107:, for which a local Iranian-backed Shia militia claimed responsibility. In 2003, the family of Stevens and other American victims filed a lawsuit against the Iranian government, and in 2005, a U.S. Federal District Court found Iran guilty of orchestrating the embassy bombing and ordered it to pay damages to the plaintiffs, including $ 13,449,000 to relatives of Janet Lee Stevens. Iran did not respond or pay.
446:
the long-haired journalist, who had been interviewing Bill McIntyre in the cafeteria. She was in a corner with a military guy. He had his hands up and she was almost in a macabre death embrace". Butler added that seeing the bodies of
Stevens and others was "the worst part of the whole event for me" and that it "seared images of bodies and body parts on my consciousness".
453:(ADST) later cited Dammarell's study for pointing to the lack of adequate support from the U.S. State Department in preparing diplomats for trauma, offering mental health services after incidents, and establishing long-term, follow-up procedures for PTSD survivors. The ADST also suggested that Dammarell's study contributed to changes in policies.
354:, in order to uproot residual PLO elements at a time when Israeli forces were poised to enter West Beirut. Stevens toured Sabra and Shatila immediately after the massacre; witnessed the Red Crescent's efforts to collect the dead bodies, some of which, she reported, showed evidence of rape and mutilation; and interviewed survivors.
648:. Shaheen is a composer and performer of oud and violin, who also directs the Arab Music Retreat, an annual program of Arabic music hosted at Mount Holyoke College to promote cultural understanding through the study and performance of classical and neoclassical music from Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan.
143:, and started the PhD program in 1973 in the department of Oriental Studies (known from 1984 as the Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies and from 2005 as the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations). She won a fellowship to study Arabic at the Center for Arabic Study Abroad (CASA) at the
602:. The fund intended to honor Stevens's legacy of fostering cultural understanding of the Arab world. Professor Thomas Naff originally administered the award, following a nomination procedure which awarded an individual outside the university a $ 1000 prize for promoting Arab-American understanding.
505:
decided on May 12, 2005, for the plaintiffs and ordered Iran to pay damages, including $ 13,449,000 to members of the
Stevens family, including her three siblings, the estate of Stevens, and the estate of her late father, Hazen Stevens. The Iranian government did not respond to the case, and did not
445:
Dammarell collected questionnaires from other embassy survivors, one of whom, a USAID officer named
Letitia Kelly Butler ("Tish Butler"), later recalled that the Defense Attaché asked her to identify bodies in the makeshift morgue in the hospital basement. Butler recalled: "I saw Janet Stevens,
481:
and its
Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS). The hearing of this case, Dammarell v. the Islamic Republic of Iran, began on September 8, 2003, and cited evidence that agents of the Iranian government had supported, funded, and planned the embassy attack. Among those who testified were
301:
The writer Kai Bird claimed that on August 8, 1982, shortly before Yasser Arafat's departure for Tunis, Stevens visited Arafat in his bunker, begged him not to leave with his PLO fighters, and warned him of the dangers the
Palestinian women and children would face if left alone in the camps. Bird
433:
Of the people like
Stevens who had been eating lunch in the U.S. embassy's cafeteria in Beirut on April 18, 1983, only two survived the bombing. One of these survivors, diplomat Anne Dammarell, wrote a 1994 Georgetown University MA thesis in which she argued that the bombing caused the American
222:
While living in Tunis in the 1970s, Stevens also participated in an activist, leftist theater group. This group performed Arabic plays in private homes, streets, and markets for popular audiences. She was married during this time to the
Tunisian playwright Taoufik Jebali, who years later wrote
680:
The
Washington DC Abdorrahman Boroumand Center for promoting human rights and democracy in Iran features Stevens in its database called "Omid, a Memorial in Defense of Human Rights in Iran". Founded in 2002, this database originally included people whom it described as "victims of the Islamic
651:
Since 2002, the Janet Lee
Stevens Fund has supported an annual grant program at the University of Pennsylvania for an MA or PhD student who demonstrates academic excellence, a commitment to Arabic study, and a record of promoting cultural understanding. It was originally called "The Janet Lee
285:, later observed in a memoir about his time in Lebanon that, "She knew every detail of the three refugee camps in Beirut, even every corner of the narrow alleys of them, and she had surprisingly extensive contacts with Palestinians from Chairman Arafat to ordinary refugees."
298:, which was published in 1983. According to one source, Stevens and Le Carré became friends; he consulted her on possible sites for filming in the region; and she was reportedly scheduled to fly to Cyprus to see him a day after the bombing in which she died.
482:
Stevens's identical twin sister, Jo Ann
Stevens, and her brothers Hazen H. Stevens and Scott C. Stevens. Lawyers for the plaintiffs connected the embassy bombing attack to other events in which they claimed Iranian government complicity: the suicide
644:, founding director of the Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at Georgetown University, who lectured on "The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality" in 2003. The final speaker in the series in 2005 was the Palestinian-Israeli-American musician
522:
discussed Dammarell v. the Islamic Republic of Iran (2003), in conjunction with a second case, Peterson v. the Islamic Republic of Iran (2007). The latter case was filed by one thousand plaintiffs, relatives of the 241 people killed in the
476:
Twenty years after the bombing, Anne Dammarell encouraged the family of Stevens, representing one of eighty plaintiffs of the dead and injured, to join a civil suit in U.S. Federal District Court of Washington, DC against the
419:
spoke at the service. Stevens's brother, Scott Stevens, later testified before a federal court that the U.S. government charged her family $ 2,100 to bring her body back from Beirut, because she was not an embassy employee.
1443:
640:, Senator of South Dakota and 1972 Democratic party nominee for U.S. president, came to speak at Penn, the Janet Lee Stevens Fund supported an annual lecture series. Other distinguished speakers included Professor
652:
Stevens Award for the Promotion of American-Arab Understanding". Past winners include the literary scholar John Joseph Henry ("Chip") Rossetti, translator of works including Bahaa Abdelmagid's novellas
1573:
1087:
386:. Seven floors in the middle of the building collapsed and "pancaked". The bombs killed 63 people, including 32 Lebanese and 17 Americans. At least eight of the dead were officers of the
258:
camp sometimes sustained when they encountered them or picked them up. During this time she also volunteered at two of the refugee camp hospitals, called Akka Hospital and Gaza Hospital.
2036:
550:
identified as having masterminded the embassy attack in which Stevens and others died, later defected to the United States. Without citing his sources, Bird claimed that President
203:. At the time of her death she was finishing a PhD dissertation at Penn on popular Arabic theater, under the supervision of the Arabic literary scholar and translator, Roger Allen.
1451:
1320:
371:(Ireland) engaged in recording the history of Palestinian political advocacy, Stevens went to the U.S. embassy on the day of her death to urge William McIntyre, deputy director of
250:
and their descendants. Writing under the pseudonym June Disney, she published, for example, an article on the Israeli use of cluster bombs and other advanced explosives in the
1754:
1378:
1343:
495:
372:
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2011:
681:
Republic" and its human rights abuses since 1979, and also by all Iranian governments since December 10, 1948, when General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the
215:
and other organizations, Stevens advocated for prisoners of conscience. In the early 1970s she researched cases of political prisoners in Tunisia under the regime of
1420:
469:, and operated with support from the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which objected to Israel's invasion of southern Lebanon in June 1982 in response to
450:
265:
observed that some people at the time considered her a "partisan journalist" while others suspected her of working for an intelligence agency. She befriended Dr.
2026:
382:
Stevens and McIntyre were lunching together in the embassy cafeteria when a truck carrying 2,000 pounds (900 kg) of explosives crashed into the building and
319:
697:
1612:
2031:
2006:
1565:
1704:
84:(December 1, 1950 – April 18, 1983) was an American journalist, human rights advocate, translator, and scholar of popular Arabic theater. She lived in
1209:
1079:
729:
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who disappeared in Iran in 2007. New evidence surfaced in 2020, however, which suggested that Levinson had died in Iranian custody some time before.
2021:
288:
The Palestinians called Stevens "the little drummer girl" because of her staunch support for their cause. In 1982, she gave the British novelist
375:
in Lebanon, to pledge more U.S. aid to Palestinian refugees and Lebanese Shi'a groups in Lebanon. According to the University of Pennsylvania's
110:
Today, at the University of Pennsylvania, the Janet Lee Stevens Memorial Fund – whose early recipients in the 1980s included the literary critic
527:. Bird argued that the failure of the Iranian government to pay settlements in both cases would pose for the administration of U.S. president
2041:
2001:
949:
682:
531:"a major stumbling block to any diplomatic resolution of Washington's troubled relations with Iran" at a time when the member states of the
281:(PLO), and she interviewed him on several occasions. The Japanese journalist Shigeo Arata, who was reporting for the Osaka-based newspaper
1312:
842:
2016:
1911:
1886:
1649:
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925:
867:
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Stevens and McIntyre died instantly in the explosion. Stevens's colleague, Shigeo Arata, Beirut correspondent for the Japanese daily
383:
104:
1509:
1271:
169:, and worked as a free-lance journalist and translator in association with several newspapers, including the Lebanese English-medium
1861:
1059:
582:
During her time as a doctoral student at Penn, Stevens introduced her mentor, Roger Allen, to the novels of the Saudi-Iraqi writer,
547:
470:
439:
278:
442:"did not provide sufficient training and follow-up support to allow them to recognize, acknowledge, and fully process the trauma".
562:(CIA) rejected Bird's claims through a spokesperson. Claims about Asgari continued to surface, as in a March 10, 2019 article in
1815:
1758:
1387:
1352:
571:
229:
193:
310:, the Lebanese Shi'ia Islamist militant party. Mughniyah later orchestrated a string of kidnappings and attacks, including the
1731:
532:
1474:
979:
139:
and earned a bachelor's degree in International Studies in 1972. She moved to Philadelphia to study Arabic literature at the
411:
Stevens was among the Americans honored at a memorial service for the victims of the U.S. embassy bombing, which was held at
270:
1412:
394:, the CIA's leading Middle East expert. The remainder were Lebanese staff and others. About 120 more people were injured.
524:
491:
483:
435:
311:
1996:
498:; and the kidnapping between 1982 and 1991 of 50 hostages who included American, British, French, and German nationals.
144:
1932:
559:
536:
387:
1959:
1202:"'After 25 Years, Who Remembers?' (letter written to Janet Lee Stevens from Sabra-Shatila Camp), September 13, 2007"
726:"'After 25 Years, Who Remembers?' (letter written to Janet Lee Stevens from Sabra-Shatila Camp), September 13, 2007"
702:
599:
462:
391:
335:
140:
97:
247:
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132:
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478:
1696:
1785:
555:
368:
294:
1201:
725:
412:
688:
Peace Monuments around the World listed Stevens among "77 Notable Peacemakers in Palestine and Israel".
347:
323:
212:
1231:
1991:
1986:
243:
1380:
Hidden Fears, Helpful Memories: Aftermath of the 1983 Bombing of the United States Embassy in Beirut
1345:
Hidden Fears, Helpful Memories: Aftermath of the 1983 Bombing of the United States Embassy in Beirut
945:
465:
claimed responsibility for this attack. This organization had links to the Lebanese Shi'a party,
1014:
583:
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to expose details that could bear upon the kidnapping of the former FBI agent and CIA consultant
166:
161:
136:
89:
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authorized granting asylum and witness protection to Asgari in return for information about the
224:
165:
under her own name and pseudonymously as June Disney. She moved to Beirut in 1982, during the
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911:
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814:
292:, a tour of the Sabra and Shatila camps. Stevens inspired the title of John le Carré's novel
255:
148:
128:
44:
1665:
Americans for Middle East Understanding (December 1986). "Janet Lee Stevens Memorial Fund".
1006:
896:
Van Atta, Burr (April 22, 1983). "Janet Lee Stevens, 32, Journalist". Philadelphia Inquirer.
289:
251:
972:"Halfaouine: Boy of the Terraces, directed by FĂ©rid Boughedir (1990), Full Cast & Crew"
871:
780:
1549:
Stein, Jeff (May 19, 2014). "Top Iran Terrorist under CIA Protection in U.S., Book Says".
1505:
1260:
637:
613:, the Palestinian-American literary and music critic, political advocate, and theorist of
543:
487:
219:. A colleague later attributed the release of several Tunisian prisoners to her efforts.
216:
1080:"Secretly Speaking with Arab and Israeli Operatives: Review of The Good Spy, by Kai Bird"
403:, later identified her body in the hospital morgue of the American University of Beirut.
334:
One month after the withdrawal of the PLO fighters to Tunis, on September 16–18, 1982, a
379:, Stevens had also been serving as an interpreter to an Arab delegation to the embassy.
114:– continues to give grants to scholars whose work promotes Arab-American understanding.
1597:"Ex-F.B.I. Agent Who Vanished on C.I.A. Mission to Iran Is Likely Dead, U.S. Concludes"
551:
315:
303:
1807:
246:
and became an advocate for the Palestinian residents, who were mostly refugees of the
1980:
664:(Wayne State University Press, 2018); the political scientist Murad Idris, author of
660:(American University in Cairo Press, 2010); the folklorist Dana Hercbergs, author of
645:
641:
626:
598:
Friends, family, and professors established a Janet Lee Stevens Memorial Fund at the
502:
416:
399:
274:
175:
1727:
971:
618:
567:
528:
351:
339:
266:
1641:
1635:
367:
According to UCC Palestine Solidarity Campaign, a group of students and staff at
668:(Oxford University Press, 2019); and the sociolinguist Uri Horesh, co-editor of
614:
610:
438:(PTSD) symptoms "similar to those faced by war veterans" but at a time when the
111:
1187:
Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism
346:
Christian right-wing militia, which acted with the knowledge of allies in the
1608:
1928:
1879:
War for Peace: Genealogies of a Violent Ideal in Western and Islamic Thought
1001:
Disney, June (September–October 1982). "US and Israeli Weapons in Lebanon".
666:
War for Peace: Genealogies of a Violent Ideal in Western and Islamic Thought
496:
bombing of the U.S. Embassy Annex in East Beirut, Lebanon, in September 1984
466:
343:
307:
131:, on December 1, 1950, and grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. She graduated from
1955:
609:. The second winner of the Janet Lee Stevens Memorial Award, in 1987, was
159:
In the late 1970s and early 1980s she contributed articles to the journal
515:
262:
1566:"President Trump Should Unmask Tehran's Deceptions in the Levinson Case"
242:
While living in Beirut in 1982 and 1983, Stevens frequently visited the
1475:"Content Details: 01-2224 - Dammarell, et al v. Islamic Rep/Iran et al"
1351:. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University. pp. iii. Archived from
1018:
621:, journalist, professor of mass communications, and author of the book
93:
1296:
Harvey, Steve (April 22, 1983). "Ex-Atlantan Killed in Beirut Blast".
1386:. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University. p. 99. Archived from
85:
63:
1534:
Bird, Kai (April 28, 2015). "The Ghosts That Haunt an Iran Accord".
1504:
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit (November 21, 2017).
1010:
338:
refugee camp in southern Beirut. This massacre was the work of the
306:, Arafat's bodyguard at the time, who went on to become a leader in
1841:. Translated by Rossetti, Chip. American University in Cairo Press.
1726:
Middle East Center, University of Pennsylvania (November 3, 2003).
891:
889:
605:
The first winner of this award, in 1986, was Gail Pressberg of the
1753:
Middle East Center, University of Pennsylvania (October 7, 2005).
501:
In Dammarell vs. the Islamic Republic of Iran, the court of Judge
1781:
254:, and the injuries that Palestinians (including children) in the
147:
in the 1974–75 academic year. Around this time she also held a
625:(about Orientalist portrayals of Arabs in American cinema) and
434:
Foreign Service Officers posted in the embassy to experience
105:
April 18, 1983 bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon
1444:"Flashback: April 18, 1983: U.S. Embassy Attacked in Beirut"
320:
bombing of the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires in March 1992
586:. In 1987, Roger Allen published a translation of Munif's
484:
bombing of the U.S. Marine Corps in Lebanon in October 1983
1413:"PTSD in the Foreign Service – The Embassy Beirut Bombing"
1313:"President Honors Americans Killed by Explosion in Beirut"
75:
Journalist, human rights advocate, translator, and scholar
1854:
Overlooking the Border: Narratives of a Divided Jerusalem
1189:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 228–29.
839:"Janet Lee Stevens Award for Arabic and Islamic Studies"
302:
traced this account of Stevens's meeting with Arafat to
662:
Overlooking the Border: Narratives of Divided Jerusalem
525:
bombing of the U.S. Marine barracks on October 23, 1983
1054:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun. pp. 182–86.
324:
bombing of Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia in June 1996
211:
As a longtime human rights activist, associated with
781:"Dammarell v. Islamic Republic of Iran, section I-4"
1755:"A Concert of Arab and Middle Eastern Fusion Music"
1680:"Stevens Award Committee Honors Halsell, Shaheen".
71:
52:
30:
23:
1473:U.S. Government Publishing Office (May 12, 2005).
905:
903:
535:were negotiating over Iran's nuclear program (see
269:, the medical doctor who founded and directed the
1904:The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Sociolinguistics
1782:"Arab Music Retreat: Heritage without Boundaries"
762:Schaar, Stuart (June 1983). "Janet Lee Stevens".
670:The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Sociolinguistics
312:Marine barracks bombing in Beirut of October 1983
1956:"77 Notable Peacemakers in Palestine and Israel"
1159:. New York: Crown Publishers. pp. 278, 287.
837:Middle East Center, University of Pennsylvania.
1172:The Good Spy: The Life and Times of Robert Ames
1157:The Good Spy: The Life and Times of Robert Ames
1127:The Good Spy: The Life and Times of Robert Ames
1037:The Good Spy: The Life and Times of Robert Ames
913:The Good Spy: The Life and Times of Robert Ames
451:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
1174:. New York: Crown Publishers. pp. 329–30.
92:and chronicled the experiences of Palestinian
2037:Journalists who died as a result of terrorism
1442:Central Intelligence Agency (July 10, 2014).
1236:Palestine: Information with Provenance (PIWP)
1030:
1028:
8:
698:1983 United States Embassy Bombing in Beirut
429:Recognition of bombing survivor PTSD issues
1839:Saint Theresa, and Sleeping with Strangers
1259:University of Pennsylvania (May 6, 1986).
1039:. New York: Crown Publishers. p. 276.
617:. In 1993, the winners of this award were
336:massacre occurred in the Sabra and Shatila
20:
1856:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
1682:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
683:UN Declaration of Universal Human Rights
590:, and dedicated it to Stevens's memory.
223:dialogue for the acclaimed 1990 film of
2012:20th-century American women journalists
1090:from the original on September 12, 2015
868:"Dammarell v. Islamic Republic of Iran"
713:
123:Early life and post secondary education
1697:"George McGovern Talks on Arab Issues"
1506:"Peterson v. Islamic Republic of Iran"
1130:. New York: Crown Publishers. p.
1073:
1071:
916:. New York: Crown Publishers. p.
2027:American women human rights activists
1927:Abdorrahman Boroumand Center (2019).
1695:Mugmon, Michael (November 15, 1996).
1529:
1527:
1254:
1252:
1212:from the original on October 22, 2020
1200:Lamb, Franklin (September 12, 2007).
732:from the original on October 22, 2020
724:Lamb, Franklin (September 12, 2007).
7:
939:
937:
862:
860:
832:
830:
804:
802:
775:
773:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
719:
717:
273:Society. She knew Fathi's brother,
179:(Osaka); the Arabic Lebanese weekly
1962:from the original on March 22, 2016
1881:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1818:from the original on April 13, 2019
1788:from the original on April 13, 2019
1734:from the original on April 13, 2019
1707:from the original on April 13, 2019
1615:from the original on March 31, 2020
1576:from the original on April 12, 2019
1512:from the original on April 12, 2019
1485:from the original on April 12, 2019
1423:from the original on April 14, 2019
1323:from the original on April 14, 2019
1277:from the original on April 24, 2023
982:from the original on March 30, 2017
845:from the original on April 13, 2019
813:. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 251.
1954:Peace Monuments around the World.
1935:from the original on March 7, 2019
1902:Al-Wer, Enam; Horesh, Uri (2019).
1417:Association for Diplomatic Studies
952:from the original on April 8, 2019
787:from the original on April 8, 2019
607:American Friends Service Committee
514:On April 28, 2015, the journalist
14:
2032:University of Pennsylvania alumni
2007:20th-century American journalists
1640:. London: Quartet Books. p.
1113:. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
1078:Leibel, Aaron (August 12, 2015).
279:Palestine Liberation Organization
1595:Goldman, Adam (March 25, 2020).
2022:American human rights activists
1564:Meier, Barry (March 10, 2019).
1052:Lebanon: Mosaic State in Crisis
244:Sabra and Shatila refugee camps
1634:Munif, 'Abd al-Rahman (1988).
944:Abdorrahman Boroumand Center.
436:post-traumatic stress disorder
127:Janet Lee Stevens was born in
1:
2042:Deaths by car bomb in Lebanon
2002:People from Saginaw, Michigan
1684:: 62. September–October 1993.
492:American University of Beirut
173:(Beirut); the Japanese daily
1005:. 108–109 (108/109): 51–52.
809:Marrouchi, Mustapha (2004).
415:in Maryland. U.S. President
194:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
189:International Herald Tribune
145:American University in Cairo
1812:The Beirut Memorial On Line
1637:Endings, Trans. Roger Allen
1448:Central Intelligence Agency
728:. The Electronic Intifada.
560:Central Intelligence Agency
548:Iranian Revolutionary guard
537:Iran Nuclear Deal Framework
388:Central Intelligence Agency
2058:
1837:Abdelmagid, Bahaa (2010).
703:Sabra and Shatila Massacre
685:with Iran as a signatory.
629:(journalist and author of
600:University of Pennsylvania
463:Islamic Jihad Organization
330:Sabra and Shatila massacre
277:, who was chairman of the
141:University of Pennsylvania
100:of September 16–18, 1982.
98:Sabra and Shatila Massacre
2017:Stetson University alumni
1311:Reuter (April 24, 1983).
1185:Lockman, Zachary (2010).
811:Edward Said at the Limits
1852:Hercbergs, Dana (2018).
1377:Dammarell, Anne (1994).
1342:Dammarell, Anne (1994).
1298:The Atlanta Constitution
636:Beginning in 1996, when
479:Islamic Republic of Iran
1701:The Daily Pennsylvanian
1206:The Electronic Intifada
1111:The Little Drummer Girl
1109:Le Carré, John (1983).
658:Sleeping with Strangers
556:Iranian nuclear program
542:Bird also claimed that
486:; the assassination of
369:University College Cork
295:The Little Drummer Girl
1084:Washington Jewish Week
1050:Arata, Shigeo (1984).
676:Awards and recognition
413:Andrews Air Force Base
271:Palestine Red Crescent
1877:Idris, Murad (2019).
594:Stevens Memorial Fund
566:that urged President
533:U.N. Security Council
440:U.S. State Department
348:Israel Defense Forces
248:1948 Arab-Israeli War
232:: Boy of the Terraces
213:Amnesty International
200:Philadelphia Inquirer
185:The New York Guardian
149:Fulbright scholarship
133:Northside High School
96:before and after the
1929:"About the Memorial"
1780:Arab Music Retreat.
631:Journey to Jerusalem
457:Lawsuit against Iran
238:Palestinian advocacy
103:Stevens died in the
1997:People from Atlanta
1808:"Janet Lee Stevens"
1232:"Janet Lee Stevens"
946:"Janet Lee Stevens"
672:(Routledge, 2019).
520:The New York Times,
510:Other similar cases
490:, president of the
314:, the hijacking of
16:American journalist
1931:. iranrights.org.
1814:. April 20, 2000.
1601:The New York Times
1536:The New York Times
1317:The New York Times
1170:Bird, Kai (2014).
1155:Bird, Kai (2014).
1124:Bird, Kai (2014).
1035:Bird, Kai (2014).
910:Bird, Kai (2014).
633:and other books).
584:Abdul Rahman Munif
318:in June 1985, the
167:Lebanese Civil War
137:Stetson University
90:Lebanese Civil War
1761:on April 13, 2019
1393:on April 14, 2019
1358:on April 14, 2019
424:Bombing aftermath
207:Prisoner advocacy
181:al-Kifah al-Arabi
129:Saginaw, Michigan
82:Janet Lee Stevens
79:
78:
45:Saginaw, Michigan
25:Janet Lee Stevens
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1804:
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1757:. Archived from
1750:
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1741:
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1728:"Events Archive"
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874:on April 8, 2019
870:. Archived from
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783:. May 12, 2005.
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642:John L. Esposito
407:Embassy memorial
256:Burj al-Barajneh
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572:Robert Levinson
568:Donald J. Trump
544:Ali Reza Asgari
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363:Embassy bombing
360:
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217:Habib Bourguiba
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316:TWA flight 847
304:Imad Mughniyah
252:war in Lebanon
239:
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171:Monday Morning
156:
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56:April 18, 1983
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2018:
2015:
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417:Ronald Reagan
414:
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400:Asahi Shimbun
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290:John le Carré
286:
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283:Asahi Shimbun
280:
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172:
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162:MERIP Reports
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72:Occupation(s)
70:
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1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1922:
1906:. Rutledge.
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1759:the original
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604:
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529:Barack Obama
519:
513:
500:
488:Malcolm Kerr
475:
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396:
390:, including
381:
376:
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352:Ariel Sharon
350:, including
333:
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293:
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282:
275:Yasir Arafat
267:Fathi Arafat
260:
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170:
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58:(1983-04-18)
18:
1992:1983 deaths
1987:1951 births
615:Orientalism
611:Edward Said
392:Robert Ames
342:, a mostly
261:The writer
112:Edward Said
88:during the
1981:Categories
709:References
322:, and the
230:Halfaouine
197:; and the
183:(Beirut);
155:Journalism
37:1950-12-01
1966:April 12,
1939:April 12,
1822:April 12,
1792:April 12,
1765:April 12,
1738:April 12,
1711:March 14,
1619:March 25,
1609:0362-4331
1580:April 12,
1516:April 12,
1489:April 12,
1458:April 11,
1427:April 14,
1397:April 14,
1362:April 14,
1327:April 14,
1241:April 11,
849:April 12,
791:April 12,
473:attacks.
467:Hezbollah
384:detonated
308:Hezbollah
66:, Lebanon
1960:Archived
1933:Archived
1816:Archived
1786:Archived
1732:Archived
1705:Archived
1667:The Link
1613:Archived
1574:Archived
1570:The Hill
1551:Newsweek
1510:Archived
1483:Archived
1479:Gov Info
1421:Archived
1419:. 1998.
1321:Archived
1272:Archived
1261:"Awards"
1216:April 9,
1210:Archived
1094:April 9,
1088:Archived
986:April 8,
980:Archived
956:April 8,
950:Archived
878:April 8,
843:Archived
785:Archived
736:April 9,
730:Archived
692:See also
564:The Hill
516:Kai Bird
344:Maronite
340:Phalange
263:Kai Bird
94:refugees
1281:May 15,
1268:Almanac
1019:3012245
588:Endings
377:Almanac
1910:
1885:
1860:
1648:
1607:
1138:
1058:
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924:
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578:Legacy
558:. The
546:, the
191:; the
187:; the
86:Beirut
64:Beirut
1391:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
1356:(PDF)
1349:(PDF)
1275:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1015:JSTOR
766:: 39.
506:pay.
373:USAID
358:Death
1968:2019
1941:2019
1908:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1824:2019
1794:2019
1767:2019
1740:2019
1713:2019
1646:ISBN
1621:2020
1605:ISSN
1582:2019
1518:2019
1491:2019
1460:2018
1429:2019
1399:2019
1364:2019
1329:2019
1283:2019
1243:2019
1218:2019
1136:ISBN
1096:2019
1056:ISBN
988:2019
976:IMDb
958:2019
922:ISBN
880:2019
851:2019
815:ISBN
793:2019
738:2019
656:and
461:The
449:The
53:Died
47:, US
31:Born
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471:PLO
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1958:.
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