277:(roughly 15 liters) of corn or wheat, a packet of cigarettes, a cake of brown sugar, salt, and (when available) 1/32nd of a butchered steer. Chiefs received more sugar and cigarettes, and women and children received a reduced amount of food. The Apaches were permitted to forage for additional food. The Apaches also received clothing and some additional items, as needed. The Spanish gave horses and other gifts to favored Apache leaders. In return the Apaches were to refrain from warfare, learn agriculture, and raise crops. They were expected to join and guide Spanish expeditions against warring Apaches—although the years 1790 to 1820 were years of relative peace. A few Apaches became Christians and a few Apache women married Spanish men.
54:
253:. The grievances of the Apaches included the frequent slave raids of the Spaniards and their Native American allies which resulted in the capture and enslavement of many Apaches and other peoples. Janos was arguably the most important of the presidios with an eventual complement of 144 soldiers, plus auxiliaries drawn from Native Americans and civilians living nearby. Little information survives about the Janos presidio before 1750, although in 1737 a Spanish writer mentioned the devastation wrought by Apache raids.
70:
1418:
1353:
77:
273:
exchange for gifts of food and other supplies. In 1793, 368 Apaches were counted at Janos as "pacified." That number would fluctuate, but generally remain in the hundreds until near the end of the pacification program in 1831. In exchanges for their pledges of peace each Apache man received weekly two
317:
system Janos has a BSbk climate (semi-arid steppe with warm summers and cool winters). Winters are sunny with a
January average of 7.1 °C (44.8 °F), but temperatures regularly fall below freezing. The town can have 2 or 3 snowfalls per year. June is the warmest month with an average of
280:
Foreign encroachments on Apache lands increased after Mexico became independent from Spain in 1821 and the practice of giving rations to pacified
Apaches ended in 1831. Nearly all the Apache left the presidios, including Janos, and resumed their traditional lives, including raiding. In 1858, the
177:
of the same name. As of 2010, the town of Janos had a population of 2,738. Janos was possibly the site of a
Franciscan mission established about 1640 and destroyed by Indian attack in the 1680s. The Spanish established a fort in Janos in 1686 which became a key element in the Spanish attempt to
272:
Despite the problems with the
Apaches, the town of Janos was founded about 1778 and the civilian population began to grow slowly. In 1807 a chapel, Nuestra Señora del Pilar was completed. The Spanish began to implement pacification programs. In 1790, Apaches were invited to settle in Janos in
248:
Janos was one of 18 presidios mostly located near the 21st century border of Mexico and the United States that the
Spanish created to defend the Mexican settlements from the attacks and raids of Apaches and later
264:
states) between 1771 and 1776, 1,674 deaths of
Spanish subjects were recorded, 154 were captured, 100 ranches were abandoned, and 68,000 head of livestock were stolen. Several large Spanish expeditions led by
1620:
232:, were recorded for the first time within the borders of Mexico, having immigrated from further north. The Suma, Janos, and Jocomes gradually disappeared from Spanish records, probably absorbed by the
209:
was established to
Christianize these and other tribes of Native Americans. The initial location of the mission is in doubt. It was possibly near the future town of Janos, or possibly near
322:
season. The highest recorded temperature was 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) on August 21, 1979 and the lowest recorded temperature was −13 °C (8.6 °F) on
December 9, 1978.
965:
217:. In the 1680s the mission was destroyed by an uprising of the Suma and Janos and other tribes. Another, probably related people, the Jocomes also became prominent near Janos.
1585:
53:
1319:
1341:
1595:
101:
1590:
953:
945:
1528:
928:
1297:
205:
among the "ferocious tribes" living along the caravan route between
Spanish settlements in Mexico and New Mexico. In 1640, a mission called
977:
973:
1268:
1533:
314:
307:
1605:
1387:
1334:
1137:
228:
and in 1717 the
Franciscan mission was re-established among the Janos and Jocomes people. In 1692, however, a new people, the
1615:
1198:
1120:
1055:
69:
1610:
1482:
1442:
1600:
1432:
1477:
1327:
220:
In 1686 the Spanish governor ordered Captain Juan Fernández de la Fuente to send troops to Janos to establish a
1523:
182:
people. Several hundred Apaches often lived near the presidio during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
1548:
1543:
319:
1455:
1564:
1450:
1215:
1230:
236:
or, in the case of some of the Suma, becoming part of the detribalized Native American population of
1071:
Barr, Juliana (June 2005). "From Captives to Slaves: Commodifying Indian Women in the Borderlands".
1019:
1433:
List of the sixty-seven municipalities in Chihuahua with their municipal seats (cabecera municipal)
1397:
949:
198:
1301:
1088:
174:
1272:
1503:
1471:
1407:
1358:
1352:
1194:
1116:
1051:
303:
166:
1188:
318:
22.3 °C (72.1 °F). Most of the precipitation falls from July to October during the
269:
from Janos and other presidios were launched and inflicted substantial deaths among Apaches.
1392:
1238:
1080:
162:
1417:
1234:
1518:
1382:
1367:
266:
237:
170:
1579:
1538:
1513:
1508:
1402:
729:
257:
1242:
1498:
289:. Geronimo at the time of the massacre was in Janos trading with local merchants.
285:
were among those killed near Janos in a massacre by a Mexican military force from
202:
194:
1021:
Summary of Spanish, Mexican, and Early American Exploration of the Borderlands
17:
256:
Decades of Apache raids and Spanish retaliations culminated in the 1770s. In
116:
103:
999:
Forbes, Jack Douglas (1957). "The Janos, Jocomes, Mansos and Suma Indians".
329:
Climate data for Janos, Chihuahua, elevation 1,357 metres (4,452 ft)
282:
250:
221:
1092:
261:
210:
286:
233:
229:
179:
159:
1084:
1098:
274:
214:
44:
1323:
1216:"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated"
1300:(in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from
1214:
Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006).
1187:
Sweeney, Edwin R. (1986). Sonnichsen, Charles Leland (ed.).
1048:
Apaches at War & Peace: The Janos Presidio, 1750-1858
1138:"Indigenous Chihuahua: A Story of War and Assimilation"
1115:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 213, 216.
1621:
Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America
1271:(in Spanish). Colegio de Postgraduados. Archived from
954:
United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
1050:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. p. 4.
1557:
1491:
1464:
1441:
1425:
1375:
145:
140:
132:
35:
281:mother, wife, and three children of Apache leader
898:Source 2: Colegio de Postgraduados (snowy days)
58:Franciscan mission in Janos, established in 1640
1269:"Normales climatológicas para Janos, Chihuahua"
1335:
8:
1193:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 36.
1342:
1328:
1320:
893:Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
325:
226:Presidio de San Felipe y Santiago de Janos
32:
207:Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de los Janos
1263:
1261:
1259:
1190:Geronimo and the End of the Apache Wars
1174:
1162:
1150:
911:
139:
131:
96:
62:
50:
1529:Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)
1292:
1290:
27:Town in the Mexican state of Chihuahua
1586:Populated places in Chihuahua (state)
1113:The Spanish Frontier in North America
1027:. USDA Forest Service. pp. 47–48
144:
7:
1298:"NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951-2010"
178:suppress raids and attacks by the
173:of government for the surrounding
158:is a town located in the northern
25:
1596:1600s establishments in New Spain
201:mentions the Janos ("Hanos") and
1534:Cumbres de Majalca National Park
1416:
1351:
1136:Schmal, John P. (19 June 2020).
315:Trewartha climate classification
75:
68:
52:
1073:The Journal of American History
974:Secretaría de Desarrollo Social
929:"División municipal. Chihuahua"
1591:1600s establishments in Mexico
1:
308:Köppen climate classification
76:
1046:Griffen, William E. (1988).
1001:New Mexico Historical Review
260:(21st century Chihuahua and
136:1,357 m (4,452 ft)
1243:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130
1165:, pp. 99–110, 269–270.
1007:(4): 319–334, page 319–322.
802:Average precipitation days
588:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
448:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1637:
1478:Timeline of Chihuahua City
897:
892:
328:
1483:Timeline of Ciudad Juárez
1414:
1365:
976:(SEDESOL). Archived from
933:www.cuentame.inegi.org.mx
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801:
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657:
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517:
447:
377:
372:
369:
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363:
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348:
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342:
339:
336:
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224:(fortress). It was named
97:
63:
51:
42:
1111:Weber, David J. (1991).
1018:Madsen, John H. (2006).
1549:Sierra Madre Occidental
970:Catálogo de Localidades
952:, GEOnet Names Server,
1544:Samalayuca Dune Fields
117:30.88778°N 108.19000°W
1616:Wars involving Mexico
1524:Cueva de la Ranchería
1611:Wars involving Spain
1472:History of Chihuahua
378:Record high °C (°F)
169:. It serves as the
122:30.88778; -108.19000
1275:on 19 February 2013
1235:2006MetZe..15..259K
1177:, pp. 132–133.
950:GEOnet Names Server
849:Average snowy days
658:Record low °C (°F)
518:Daily mean °C (°F)
199:Alonso de Benavides
113: /
1606:Apache–Mexico Wars
1601:Missions in Mexico
1443:Metropolitan areas
175:Janos Municipality
146: • Total
89:Location in Mexico
1573:
1572:
1504:Basaseachic Falls
1451:Greater Chihuahua
1388:Ciudad Cuauhtémoc
902:
901:
304:semi-arid climate
153:
152:
16:(Redirected from
1628:
1420:
1383:Ciudad Chihuahua
1356:
1355:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1304:on March 3, 2016
1294:
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1097:Downloaded from
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1032:
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987:
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946:Janos (Approved)
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937:
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919:
916:
805:
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192:Memorial of 1630
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1085:10.2307/3660524
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983:
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980:on 4 March 2016
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1519:Cuarenta Casas
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1506:
1501:
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1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
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1458:
1456:El Paso–Juárez
1453:
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1426:Municipalities
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1362:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1286:
1255:
1229:(3): 259–263.
1206:
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1143:
1128:
1121:
1103:
1063:
1056:
1038:
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238:El Paso, Texas
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184:
171:municipal seat
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150:
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65:
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61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
43:
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36:
29:
26:
24:
18:Janos Presidio
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1633:
1622:
1619:
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1542:
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1539:Piedra Volada
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Copper Canyon
1512:
1510:
1509:Casas Grandes
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
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1496:
1494:
1490:
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1434:
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1430:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:Ciudad Juárez
1391:
1389:
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1384:
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1380:
1378:
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1369:
1364:
1360:
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1228:
1224:
1217:
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1207:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1153:, p. 33.
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1132:
1129:
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1114:
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1100:
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1006:
1002:
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992:
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784:
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769:
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739:
734:
731:
730:precipitation
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258:Nueva Vizcaya
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126:
98:Coordinates:
71:
55:
46:
41:
34:
19:
1558:Other topics
1499:Lake Arareco
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1277:. Retrieved
1273:the original
1246:. Retrieved
1226:
1222:
1209:
1189:
1182:
1175:Griffen 1988
1170:
1163:Griffen 1988
1158:
1151:Griffen 1988
1146:
1131:
1112:
1106:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1047:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1020:
1013:
1004:
1000:
994:
982:. Retrieved
978:the original
969:
960:
941:
932:
923:
918:Google Earth
914:
732:mm (inches)
310:
302:Janos has a
301:
279:
271:
255:
247:
225:
219:
206:
191:
189:
155:
154:
1308:February 2,
1248:January 17,
1223:Meteorol. Z
1079:(1): 30ff.
267:Hugo Oconór
197:missionary
120: /
108:108°11′24″W
1580:Categories
1279:6 November
1200:0803291981
1122:0300051980
1057:0826311091
1031:3 November
906:References
804:(≥ 0.1 mm)
313:). In the
195:Franciscan
141:Population
105:30°53′16″N
1565:Governors
1370:(capital)
1368:Chihuahua
1359:Chihuahua
1357:State of
293:Geography
251:Comanches
167:Chihuahua
133:Elevation
1398:Delicias
984:23 April
797:(12.31)
728:Average
443:(113.0)
423:(104.0)
418:(113.0)
413:(104.0)
408:(107.6)
403:(104.0)
283:Geronimo
222:presidio
1474:(state)
1465:History
1231:Bibcode
1093:3660524
966:"Janos"
792:(0.85)
787:(0.61)
782:(1.16)
777:(1.82)
772:(2.31)
767:(2.91)
762:(0.66)
757:(0.23)
752:(0.28)
747:(0.43)
742:(0.46)
737:(0.60)
713:(10.4)
708:(24.8)
703:(33.8)
698:(35.6)
693:(35.6)
688:(35.6)
683:(19.4)
678:(11.3)
673:(19.4)
668:(18.5)
663:(14.0)
653:(44.1)
648:(32.4)
643:(35.8)
638:(43.9)
633:(52.9)
628:(57.4)
623:(58.1)
618:(55.8)
613:(48.2)
608:(41.7)
603:(37.0)
598:(33.6)
593:(31.8)
583:(58.6)
578:(45.3)
573:(50.2)
568:(58.5)
563:(66.9)
558:(71.8)
553:(72.1)
548:(72.1)
543:(64.8)
538:(57.7)
533:(52.0)
528:(47.8)
523:(44.8)
513:(73.2)
508:(58.3)
503:(64.4)
498:(72.9)
493:(80.8)
488:(86.2)
483:(86.2)
478:(88.7)
473:(81.1)
468:(73.6)
463:(67.1)
458:(62.1)
453:(57.6)
438:(78.8)
433:(86.0)
428:(97.7)
398:(96.8)
393:(87.8)
388:(84.2)
383:(78.8)
320:monsoon
298:Climate
275:almudes
262:Durango
244:Apaches
211:El Paso
190:In his
186:History
160:Mexican
1492:Sights
1408:Parral
1403:Madera
1376:Cities
1197:
1119:
1091:
1054:
723:(8.6)
718:(8.6)
334:Month
287:Sonora
234:Apache
230:Apache
180:Apache
1219:(PDF)
1099:JSTOR
1089:JSTOR
1025:(PDF)
888:2.33
885:0.57
882:0.31
861:0.05
858:0.30
855:0.50
852:0.60
844:41.3
795:312.7
721:−13.0
716:−13.0
711:−12.0
676:−11.5
661:−10.0
373:Year
215:Texas
163:state
156:Janos
149:2,738
83:Janos
37:Janos
1310:2013
1281:2020
1250:2013
1195:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1033:2020
986:2014
841:3.4
838:2.1
835:3.3
832:5.2
829:7.2
826:9.1
823:1.8
820:1.0
817:1.2
814:2.0
811:2.0
808:3.0
790:21.5
785:15.5
780:29.5
775:46.3
770:58.6
765:73.8
760:16.7
745:11.0
740:11.6
735:15.3
706:−4.0
681:−7.0
671:−7.0
666:−7.5
631:11.6
626:14.1
621:14.5
616:13.2
591:−0.1
581:14.8
571:10.1
566:14.7
561:19.4
556:22.1
551:22.3
546:22.3
541:18.2
536:14.3
531:11.1
511:22.9
506:14.6
501:18.0
496:22.7
491:27.1
486:30.1
481:30.1
476:31.5
471:27.3
466:23.1
461:19.5
456:16.7
451:14.2
441:45.0
436:26.0
431:30.0
426:36.5
421:40.0
416:45.0
411:40.0
406:42.0
401:40.0
396:36.0
391:31.0
386:29.0
381:26.0
370:Dec
367:Nov
364:Oct
361:Sep
358:Aug
355:Jul
352:Jun
349:May
346:Apr
343:Mar
340:Feb
337:Jan
203:Suma
45:Town
30:Town
1239:doi
1081:doi
948:at
755:5.8
750:7.1
701:1.0
696:2.0
691:2.0
686:2.0
651:6.7
646:0.2
641:2.1
636:6.6
611:9.0
606:5.4
601:2.8
596:0.9
576:7.4
526:8.8
521:7.1
311:BSk
165:of
1582::
1289:^
1258:^
1237:.
1227:15
1225:.
1221:.
1087:.
1077:92
1075:.
1005:32
1003:.
972:.
968:.
931:.
879:0
876:0
873:0
870:0
867:0
864:0
240:.
213:,
1343:e
1336:t
1329:v
1312:.
1283:.
1252:.
1241::
1233::
1203:.
1140:.
1125:.
1101:.
1095:.
1083::
1060:.
1035:.
988:.
935:.
306:(
20:)
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