46:
2037:. Like in Jaᶇalif, ⟨j⟩ represent , and ⟨zh⟩ is used for , corresponding to ⟨ƶ⟩ in Jaᶇalif. ⟨x⟩ isn't used in Inalif, and ⟨kh⟩ is used instead. Other changes include: ⟨ä⟩ → ⟨a'⟩; ⟨ö⟩ → ⟨o'⟩; ⟨ü⟩ → ⟨u'⟩; ⟨ç⟩ → ⟨ch⟩; ⟨ğ⟩ → ⟨gh⟩; ⟨ñ⟩ → ⟨ng⟩; ⟨ş⟩ → ⟨sh⟩. The sorting order of Inalif isn't specified, but in practice, the English sorting order is used. Inalif is used only on the Internet.
2028:
was convented in 2003 and partly it was inspired by Jaᶇalif. The main purpose of this alphabet was standardization of texts, which are typed on a standard
English keyboard, without any diacritical marks. But this is not a simple transliteration of non-English symbols of Jaᶇalif or modern alphabet.
1896:
Using two different alphabets for
Russian and Turkic languages was problematic: people had to learn two different alphabets, confusing letters of one alphabet for letters from another, and Turkic languages had to use specific typewriters instead of sharing typewriters with Russian. In order to
296:(həmzə or hämzä) and is sometimes considered a letter for the purposes of alphabetic sorting. Other characters may also be used in spelling foreign names. The lowercase form of the letter B is ʙ (small caps B), to prevent confusion with Ь ь (I with bowl).
382:
has only three vowel qualities, but Tatar has nine, which had to be mapped onto combinations and variations of the three existing vowel letters). Because of this some Turkic intelligentsia tended to use the Latin or
1897:
overcome these issues, a decision was made to convert Turkic languages to
Cyrillic. In 1939 the Soviet government prohibited Jaᶇalif although it remained in use until January 1940. Jaᶇalif was also used in
519:
script. The first variant of Jaᶇalif did not have separate letters for K and Q (realized as K) and for G and Ğ (realized as G), V and W (realized as W). Ş (sh) looked like the
Cyrillic letter
277:
in 1938–1940. After their respective independence in 1991, several former Soviet states in
Central Asia switched back to Latin script, with slight modifications to the original Jaᶇalif.
1994:
In the 1990s some wanted to restore Jaᶇalif, or Jaᶇalif +W, as being appropriate for the modern Tatar phonetics. But technical problems, such as font problems and the disuse of
1928:
was written in Jaᶇalif, and another was written in Arabic letters. Both notebooks were written in German prison, after 1939, the year when the
Cyrillic script was established.
2234:
2239:
1937:
465:("friend of the Latin") society was formed in Kazan on 16 November 1924. It suggested its own version of Tatar Latin alphabet, which didn't cover Bashkir sounds.
1909:. The alphabet served until the 1950s, because most of the schoolbooks were printed before World War II. Some Tatar diasporas also used Jaᶇalif outside of the
2229:
2214:
526:
In 1928 Jaᶇalif was reformed and remained in active use for 12 years. Some sources claim that this alphabet had 34 letters, but the last was a digraph
370:. The deficiencies of this alphabet were both technical (abundance of positional letterforms complicated adoption of modern technology such as
523:(she). C and Ç were realized as in Turkish and the modern Tatar Latin alphabet and later were transposed in the final version of Jaᶇalif.
1964:
442:
259:
69:
219:
201:
1920:
For 12 years of usage the Latin script, Arabic script (and not only Jaña imlâ, but İske imlâ too) also were used. One of the
541:
After the introduction of Jaᶇalif most of the books which were printed in the Arabic alphabet were withdrawn from libraries.
2076:
2029:
Sounds absent from
English are represented with digraphs; soft vowels are represented as a combination of the pairmate and
2219:
2034:
1936:
344:
315:. Capital Ə (schwa) also looks like Russian/Cyrillic Э in some fonts. There is also a digraph in Jaᶇalif (Ьj ьj).
2002:
alphabet". In 2000 such an alphabet was adopted by the
Tatarstan government, but in 2002 it was abolished by the
164:
2209:
267:
2204:
1995:
112:
2167:
215:
211:
197:
2033:, apart from , corresponding to ⟨ь⟩ in Jaᶇalif, which is represented as ⟨y⟩, probably under influence of
2224:
2132:
2104:
411:
107:
2123:
407:
117:
45:
127:
1914:
281:
1999:
1967:
1925:
1208:
458:
396:
392:
359:
324:
263:
89:
2066:М.З. Закиев. Тюрко-татарское письмо. История, состояние, перспективы. Москва, "Инсан", 2005
384:
379:
363:
332:
301:
274:
251:
136:
516:
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431:
367:
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2172:
582:
512:
355:
348:
328:
246:
241:
132:
122:
2198:
2189:
1921:
331:, an ancestor of the modern Tatar language and written with Latin characters, is the
270:
186:
179:
1910:
1906:
587:
481:
388:
340:
293:
255:
1940:
1766:
375:
297:
403:, for the purpose of Christianization; Muslim Tatars did not use his alphabet.
2030:
1902:
535:
453:. The first project for a Tatar-Bashkir Latin alphabet was published in ئشچی (
371:
289:
531:
504:
477:
469:
400:
312:
2077:"Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркших языков СССР: Сборник статей"
2020:
1868:
A B C Ç D Dh E F G Ĝ H I J K L M N Ŋ O Ö P Q R S T Th U Ü W V X Y Z Ƶ Ə Э
538:. They also give another sorting of the alphabet. (Ə after A, Ь after E)
336:
207:
57:
1975:
1963:
1944:
308:
171:
17:
2003:
1898:
450:
1879:
A B Ĝ Ç D E Ä Y F Gh G H I J Q K L M N Ng Ö O P R S T U Ü W X Z Ƶ Ş
2135:
Academy of
Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
2128:
2100:
1983:
1962:
1956:
1935:
497:
457:, "The Worker") newspaper on 18 July 1924. Sounds specific to the
285:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1952:
1948:
1800:
1732:
1446:
1276:
841:
775:
708:
520:
473:
304:
1887:
A B C Ç D E É Э F G H I J K L M N Ŋ O Ó P R S T U V X Y Z Ƶ Ш W
2151:
943:
410:
started to use the Latin script in his works. He used several
430:
for . Arabists turned down his project, preferring to reform
387:. The first attempts appeared in the mid-19th century among
461:
were written with digraphs. Following the publication, the
1698:
1664:
1630:
1577:
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1378:
1344:
1310:
1242:
1174:
1140:
1106:
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971:
909:
875:
807:
742:
674:
640:
606:
307:, is not currently available as a Latin character in
534:. Another source states that the 34th letter was an
206:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
27:
1920s–30s Soviet Latin alphabet for Turkic languages
177:
170:
158:
100:
95:
85:
75:
64:
52:
32:
1974:, that was used in Jaᶇalif and is represented in
496:(New Tatar Alphabet) society started its work at
273:-based alphabet in 1928, and was replaced by the
220:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2190:Tatar Cyrillic-Latin text and website converter
343:. Their Latin script ceased to be used after
244:: jaŋa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaŋalif/yañalif,
8:
2097:Татар теленең алфавиты hәм орфография тарихы
1883:Original Jaᶇalif (1927) alphabetical order:
395:, along with followers, invented a modified
391:. At the same period the Russian missionary
2235:1940 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
2090:
2088:
2086:
1998:among other peoples, forced the use of a "
543:
2154:: Башҡортостан китап нәшриәте, p. 67
434:. The simplified Arabic script, known as
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2240:1924 establishments in the Soviet Union
2045:
254:: Яңалиф, "new alphabet") is the first
335:, dated 1303. Such texts were used by
29:
2116:
2114:
311:, but it looks exactly like Cyrillic
245:
7:
2014:The "Internet-style" alphabet named
447:Central Committee for a New Alphabet
210:. For the distinction between ,
1943:does not have separate encoding in
530:, used for the corresponding Tatar
2230:Writing systems introduced in 1924
2215:Alphabets used by Turkic languages
2095:Курбатов, Хәлиф Рәхим улы (1960),
1913:, for example the Tatar bureau of
1901:gazettes for prisoners of war and
25:
2146:Әхмәров, Ҡасим Закир улы (1972),
476:recommended to switch all Turkic
443:Latinisation in the Soviet Union
260:latinisation in the Soviet Union
70:Latinisation in the Soviet Union
44:
323:The earliest written text in a
202:International Phonetic Alphabet
189:, some characters not available
593:modern Cyrillic Tatar alphabet
284:in Jaᶇalif, nine of which are
68:Various, primarily during the
1:
406:In 1908–1909 the Tatar poet
195: This article contains
1978:since 6.0. Only some Tatar
1875:(1924) alphabetical order:
1864:(1924) alphabetical order:
511:the official script of the
2256:
2035:transliteration of Russian
399:for the Turkic peoples of
1951:is used. Only some Tatar
1843:
1811:
1780:
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1590:
1581:
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1557:
1523:
1494:
1460:
1426:
1392:
1358:
1324:
1290:
1256:
1222:
1188:
1154:
1120:
1086:
1052:
1019:
985:
954:
931:
923:
913:
889:
855:
821:
787:
756:
722:
688:
654:
620:
438:, was used in 1920–1927.
193:
165:Unified Northern Alphabet
43:
595:+ some Bashkir Cyrillic
468:In 1926 the Congress of
2148:Башҡорт яҙыуы тарихенән
1996:Uniform Turkic alphabet
198:phonetic transcriptions
113:Proto-Sinaitic alphabet
2168:Common Turkic Alphabet
1991:
1960:
358:as well as some other
347:was taken over by the
2133:Republic of Tatarstan
2105:Tatar Book Publishers
1966:
1939:
351:in the 15th century.
262:in the 1930s for the
2220:History of Tatarstan
484:. In April 1926 the
339:missionaries to the
292:(') is used for the
108:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2124:Tatar Encyclopaedia
1986:at the position of
507:officials declared
490:Yaña tatar älifbası
486:Jaᶇa Tatar Əlifвasь
449:was established in
354:For centuries some
327:, specifically the
118:Phoenician alphabet
2121:"Jaᶇalif/Яңалиф".
2004:Russian Federation
1992:
1961:
494:Яңа Татар Әлифбасы
378:) and linguistic (
266:. It replaced the
247:[jɑŋɑˈlif]
128:Old Italic scripts
1932:Restoring Jaŋalif
1915:Radio Free Europe
1859:
1858:
503:On July 3, 1927,
275:Cyrillic alphabet
227:
226:
16:(Redirected from
2247:
2156:
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1968:N with descender
1926:Moabit Notebooks
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578:stand-alone form
555:Original version
544:
515:, replacing the
459:Bashkir language
397:Russian alphabet
393:Nikolay Ilminsky
362:used a modified
360:Turkic languages
325:Kipchak language
264:Turkic languages
258:used during the
249:
223:
217:
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90:Turkic languages
48:
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2210:Latin alphabets
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2012:
1970:, a variant of
1934:
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385:Cyrillic script
380:Arabic language
364:Arabic alphabet
356:Tatar languages
333:Codex Cumanicus
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137:Cyrillic script
103:
96:Related scripts
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2184:External links
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2173:Tatar alphabet
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583:Tatar alphabet
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513:Tatar language
349:Ottoman Empire
329:Cuman language
320:
317:
256:Latin alphabet
225:
224:
218:⟩, see
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160:Sister systems
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133:Latin alphabet
123:Greek alphabet
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1465:
1459:
1456:
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1442:
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1437:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
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1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
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1377:
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1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1357:
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1309:
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1298:
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1264:
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1255:
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1233:
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1227:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
984:
981:
978:
975:
973:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
953:
950:
947:
945:
942:
939:
938:
934:
928:
922:
919:
916:
911:
908:
905:
904:
900:
897:
894:
888:
885:
882:
879:
877:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
860:
854:
851:
848:
845:
843:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
826:
820:
817:
814:
811:
809:
806:
803:
802:
798:
795:
792:
786:
783:
781:
779:
777:
774:
772:
771:
767:
764:
761:
755:
752:
749:
746:
744:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
727:
721:
718:
715:
712:
710:
707:
704:
703:
699:
696:
693:
687:
684:
681:
678:
676:
673:
670:
669:
665:
662:
659:
653:
650:
647:
644:
642:
639:
636:
635:
631:
628:
625:
619:
616:
613:
610:
608:
605:
602:
601:
597:
592:
589:
584:
581:Modern Latin
580:
575:
570:
567:
562:
559:
554:
550:Final version
549:
546:
545:
542:
539:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:Säğit Rämiyev
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
318:
316:
314:
313:soft sign (Ь)
310:
306:
303:
300:, similar to
299:
298:Letter No. 33
295:
291:
287:
283:
280:There are 33
278:
276:
272:
271:Arabic script
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
243:
239:
235:
231:
221:
209:
205:
203:
199:
192:
188:
184:
181:
180:Unicode range
176:
173:
169:
166:
163:
157:
140:
139:
138:
135:augmented by
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
105:
99:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
38:
31:
19:
2225:Romanization
2147:
2141:
2127:(in Tatar).
2122:
2107:, p. 71
2096:
2071:
2064:(in Russian)
2025:
2019:
2015:
2013:
1993:
1919:
1911:Soviet Union
1907:World War II
1895:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1860:
588:romanization
568:
560:
540:
527:
525:
508:
502:
493:
489:
485:
482:Latin script
470:Turkologists
467:
462:
454:
446:
445:, a special
440:
427:
423:
419:
415:
405:
389:Azerbaijanis
376:teleprinters
353:
341:Golden Horde
322:
294:glottal stop
279:
237:
233:
229:
228:
214:and ⟨
196:
36:
1947:. Cyrillic
1941:I with bowl
1873:Latin dustь
576:Yaña imlâ,
561:Latin Dustь
552:(1928–1940)
463:Latin Dustь
441:During the
372:typewriters
77:Time period
53:Script type
37:Jaᶇa Əlifba
2199:Categories
2031:apostrophe
1922:Musa Cälil
1903:propaganda
1792:/ɯ, ɤ, ɨ/
590:of Bashkir
536:apostrophe
290:apostrophe
185:Subset of
1982:use this
1955:use this
532:diphthong
517:Yaña imlâ
505:Tatarstan
478:languages
436:Yaña imlâ
432:İske imlâ
426:for and
401:Idel-Ural
368:İske imlâ
268:Yaña imlâ
86:Languages
81:1924-1940
2162:See also
2021:Internet
1820:ъ, ь, э
830:Е е (э)
799:/ð, dz/
734:/dʑ, ʑ/
412:digraphs
337:Catholic
252:Cyrillic
234:Yangalif
212:/ /
208:Help:IPA
58:Alphabet
2079:. 1972.
2041:Sources
1976:Unicode
1945:Unicode
1905:during
1892:Decline
1846:
1828:(34.2)
1814:
1797:(34.1)
1783:
1749:
1715:
1690:/w, y/
1681:
1647:
1616:
1593:
1569:/u, w/
1560:
1535:/ɕ, θ/
1526:
1497:
1463:
1429:
1395:
1361:
1327:
1293:
1259:
1225:
1191:
1157:
1123:
1089:
1055:
1022:
988:
957:
926:
892:
858:
824:
790:
759:
725:
691:
657:
623:
571:project
563:project
509:Jaᶇalif
480:to the
345:Gazaria
319:History
309:Unicode
282:letters
238:Yañalif
230:Jaᶇalif
200:in the
172:Unicode
141:Yañalif
65:Creator
33:Yañalif
18:Janalif
2131:: The
2026:älifba
2018:after
2016:Inalif
2010:Inalif
1852:Ый ый
573:(1924)
565:(1924)
557:(1927)
451:Moscow
422:for ,
418:for ,
302:Zhuang
288:. The
286:vowels
216:
2129:Kazan
2101:Kazan
1984:glyph
1980:fonts
1957:glyph
1953:fonts
1855:/ɤj/
1849:Iy ıy
1837:Yj yj
1831:Ьj ьj
1520:Th th
1216:Ng ng
948:Gh gh
784:Dh dh
700:/tɕ/
498:Kazan
242:Tatar
204:(IPA)
187:Latin
2024:and
1899:Nazi
1862:Eşce
1844:ࢭئیـ
1823:/ʔ/
1789:Ы ы
1758:/ʒ/
1755:Ж ж
1724:/z/
1721:З з
1687:Ү ү
1656:/x/
1653:Х х
1622:/w/
1619:W w
1602:/v/
1599:В в
1566:У у
1532:Ҫ ҫ
1506:/t/
1503:Т т
1472:/ʃ/
1469:Ш ш
1438:/s/
1435:С с
1404:/r/
1401:Р р
1370:/q/
1367:К к
1336:/p/
1333:П п
1302:/ø/
1299:Ө ө
1268:/o/
1265:О о
1234:/ŋ/
1231:Ң ң
1200:/n/
1197:Н н
1166:/m/
1163:М м
1132:/l/
1129:Л л
1098:/k/
1095:К к
1064:/j/
1061:Й й
1031:/i/
1028:И и
997:/h/
994:Һ һ
963:/ɣ/
960:Ğ ğ
935:/g/
932:Г г
901:/f/
898:Ф ф
867:/æ/
864:Ә ә
833:/e/
796:Ҙ ҙ
768:/d/
765:Д д
731:Җ җ
697:Ч ч
666:/b/
663:Б б
632:/a/
629:А а
598:IPA
586:and
569:Eşce
474:Baku
455:Eşce
374:and
2152:Ufa
1924:'s
1840:Y y
1834:Y y
1786:I ı
1781:ࢭئـ
1777:Ə ə
1774:Y y
1771:É é
1767:Ь ь
1763:33
1752:J j
1743:Ƶ ƶ
1740:Ƶ ƶ
1737:Ƶ ƶ
1733:Ƶ ƶ
1729:32
1718:Z z
1709:Z z
1706:Z z
1703:Z z
1699:Z z
1695:31
1684:Ü ü
1675:Ü ü
1672:Ü ü
1669:V v
1665:Y y
1661:30
1650:X x
1641:X x
1638:X x
1635:X x
1631:X x
1627:29
1610:W w
1607:W w
1596:V v
1587:V v
1582:W w
1578:V v
1574:28
1563:U u
1558:ࢭئو
1554:U u
1551:U u
1548:U u
1544:U u
1540:27
1529:Ś ś
1513:Ѣ ѣ
1500:T t
1491:T t
1488:T t
1485:T t
1481:T t
1477:26
1466:Ş ş
1457:Ç ç
1454:Ş ş
1451:Ш ш
1447:Ş ş
1443:25
1432:S s
1423:S s
1420:S s
1417:S s
1413:S s
1409:24
1398:R r
1389:R r
1386:R r
1383:R r
1379:R r
1375:23
1364:Q q
1355:Q q
1352:Q q
1349:K k
1345:Q q
1341:22
1330:P p
1321:P p
1318:P p
1315:P p
1311:P p
1307:21
1296:Ö ö
1287:Ö ö
1284:Ö ö
1281:Ó ó
1277:Ɵ ɵ
1273:20
1262:O o
1257:ࢭئۇ
1253:O o
1250:O o
1247:O o
1243:O o
1239:19
1228:Ñ ñ
1219:Ŋ ŋ
1213:Ŋ ŋ
1209:Ŋ ŋ
1205:18
1194:N n
1185:N n
1182:N n
1179:N n
1175:N n
1171:17
1160:M m
1151:M m
1148:M m
1145:M m
1141:M m
1137:16
1126:L l
1117:L l
1114:L l
1111:L l
1107:L l
1103:15
1092:K k
1083:K k
1080:K k
1077:K k
1073:K k
1069:14
1058:Y y
1047:J j
1044:J j
1040:J j
1036:13
1025:İ i
1016:I i
1013:I i
1010:I i
1006:I i
1002:12
991:H h
982:H h
979:H h
976:H h
972:H h
968:11
951:Ĝ ĝ
944:Ƣ ƣ
940:10
929:G g
920:G g
917:G g
914:G g
910:G g
895:F f
886:F f
883:F f
880:F f
876:F f
861:Ä ä
852:E e
849:Ä ä
846:Э ә
842:Ə ə
827:E e
818:Э э
815:E e
812:E e
808:E e
793:Ź ź
776:Đ đ
762:D d
753:D d
750:D d
747:D d
743:D d
728:C c
719:J j
716:Ĝ ĝ
713:C c
709:Ç ç
694:Ç ç
685:C c
682:Ç ç
679:Ç ç
675:C c
660:B b
651:B b
648:B ʙ
645:B b
641:B ʙ
626:A a
617:A a
614:A a
611:A a
607:A a
547:No.
472:in
236:or
2201::
2150:,
2113:^
2103::
2099:,
2085:^
2048:^
2006:.
1917:.
1679:ئو
1291:ئۇ
1020:ئی
906:9
872:8
856:ئە
838:7
822:ئـ
804:6
739:5
705:4
671:3
637:2
621:ئا
603:1
528:Ьj
500:.
492:/
488:/
428:ei
424:eo
420:eu
416:ea
414::
366:,
250:,
232:,
1990:.
1988:Ñ
1972:Ŋ
1959:.
1949:Ь
1817:ʼ
1812:ء
1801:ʼ
1747:ژ
1713:ز
1645:ح
1614:و
1591:ۋ
1524:ث
1495:ت
1461:ش
1427:س
1393:ر
1359:ق
1325:پ
1223:ڭ
1189:ن
1155:م
1121:ل
1087:ک
1053:ی
986:ه
955:ع
924:گ
890:ف
788:ذ
757:د
723:ج
689:چ
655:ب
521:Ш
305:Ƅ
240:(
222:.
20:)
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