244:
6225:
6206:
6187:
6168:
6147:
6130:714705
6128:
6109:
6090:
6069:
6048:
6027:
6010:
5986:
5967:
5948:
5927:
5910:
5889:
5867:
5846:
5825:
5808:
5789:
5770:
5751:
5732:
5713:
5692:
5673:
5631:
5610:
5593:
5570:
5548:
5527:
5507:
5488:
5469:
5446:
5425:
5404:
5385:
5366:
5347:
5326:
5309:
5288:
5267:
5246:
5225:
5206:
5187:
5177:
5160:
5150:
5131:
5112:
5093:
1387:effigy
1381:. The
1220:feudal
1118:Chilia
1070:Konrad
865:gentry
811:Kraków
753:Konrad
675:, 1519
645:clergy
641:Virgil
637:Cicero
588:, 1881
560:Prešov
556:Košice
485:, who
483:Piasts
473:, the
432:Kraków
380:gentry
372:Senate
270:Tatars
262:clergy
207:Polish
181:Mother
171:Father
144:Burial
117:Kraków
6514:Wanda
6370:Died:
6363:Born:
6004:(PDF)
1612:Jaunė
1406:niche
1356:Toruń
1316:Toruń
1203:Roman
1146:Lőcse
1136:. As
1124:over
1075:Płock
1043:Piast
979:]
968:envoy
944:]
721:Tatar
633:chess
610:Latin
552:usurp
475:pagan
331:into
313:Piast
286:usurp
137:Toruń
69:Reign
6303:ISBN
6282:ISBN
6263:ISBN
6242:ISBN
6223:ISBN
6204:OCLC
6185:OCLC
6166:OCLC
6145:ISBN
6126:OCLC
6107:ISBN
6088:OCLC
6067:ISBN
6046:ISBN
6025:ISBN
6008:OCLC
5984:ISBN
5965:ISBN
5946:OCLC
5925:ISBN
5908:OCLC
5887:ISBN
5865:ISBN
5844:ISBN
5823:ISBN
5806:OCLC
5787:OCLC
5768:ISBN
5749:ISBN
5730:ISBN
5711:OCLC
5690:ISBN
5671:ISBN
5656:2021
5629:ISBN
5608:ISBN
5591:ISSN
5568:ISBN
5546:ISBN
5525:ISBN
5505:ISSN
5486:ISBN
5467:ISBN
5444:ISBN
5423:ISBN
5402:ISBN
5383:ISSN
5364:ISBN
5345:OCLC
5324:ISBN
5307:OCLC
5286:ISBN
5265:ISBN
5244:ISBN
5223:ISBN
5204:ISBN
5185:OCLC
5175:ISBN
5158:OCLC
5148:ISBN
5129:ISBN
5110:OCLC
5091:OCLC
2446:31.
2414:15.
2388:30.
2326:29.
2294:14.
2268:28.
2202:27.
2170:13.
2144:26.
2082:25.
2050:12.
2024:24.
1794:20.
1673:18.
1610:17.
1552:16.
1459:and
1379:nave
1235:Lwów
1116:and
957:Jews
732:and
647:and
639:and
503:and
442:and
418:and
410:and
376:Sejm
248:and
229:and
127:Died
111:Born
6336:".
2352:7.
2228:3.
2108:6.
1982:1.
1872:5.
1754:2.
1699:9.
1636:4.
1578:8.
1416:in
1279:.
1214:in
1140:of
1061:.
809:of
744:.
430:in
7016::
5646:.
5585:.
5465:.
5183:.
5156:.
4463:^
1428:.
1303:.
1241:.
1025:,
1010:.
977:pl
942:pl
767:,
233:.
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119:,
6461:e
6454:t
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6311:.
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6231:.
6210:.
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6075:.
6054:.
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5992:.
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5757:.
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