590:. A victory against the city wasn't so easily achieved. Gaza's general Apollodotus strategically employed a night attack against the Hasmonean army. With a force of two thousand less-skilled soldiers and ten thousand slaves, Gaza's military was able to deceive the Hasmonean army into believing they were being attacked by Ptolemy. The Gazans killed many and the Hasmonean army fled the battle. When morning exposed the delusive tactic, Alexander continued his assault but lost a thousand additional soldiers.
530:
49:
681:
838::22-23. This request is interpreted as Jannaeus seeking atonement for previously violating this commandment by abusing the bodies of crucified Pharisees. Kenneth Atkinson writes that Josephus's style and wording suggest Jannaeus died in Jerusalem and never reached Ragaba. Josephus may have concealed this fact to hide the undignified nature of this death.
790:
594:
entered the city. Though he at first seemed peaceful, Alexander suddenly turned against the inhabitants. Some men killed their wives and children out of desperation, to ensure they wouldn't be captured and enslaved. Others burned down their homes to prevent the soldiers from plundering. The town council and five hundred civilians took refuge at the
704:
This defeat forced
Alexander to take refuge in the mountains. In sympathy towards Jannaeus, six thousand Judean rebels ultimately returned to him. In fear of this news, Demetrius withdrew. War between Jannaeus and the rebels who returned to him continued. They fought until Alexander achieved victory.
516:
The war abruptly came to an end with
Ptolemy fleeing to Cyprus. Alexander then approached Cleopatra. Bowing before her, he requested to retain his rule. Cleopatra was urged by her subordinates to annex Judea. Ananias demanded she consider the residential Egyptian Jews who were the main support of her
487:
The
Hasmoneans had the advantage. Philostephanus held back a certain amount of his forces whom he sent to recover lost ground. Perceiving them as vast reinforcements, Alexander's army fled. Some of his retreating forces tried to push back, but quickly dispersed as Ptolemy's forces pursued Alexander's
420:
The situation at
Ptolemais was seized as an opportunity by Ptolemy to possibly gain a stronghold and control the Judean coast in order to invade Egypt by sea. An individual named Demaenetus convinced the inhabitants of their imprudence in requesting Ptolemy's assistance. They realised that by allying
671:
and unsuitable to hold office and to sacrifice. Outraged, he killed six thousand people. Alexander also had wooden barriers built around the altar and the temple preventing people from going near him. Only the priests were permitted to enter. This incident during the Feast of
Tabernacles was a major
491:
Ptolemy's forces at
Ptolemais succeeded in capturing the city. He then continued to conquer much of the Hasmonean kingdom, occupying the entirety of northern Judea, the coast, and territories east of the Jordan River. While doing so, he pillaged villages and ordered his soldiers to cannibalise women
593:
The Gazans remained defiant in hopes that the
Nabataean kingdom would come to their aid. The city eventually suffered defeat due to its own leadership. Gaza at the time was governed by two brothers, Lysimachus and Apollodotus. Lysimachus convinced the people to surrender, and Alexander peacefully
696:
to fight against
Jannaeus. Alexander had gathered six thousand two hundred mercenaries and twenty thousand Jews for battle. Demetrius had forty thousand soldiers and three thousand horses. There were attempts from both sides to persuade each other to abandon positions, but were unsuccessful. The
708:
Jannaeus had brought the surviving rebels back to
Jerusalem where he had eight hundred Jews, primarily Pharisees, crucified. Before their deaths, Alexander had the rebels' wives and children executed before their eyes as Jannaeus ate with his concubines. Alexander later returned the land he had
322:
Alexander
Jannaeus was the third son of John Hyrcanus by his second wife. When Aristobulus I, Hyrcanus' son by his first wife, became king, he deemed it necessary for his own security to imprison his half-brother. Aristobulus died after a reign of one year. Upon his death, his widow,
508:
to command her forces. She went with a fleet towards Judea. When Cleopatra arrived at Ptolemais, the people refused her entry, so she besieged the city. Ptolemy, believing Syria was defenseless, withdrew to Cyprus after his miscalculation. While in pursuit of Ptolemy, Chelkias died in
833:
present. Jannaeus instructed her to hide his death until she captured Ragaba and to subsequently share power with the Pharisees. He also requested that she allow the Pharisees to abuse his corpse, believing they would then give him an honorable burial, despite this request violating
717:
from the Nabataeans in order to have them end their support for the Jewish rebels. The remaining rebels who numbered eight thousand, fled by night in fear of Alexander. Afterward, all rebel hostility ceased and Alexander's reign continued undisturbed.
314:. Alexander also had many of his subjects killed for their disapproval of his handling of state affairs. Due to his territorial expansion and adverse interactions with his subjects, he was continuously embroiled with foreign wars and domestic turmoil.
432:
and a peace treaty in return for Zoilus's death, Alexander met him with treachery by negotiating an alliance with Cleopatra. Once he had formed an alliance with Ptolemy, Alexander continued his conquests by capturing the coastal cities of Dora and
440:
As soon as Ptolemy learned of Alexander's scheme, he was determined to kill him. Ptolemy put Ptolemais under siege, but left his generals to attack the city, while he continued to pursue Alexander. Ptolemy's pursuit caused much destruction in the
404:
took the opportunity to see if he could relieve Ptolemais in hopes of establishing his rule over coastal territories. Alexander's Hasmonean army quickly defeated Zoilus's forces. Ptolemais then requested aid from
279:. From his conquests to expand the kingdom to a bloody civil war, Alexander's reign has been described as cruel and oppressive with never-ending conflict. The major historical sources of Alexander's life are
825:
In Josephus's "Antiquities," he presents an account that differs from his earlier "War" and Syncellus's accounts. According to Josephus, Jannaeus fell fatally ill on the battlefield at
659:
ceremony properly: instead of pouring it on the altar, he poured it on his feet. The crowd responded with shock at his mockery and showed their displeasure by pelting him with
376:
Like his father, Alexander served as high priest. This raised the ire of the religious authorities who insisted that these two offices should not be combined. According to the
388:. This infuriated the king and he sided with the Sadducees who defended him. This incident led the king to turn against the Pharisees, and he persecuted them until his death.
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1904:
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Alexander's reign ended with a significant political decision, naming his wife as successor and granting her the authority to appoint the next high priest.
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throne. This induced Cleopatra to modify her longings for Judea. Alexander met her demands and suspended his campaigns. These negotiations took place at
421:
themselves with Ptolemy, they had unintentionally declared war on Cleopatra. When Ptolemy arrived at the city, the inhabitants denied him access.
492:
and children to create psychological fear towards his enemies. At the time, Salome Alexandra was notified of Cleopatra's approachment to Judea.
424:
Alexander too didn't want to be involved in a war between Cleopatra and Ptolemy, so he abandoned his campaign against Ptolemais and returned to
1480:
578:
trade route. Alexander initially returned his focus back to the Transjordan region where, avenging his previous defeat, he destroyed Amathus.
1897:
1917:
1535:
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623:. Alexander soon captured Gadara, which together with the loss of Gaza caused the Nabataeans to lose their main trade routes leading to
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launched an attack against Alexander in a steep valley at Gadara, where Alexander barely managed to escape. After his defeat in the
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55:
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1922:
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had Alexander and his brothers released from prison. One of these brothers is said to have unsuccessfully sought the throne.
112:
521:. Cleopatra died five years later. Confident, after her death, Alexander found himself free to continue with new campaigns.
2350:
692:
After Jannaeus succeeded early in the war, the rebels asked for Seleucid assistance. Judean insurgents joined forces with
1570:
484:. One of Ptolemy's commanders, Philostephanus, began the first attack by crossing the river that divided both forces.
350:, who was high priest from 66 – 62 BCE and started a bloody civil war with his brother, ending in his capture by
2255:
1355:
The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest
705:
Most of the rebels died in battle, while the remaining rebels fled to the city of Bethoma until they were defeated.
616:
587:
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1513:
381:
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at the Temple in Jerusalem, demonstrated his displeasure against the Pharisees by refusing to perform the water
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around 99 BCE. Due to Jannaeus's victory at Gaza, the Nabataean kingdom no longer had direct access to the
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managed to defeat Alexander in battle. However, Alexander continued expanding the Hasmonean kingdom into
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region, but was defeated. He was more successful in his expedition against the coastal cities, capturing
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leader. Salome was more sympathetic to their cause, and protected them throughout his turbulent reign.
334:. Although she was thirteen years older than him, he married her in accordance with the Jewish law of
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2096:
1975:
731:
567:
559:
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60:
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Realising that her son had amassed a formidable force in Judea, Cleopatra appointed Jewish generals
357:
Like his brother, Alexander was an avid supporter of the aristocratic priestly faction known as the
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2355:
2340:
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Alexander, as the oldest living brother, had the right not only to the throne, but also to Salome,
210:
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366:
303:
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863:
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After a reign of 27 years, he died c. 76 BCE at the age of forty-nine, during the siege of
680:
380:, Alexander was a questionable desecrated priest, rumour had it that his mother was captured in
868:
805:
For the last three years of his life, Alexander Jannaeus suffered from the combined effects of
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The kingdom of Alexander Jannaeus was the largest and strongest known Jewish state outside of
260:
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171:
68:
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884:
477:. At the head of his armed forces were his elite pagan mercenaries. They were specialised in
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1835:
1740:
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1590:
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830:
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453:, taking ten thousand people as prisoners. Ptolemy also initiated an unsuccessful attack on
324:
276:
105:
2204:
1705:
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469:. Estimated to have fifty to eighty thousand soldiers, Alexander's army consisted of both
429:
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48:
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667:). They made the situation worse by insulting him. They called him a descendant of a
385:
268:
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122:
95:
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and violated, and, in the opinion of the Pharisees, was not allowed to serve in the
2209:
1815:
1710:
1600:
1508:
726:
From 83 to 80 BCE, Alexander continued campaigning in the east. The Nabataean king
624:
586:
Determined to proceed with future campaigns despite his initial defeat at Amathus,
466:
397:
311:
684:
Alexander Jannaeus feasting during the crucifixion of the Pharisees, engraving by
263:, who ruled over an expanding kingdom of Judaea from 103 to 76 BCE. A son of
1290:
1269:
2229:
1882:
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1334:
Pharisees, Scribes and Sadducees in Palestinian Society: A Sociological Approach
767:
510:
339:
132:
574:. This victory gained Judean control over the Mediterranean outlet of the main
1932:
806:
735:
727:
1465:
639:, Jannaeus returned to Jerusalem, and was met with fierce Jewish opposition.
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1985:
1785:
1525:
571:
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Fitzgerald, John Thomas; Obbink, Dirk D.; Holland, Glenn Stanfield (2004).
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17:
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2013:
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185:
1379:
The Complete Works of Flavius-Josephus the Celebrated Jewish Historian
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1980:
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Queen Salome: Jerusalem's Warrior Monarch of the First Century B.C.E
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766:. Alexander had Pella destroyed because its inhabitants refused to
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fleeing army. Thirty to fifty thousand Hasmonean soldiers died.
470:
1886:
1469:
1184:
1182:
1180:
226:
701:, and all of Alexander's mercenaries were killed in battle.
465:
Ptolemy and Alexander engaged in battle at Asophon near the
400:. While Alexander went ahead to besiege the city, Zoilus of
1072:
1070:
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the widow of his deceased brother, who had died childless
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1037:
933:"ALEXANDER JANNÆUS (Jonathan) - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
570:. In 96 BCE, Jannaeus defeated the inhabitants of
676:
War with Demetrius III and conclusion of the Civil War
1229:
A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond
396:
Alexander's first expedition was against the city of
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Kings of the Jews: The Origins of the Jewish Nation
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773:He is believed to have expanded and fortified the
651:, Alexander Jannaeus, while officiating as the
533:The Hasmonean Kingdom under Alexander Jannaeus
1898:
1481:
1382:. Philadelphia: John E. Potter & Company.
554:and fought to capture the strong fortress of
8:
1872:List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel
1250:The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hasmonean State
254:
672:factor leading up to the Judean Civil War.
267:, he inherited the throne from his brother
1905:
1891:
1883:
1488:
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801:, believed to have been built by Alexander
631:. After losing Gadara, the Nabataean king
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31:
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989:
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907:
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1132:
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881:Corpus Inscriptioum Iudaeae/Palaestinae
849:
2463:1st-century BCE high priests of Israel
2458:2nd-century BCE high priests of Israel
1271:Philodemus and the New Testament World
1103:
598:, where Alexander had them massacred.
428:. After offering Ptolemy four hundred
409:, who had been banished by his mother
338:. By her he had two sons: the eldest,
310:coastline and regions surrounding the
1159:
1115:
1088:
1062:Fitzgerald, Obbink & Holland 2004
1038:Fitzgerald, Obbink & Holland 2004
697:Seleucid forces defeated Jannaeus at
7:
919:
417:after being cast out by his mother.
1358:(2nd Revised ed.). Routledge.
255:
241:
302:sources, having conquered most of
25:
2453:1st-century BC Hasmonean monarchs
2448:2nd-century BC Hasmonean monarchs
525:Transjordan and coastal conquest
588:Alexander set his focus on Gaza
413:. Ptolemy founded a kingdom in
56:Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum
2361:Elioneus ben Simon Cantatheras
1337:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1331:Saldarini, Anthony J. (2001).
1295:. Jewish Publication Society.
1253:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
361:. His wife Salome came from a
41:King and High Priest of Judaea
29:King and High Priest of Judaea
1:
2351:Simon Cantatheras ben Boethus
496:Intervention of Cleopatra III
259:) was the second king of the
78:
1392:Alexander Jannaeus of Judaea
1316:. B&H Publishing Group.
738:, he captured the cities of
232:
273:married his brother's widow
2479:
1310:Kaiser, Walter C. (1998).
1226:Atkinson, Kenneth (2016).
1205:Atkinson, Kenneth (2012).
647:During the Jewish holiday
615:initially began after the
539: situation in 103 BCE
227:
2412:Mattathias ben Theophilus
1514:Kings of Israel and Judah
1504:
1454:
1445:
1435:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1390:
1232:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1091:, pp. 117 & 118.
1040:, pp. 361 & 362.
1004:, pp. 133 & 134.
992:, pp. 132 & 133.
977:, pp. 131 & 132.
962:, pp. 130 & 131.
392:War with Ptolemy Lathyrus
242:
46:
39:
861:, "Alexander Jannaeus";
365:family. Her brother was
2377:Ananias son of Nedebeus
2290:Matthias ben Theophilus
1851:Antigonus II Mattathias
1352:Schäfer, Peter (2003).
1052:, pp. 74 & 75.
286:Antiquities of the Jews
937:jewishencyclopedia.com
802:
694:Demetrius III Eucaerus
689:
547:
2438:2nd-century BC births
2392:Joseph Cabi ben Simon
2346:Theophilus ben Ananus
1448:High Priest of Judaea
1289:Gelb, Norman (2010).
1247:Eshel, Hanan (2008).
793:Swimming pool at the
792:
683:
532:
113:High Priest of Judaea
2402:Jesus son of Damneus
2372:Josephus ben Camydus
883:vol. 3, De Gruyter,
643:Feast of Tabernacles
545: area conquered
346:in 62 BCE; and
2417:Phannias ben Samuel
2366:Jonathan ben Ananus
2356:Matthias ben Ananus
2341:Jonathan ben Ananus
2300:Eleazar ben Boethus
2280:Jesus, son of Fabus
1808:(Hasmonean dynasty)
1191:, pp. 132–133.
550:Alexander captured
445:. Here he captured
407:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
233:Aléxandros Iannaîos
228:Ἀλέξανδρος Ἰανναῖος
211:Hellenistic Judaism
2331:Simon ben Camithus
2326:Eleazar ben Ananus
2310:Joazar ben Boethus
2295:Joazar ben Boethus
2225:Alexander Jannaeus
1831:Alexander Jannaeus
1693:(southern kingdom)
1573:(northern kingdom)
803:
690:
548:
367:Simeon ben Shetach
219:Alexander Jannaeus
35:Alexander Jannaeus
2425:
2424:
2397:Ananus ben Ananus
2387:Ishmael ben Fabus
2321:Ishmael ben Fabus
2285:Simon ben Boethus
1926:
1880:
1879:
1867:Jewish leadership
1538:(united monarchy)
1464:
1463:
1455:Succeeded by
1436:Succeeded by
1397:Hasmonean Dynasty
1313:History of Israel
621:Mediterranean Sea
607:War with Obodas I
461:Battle of Asophon
336:levirate marriage
261:Hasmonean dynasty
216:
215:
61:Guillaume Rouillé
16:(Redirected from
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2407:Joshua ben Gamla
1920:
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1893:
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1836:Salome Alexandra
1498:Israel and Judah
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1439:Salome Alexandra
1419:Preceded by
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831:Salome Alexandra
829:, with his wife
795:Hasmonean palace
775:Hasmonean palace
754:, the cities of
637:Battle of Gadara
617:conquest of Gaza
613:Judean Civil War
602:Judean Civil War
596:Temple of Apollo
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352:Pompey the Great
325:Salome Alexandra
277:Salome Alexandra
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106:Salome Alexandra
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722:Final campaigns
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2237:
2235:Aristobulus II
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1846:Aristobulus II
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1519:Kings of Judah
1511:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1429:King of Judaea
1425:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1376:, ed. (1895).
1370:
1364:
1349:
1343:
1328:
1322:
1307:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1265:
1259:
1244:
1238:
1223:
1217:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1176:
1174:, p. 334.
1164:
1152:
1150:, p. 333.
1137:
1135:, p. 332.
1120:
1108:
1106:, p. 482.
1093:
1081:
1079:, p. 136.
1066:
1064:, p. 362.
1054:
1042:
1030:
1028:, p. 135.
1018:
1016:, p. 134.
1006:
994:
979:
964:
949:
924:
922:, p. 177.
912:
910:, p. 100.
900:
896:Saldarini 2001
888:
873:
848:
846:
843:
836:Deuteronomy 21
786:
783:
723:
720:
688:, 17th century
677:
674:
644:
641:
608:
605:
603:
600:
583:
582:Battle of Gaza
580:
541:
535:
526:
523:
497:
494:
462:
459:
443:Galilee region
393:
390:
348:Aristobulus II
319:
316:
292:The Jewish War
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
182:
181:
179:Aristobulus II
174:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
76:
72:
71:
69:King of Judaea
65:
64:
53:Portrait from
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2475:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2256:Jewish Revolt
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Aristobulus I
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Aristobulus I
1824:
1822:
1821:John Hyrcanus
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1422:Aristobulus I
1417:
1414:
1413:Jewish titles
1410:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1365:9781134403165
1361:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1344:9780802843586
1340:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1323:9780805431223
1319:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1302:9780827609136
1298:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1281:9789004114609
1277:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1260:9780802862853
1256:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1239:9780567669032
1235:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1218:9780786490738
1214:
1211:. McFarland.
1210:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1189:Atkinson 2016
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1162:, p. 75.
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:Atkinson 2012
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:Atkinson 2012
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:Atkinson 2012
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:Atkinson 2012
998:
995:
991:
990:Atkinson 2012
986:
984:
980:
976:
975:Atkinson 2012
971:
969:
965:
961:
960:Atkinson 2012
956:
954:
950:
938:
934:
928:
925:
921:
916:
913:
909:
908:Atkinson 2016
904:
901:
898:, p. 89.
897:
892:
889:
886:
882:
877:
874:
870:
869:Alexandros 24
866:
865:
860:
859:
853:
850:
844:
842:
839:
837:
832:
828:
823:
821:
816:
814:
813:
808:
800:
796:
791:
784:
782:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
721:
719:
716:
712:
706:
702:
700:
695:
687:
686:Willem Swidde
682:
675:
673:
670:
669:captive woman
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
601:
599:
597:
591:
589:
581:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
531:
524:
522:
520:
514:
512:
507:
503:
495:
493:
489:
485:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
438:
436:
431:
427:
422:
418:
416:
412:
411:Cleopatra III
408:
403:
399:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
317:
315:
313:
309:
308:Mediterranean
305:
301:
296:
294:
293:
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:Aristobulus I
266:
265:John Hyrcanus
262:
253:
249:
239:
234:
224:
220:
212:
209:
205:
202:
201:John Hyrcanus
199:
195:
192:
189:
187:
183:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
123:Aristobulus I
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
96:Aristobulus I
94:
90:
86: 76 BCE
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:
50:
45:
42:
38:
33:
27:
19:
2443:76 BC deaths
2224:
2210:Simon Thassi
2001:First Temple
1914:High Priests
1830:
1816:Simon Thassi
1509:Davidic line
1446:
1427:
1403:
1395:
1378:
1354:
1333:
1312:
1291:
1270:
1249:
1228:
1207:
1198:Bibliography
1172:Whiston 1895
1167:
1155:
1148:Whiston 1895
1133:Whiston 1895
1111:
1084:
1057:
1050:Schäfer 2003
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:
940:. Retrieved
936:
927:
915:
903:
891:
880:
876:
862:
856:
852:
840:
824:
817:
812:quartan ague
810:
804:
772:
725:
707:
703:
691:
646:
610:
592:
585:
549:
515:
499:
490:
486:
467:Jordan River
464:
439:
423:
419:
395:
375:
356:
329:
321:
312:Jordan River
297:
290:
284:
251:
247:
218:
217:
54:
40:
26:
2230:Hyrcanus II
2034:Jehoshaphat
1841:Hyrcanus II
1716:Jehoshaphat
1651:Jeroboam II
1551:Ish-bosheth
1458:Hyrcanus II
1452:103–76 BCE
1433:103–76 BCE
1104:Kaiser 1998
815:(malaria).
732:Transjordan
653:High Priest
560:Transjordan
519:Scythopolis
511:Coele-Syria
479:Greek-style
369:, a famous
344:high priest
340:Hyrcanus II
176:Hyrcanus II
133:Hyrcanus II
119:Predecessor
92:Predecessor
2432:Categories
2368:(restored)
2312:(restored)
2276:(restored)
2215:Hyrcanus I
2081:Azariah IV
1933:Tabernacle
1581:Jeroboam I
1496:Rulers of
1160:Eshel 2008
1116:Eshel 2008
1089:Eshel 2008
845:References
807:alcoholism
752:Galaaditis
736:Gaulanitis
728:Aretas III
715:Galaaditis
709:seized in
146:c. 127 BCE
84: – c.
82: 103
59:(1553) by
2250:Herodians
2240:Antigonus
2195:Hasmonean
2165:Onias III
2029:Jehoiarib
2019:Azariah I
1986:Ahimelech
1786:Jehoiakim
1656:Zechariah
1526:Maccabees
1274:. BRILL.
920:Gelb 2010
576:Nabataean
455:Sepphoris
426:Jerusalem
398:Ptolemais
363:Pharisaic
359:Sadducees
342:, became
304:Palestine
191:Hasmonean
154:c. 76 BCE
129:Successor
102:Successor
2382:Jonathan
2336:Caiaphas
2274:Ananelus
2264:Ananelus
2180:Onias IV
2175:Menelaus
2160:Simon II
2155:Onias II
2150:Manasseh
2115:Eliashib
2067:Hoshaiah
2049:Zedekiah
2039:Jehoiada
1991:Abiathar
1951:Phinehas
1860:See also
1796:Zedekiah
1791:Jeconiah
1781:Jehoahaz
1766:Manasseh
1761:Hezekiah
1731:Athaliah
1701:Rehoboam
1671:Pekahiah
1641:Jehoahaz
942:21 March
744:Seleucia
657:libation
633:Obodas I
629:Damascus
568:Anthedon
506:Chelkias
371:Pharisee
300:biblical
281:Josephus
275:, Queen
252:Jonathan
207:Religion
18:Jannaeus
2197:dynasty
2185:Alcimus
2145:Eleazar
2140:Simon I
2135:Onias I
2125:Johanan
2110:Joiakim
2086:Seraiah
2076:Hilkiah
2071:Shallum
2014:Ahimaaz
1956:Abishua
1946:Eleazar
1741:Amaziah
1736:Jehoash
1726:Ahaziah
1721:Jehoram
1666:Menahem
1661:Shallum
1646:Jehoash
1631:Jehoram
1626:Ahaziah
1620:Jezebel
1561:Solomon
799:Jericho
779:Jericho
768:Judaize
699:Shechem
665:citrons
661:etrogim
558:in the
556:Amathus
502:Ananias
482:phalanx
451:Sabbath
449:on the
447:Asochis
430:talents
382:Modi'in
250:; born
248:Yannaʾy
245:
243:יַנַּאי
186:Dynasty
2253:to the
2130:Jaddua
2120:Joiada
2105:Joshua
2097:exilic
2056:Jotham
2044:Pediah
1981:Ahijah
1976:Ahitub
1918:Israel
1776:Josiah
1751:Jotham
1746:Uzziah
1706:Abijam
1681:Hoshea
1591:Baasha
1571:Israel
1536:Israel
1406:76 BCE
1402:
1362:
1341:
1320:
1299:
1278:
1257:
1236:
1215:
827:Ragaba
820:Ragaba
764:Gerasa
762:, and
748:Gamala
746:, and
649:Sukkot
564:Raphia
552:Gadara
543:
537:
475:pagans
415:Cyprus
386:temple
378:Talmud
318:Family
271:, and
256:יהונתן
238:Hebrew
197:Father
163:Spouse
157:Ragaba
2316:Annas
2170:Jason
2095:Post-
2064:Neria
2060:Uriah
2024:Joash
2009:Zadok
1961:Bukki
1941:Aaron
1806:Judea
1691:Judah
1676:Pekah
1606:Tibni
1601:Zimri
1586:Nadab
1556:David
1404:Died:
885:p. 53
858:DGRBM
797:near
785:Death
777:near
756:Pella
750:. In
740:Golan
734:. In
223:Greek
172:Issue
75:Reign
2053:Joel
1966:Uzzi
1923:List
1771:Amon
1756:Ahaz
1636:Jehu
1616:Ahab
1611:Omri
1596:Elah
1546:Saul
1360:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1213:ISBN
944:2020
809:and
760:Dium
713:and
711:Moab
627:and
625:Rome
611:The
572:Gaza
566:and
504:and
473:and
471:Jews
402:Dora
289:and
151:Died
143:Born
1971:Eli
1916:of
1711:Asa
867:, "
306:'s
283:'s
2434::
1179:^
1140:^
1123:^
1096:^
1069:^
982:^
967:^
952:^
935:.
864:RE
822:.
781:.
770:.
758:,
742:,
513:.
457:.
437:.
354:.
295:.
240::
236:;
225::
79:c.
1925:)
1921:(
1906:e
1899:t
1892:v
1622:)
1618:(
1489:e
1482:t
1475:v
1368:.
1347:.
1326:.
1305:.
1284:.
1263:.
1242:.
1221:.
946:.
871:"
663:(
221:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
