458:
research be continued there, even though the facilities at the laboratory fell far short of those required by law. Several of the staff at the laboratory had received no special training. Inspectors from the WHO had told Bedson that the physical facilities at the laboratory did not meet WHO standards, but had nonetheless only recommended a few changes in laboratory procedures. Bedson misled the WHO about the volume of work handled by the laboratory, telling them that it had progressively declined since 1973, when in fact it had risen substantially as Bedson tried to finish his work before the laboratory closed. Shooter also found that while Parker had been vaccinated, it had not been done recently enough to protect her against smallpox. A foreword by the
Secretary of State for Social Services,
303:
517:, showed that airborne transmission from the laboratory to the telephone room where Parker was supposedly infected was highly improbable. The experts calculated that it would require 53,700 litres (11,812 imp gal) of virus fluid to have been aspirated (meaning, in this context, removed by suction of fluid and cells through a needle) and it would take 20,000 years for one particle to travel to the telephone room at the rate the fluid was aspirated. It was additionally found that although the Shooter Inquiry noted the poor state of the duct sealing in the laboratory, this was caused after the outbreak by engineers
466:
Parker had been infected at her workplace, and identified three possible ways in which this could have occurred: air current transmission; personal contact; or contact with contaminated apparatus. The report favoured air current transmission and concluded that the virus could have travelled in air currents up a service duct from the laboratory below to a room in the
Anatomy Department that was used for telephone calls. On 25 July, Parker had spent much more time there than usual ordering photographic materials because the financial year was about to end.
450:
247:
402:
271:
quite horrific. I was on my own and I needed help to lift the body... but I managed to get her into the van. People from the hospital were very wary of helping me... When the day of the funeral arrived, the cars were given an escort by unmarked police vehicles just in case there was an accident... The body had to be cremated because there was a chance the virus could have thrived in the ground if Mrs Parker had been buried. All other funerals were cancelled that day and the
33:
295:
561:
you have proven beyond any question of doubt that the smallpox could not have escaped from the laboratory and gone to Janet Parker, the overwhelming inference is that Janet Parker must, in some way or other, have come to the smallpox. How that came about, I don't know, we shall never know, but I think from those facts it is an inevitable inference and nothing else really stands up to any commonsense view.
181:
596:
405:
Plan of the
Birmingham smallpox laboratory in 1978, based on one in the Shooter Report. A = smallpox laboratory; B= animalpox laboratory; C = tissue culture laboratory; E = corridor with swing barrier; D = internal service ducts with access hatches. The position of two safety cabinets is shown at the
270:
that was kept on the floor of a garage away from the main hospital building. She was in a transparent body bag packed with wood shavings and sawdust. There was also some kind of liquid and I remember that I was frightened that the bag would split open. The body was covered in sores and scars â it was
560:
It was clear to me before the case even started that we were going to be able to prove absolutely beyond any question of doubt whatsoever, that airborne infection of smallpox cannot take place other than between two people who are face to face, less than ten inches apart. Unhappily, inevitably, once
315:
Many people had close contact with Parker before she was admitted to hospital. The outbreak prevention response included 260 people being immediately quarantined, several of them at
Catherine-de-Barnes Hospital, including the ambulance driver who transported Parker. Over 500 people who had been (or
242:
of vesicle fluid, which Geddes had sampled from Parker's rash. Samples of the fluid were also collected by a biomedical scientist for examination at the
Regional Virus Laboratory, which was in East Birmingham Hospital. Parker died of smallpox at Catherine-de-Barnes on 11 September 1978. She was the
457:
The inquiry's report noted that Bedson had failed to inform the authorities of changes in his research that could have affected safety. Shooter's enquiry discovered that the
Dangerous Pathogens Advisory Group had inspected the laboratory on two occasions and each time recommended that the smallpox
323:
Parker's mother contracted smallpox on 7 September, despite having been vaccinated against the disease on 24 August. Her case was described as "very minor" and she was subsequently declared free from infection and was discharged from hospital on 22 September. Other than Parker's mother, no further
465:
The report concluded that Parker had been infected by a strain of smallpox virus called Abid (named after the three-year-old
Pakistani boy from whom it had originally been isolated), which was being handled in the smallpox laboratory during 24â25 July 1978. It found that there was "no doubt" that
386:
Journalists launched a relentless effort to fix the blame on him and his staff for a breach of technique, and union officials stirred up public fears by confusing the issues with those then arising from genetic manipulation. Harassed as the chosen 'villain' of the tragedy, Henry Bedson's normally
64:
connected with Parker's death. Several internationally recognised experts produced evidence during the prosecution to show that it was unlikely that Parker was infected by airborne transmission in this way. Although there is general agreement that the source of Parker's infection was the smallpox
551:
Although it seems clear that the source of Parker's infection was the smallpox virus grown at the
University of Birmingham Medical School laboratory, it remains unknown how Parker came to be infected. Shooter's criticisms of the laboratory's procedures triggered radical changes in how dangerous
48:
in the United
Kingdom resulted in the death of Janet Parker, a British medical photographer, who became the last recorded person to die from the disease. Her illness and death, which was connected to the deaths of two other people, led to the Shooter Inquiry, an official investigation by
237:
pm all her close contacts, including her parents, were placed in quarantine. Her parents were later also transferred to
Catherine-de-Barnes. The next day, poxvirus infection was confirmed by Henry Bedson, then Head of the Smallpox laboratory at the Medical School, by
120:
had been conducting research on variants of smallpox virus known as "whitepox viruses", which were considered to be a threat to the success of the WHO's eradication programme. The laboratory was part of the Microbiology Department, the head of which was virologist
155:
In 1977, the WHO had told Henry Bedson that his application for his laboratory to become a Smallpox Collaborating Centre had been rejected. This was partly because of safety concerns; the WHO wanted as few laboratories as possible handling the virus.
347:, died while in quarantine at Catherine-de-Barnes Hospital. He appeared to have died following a cardiac arrest when visiting his daughter. No post-mortem was carried out on his body because of the risk of smallpox infection.
484:
Shooter's report was leaked to the press by Clive Jenkins, the general secretary of the trade union to which Mrs. Parker belonged. Shooter's report is one of the most damning documents ever produced by an official enquiry in
556:, who wrote a book about the case, says that the air duct theory "was not really believed by anyone in the know". Brian Escott-Cox QC, who successfully defended the university in the subsequent prosecution, said in 2018:
56:. Shooter concluded that the mode of transmission was most likely airborne through a poorly maintained service duct between the two floors. However, this assertion has been subsequently challenged, including when the
197:
On 11 August 1978, Parker (who had been vaccinated against smallpox in 1966, but not since) fell ill; she had a headache and pains in her muscles. She developed spots that were thought to be a benign rash, or
335:
the Medical School East Wing. The ward at Catherine-de-Barnes Hospital in which Parker had died was still sealed off five years after her death, all the furniture and equipment inside left untouched.
574:
530:
221:
By this time the rash had spread and covered all Parker's body, including the palms of her hands and soles of her feet, and it was confluent (i.e. the lesions had merged) on her face. At 10
406:
top with extraction ducts to the windows (black arrows). The circles represent centrifuges and the squares various incubators and refrigerators. The laboratory was about 9.5 metres wide.
172:, where she was employed as a medical photographer in the Anatomy Department. She often worked in a darkroom above the laboratory where research on smallpox viruses was being conducted.
350:
On 6 September 1978, Henry Bedson, head of the Birmingham Medical School microbiology department, cut his throat in the garden shed while in quarantine at his home in Cockthorpe Close,
105:(WHO) had established a smallpox eradication programme and, by 1978, was close to declaring that the disease had been eradicated globally. The last naturally occurring infection was of
164:
Parker was born in March 1938, and was the only daughter of Frederick and Hilda Witcomb (nÊe Linscott). She was married to Joseph Parker, a Post Office engineer, and lived in the
316:
had possibly been) in contact with Parker were given vaccinations against smallpox. On 26 August, health officials went to Parker's house in Burford Park Road, Kings Norton, and
52:
The Shooter Inquiry found that Parker was accidentally exposed to a strain of smallpox virus that had been grown in a research laboratory on the floor below her workplace at the
387:
stable personality broke down and he took his own life. It could be said that he was a victim of his own dedicated conscientiousness, and of his extreme sense of responsibility.
1844:
473:
against the university for breach of safety legislation, its official publication was postponed until the outcome of the trial was known, and it was not published until 1980.
1849:
1839:
505:
Although the source of infection was traced, the mode and cause of transmission was not. Evidence presented by several internationally recognised experts, including
1864:
1824:
1859:
1809:
133:
1803:
1797:
1829:
1403:
148:
in Birmingham. There are no records of any formal enquiries on the source of this outbreak despite concerns expressed by the then head of the laboratory,
1543:
570:
250:
The ward block at East Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham UK in 1978. It has since been demolished. It shows Wards 31 (ground level) and 32 (upper level).
1854:
453:
Schematic diagram of the East Wing of Birmingham University Medical School in 1978. The positions of the ventilation ducts are labelled A, B, C and D.
887:
302:
169:
117:
61:
53:
37:
226:
49:
government-appointed experts triggering radical changes in how dangerous pathogens were studied in the UK and named after the panel's leader.
552:
pathogens were studied in the UK, but the inquiry's conclusions on the transmission of the virus have not been generally accepted. Professor
1118:
584:
At the time of the outbreak, the WHO had been about to certify that smallpox had been eradicated globally. It eventually did so in 1980.
565:
In light of this incident, all known stocks of smallpox were destroyed or transferred to one of two WHO reference laboratories which had
1470:
262:, recalled that he was told that authorities "would not allow the body to be stored in a fridge in case the virus managed to multiply":
1379:
331:
Birmingham was declared officially free of smallpox on 16 October 1978. Over a year later, in October 1979, the university authorities
1717:
1065:
1005:
733:
668:
140:
of the disease, which was not diagnosed for eight weeks. He was not quarantined and there were at least twelve further cases in the
1788:
499:
306:
The rear of the Medical School showing the location of the smallpox laboratory (bottom) and the rooms where Parker worked (above)
136:
had occurred in 1966, when Tony McLennan, a medical photographer working at the medical school, contracted the disease. He had a
1834:
546:
498:
announced their intention to prosecute the university for breach of safety legislation. The case was heard in October 1979 at
1662:
1082:
1740:
1692:
888:"Toxic Shock â Twenty five years ago a disease that many thought was dead and gone reared its head in Birmingham: smallpox"
1869:
578:
419:
355:
1874:
1745:
1322:
945:
495:
439:
431:
371:
1634:
1538:
1707:
1156:
802:
506:
435:
427:
215:
145:
102:
1450:
757:"Laboratory investigation of two "whitepox" viruses and comparison with two variola strains from southern India"
362:
I am sorry to have misplaced the trust which so many of my friends and colleagues have placed in me and my work.
57:
328:
from the Regional Virus Laboratory, were released from quarantine in Catherine-de-Barnes on 10 October 1978.
1761:
379:
320:
her home and car. On 28 August, five hundred people were placed in quarantine in their homes for two weeks.
188:
where Parker was admitted in 1978. The building, which comprised Wards 31 and 32, has since been demolished.
1312:
1728:
712:
632:
627:
255:
141:
1021:
449:
443:
246:
1418:
325:
258:, who at the time of Parker's death worked for Solihull funeral director Bastocks and later for the
1026:
423:
272:
259:
239:
207:
185:
1596:
410:
An official government inquiry into Parker's death was conducted by a panel led by microbiologist
401:
1697:
1442:
843:
477:
82:
65:
virus grown at the Medical School laboratory, how Parker contracted the disease remains unknown.
920:
901:
660:
254:
Special disease control measures had to be put into place for Parker's funeral. Ron Fleet from
1767:
1713:
1570:
1434:
1361:
1285:
1207:
1061:
1001:
997:
990:
820:
778:
664:
510:
415:
279:
Concerns over the survival of infectious virus in Parker's body were well-founded, and at the
266:
I was expecting to retrieve the body from a fridge in the mortuary, but... it was stored in a
1474:
1353:
298:
The exterior of Wards 32 and 33 at East Birmingham Hospital during the 1978 smallpox outbreak
1560:
1552:
1510:
1502:
1426:
1277:
1243:
1197:
1189:
810:
768:
652:
514:
32:
1639:
1161:
1140:
1123:
1087:
741:
618:
86:
521:
the laboratory and ducts. The university was found not guilty of causing Parker's death.
1422:
1515:
1490:
1317:
1281:
1202:
1177:
815:
797:
773:
756:
601:
459:
367:
343:
On 5 September 1978, Parker's 71-year-old father, Frederick Witcomb, of Myrtle Avenue,
1754:
1565:
294:
1818:
1729:
Report of the investigation into the cause of the 1978 Birmingham smallpox occurrence
713:
Report of the investigation into the cause of the 1978 Birmingham smallpox occurrence
653:
137:
126:
1635:"Did a good turn for medical colleagues cost smallpox victim Janet Parker her life?"
1446:
974:
1556:
476:
Once it was published it had a significant impact. Shooter's report was debated by
411:
165:
122:
1808:
1978 newspaper article about Janet Parker's mother being released from quarantine
168:
area of Birmingham. After several years as a police photographer, she joined the
1600:
1506:
609:
553:
375:
344:
149:
1802:
1978 newspaper article about Janet Parker's father being taken into quarantine
591:
518:
470:
332:
317:
199:
1365:
529:
In August 1981, following a formal claim for damages made by the trade union
1781:
17:
1430:
1289:
1211:
1193:
1574:
824:
782:
462:, noted that the University of Birmingham disputed the report's findings.
1663:"Destroying the last samples of smallpox virus could prove short-sighted"
1438:
1247:
351:
267:
230:
97:
91:
78:
45:
1138:
Lymn, Philip; Ludford, Bill (1 September 1978). "Smallpox Victim dies".
1083:"The smallpox death that locked down Birmingham could have been avoided"
180:
1404:"Smallpox death in Britain challenges presumption of laboratory safety"
1384:
288:
284:
280:
110:
1693:"Criticism Is Leveled in Aftermath of Fatal British Smallpox Outbreak"
847:
595:
838:
A. W. Downie (November 1970). "Samuel Phillips Bedson. 1886â1969".
469:
Since Shooter's Report potentially played an important role in the
566:
448:
400:
301:
293:
245:
179:
31:
798:"Principles and lessons from the smallpox eradication programme"
719:
1119:"Smallpox Threat: Preparations bring back memories of outbreak"
324:
cases occurred. The other close contacts, which included two
214:, the most serious type of smallpox, was made by consultant
101:, with the latter typically producing a milder disease. The
1465:
1463:
287:, who signed Parker's cremation certificate, disallowed an
1022:"SARS Cases in Asia Show Labs' Risks (washingtonpost.com)"
575:
State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR
531:
Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staffs
1539:"The smallpox story: life and death of an old disease"
996:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p.
27:
Event resulting in the last known death from smallpox
840:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
60:
was acquitted following a prosecution for breach of
1471:"Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP)"
989:
116:At the time of the 1978 outbreak, a laboratory at
74:Smallpox research at the Birmingham Medical School
969:
967:
1709:The Last Days of Smallpox: Tragedy in Birmingham
1058:The Last Days of Smallpox: Tragedy in Birmingham
902:"Smallpox: 3 May 1966: House of Commons debates"
621:, last person infected with naturally occurring
612:, last person infected with naturally occurring
1787:Portrait photograph (pre-1978) of Janet Parker
1756:Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
842:. Vol. 16. Royal Society. pp. 14â35.
558:
533:in 1979, Parker's husband, Joseph, was awarded
482:
384:
360:
264:
1397:
1395:
1268:Geddes AM (2006). "The history of smallpox".
8:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1501:(7640). British Medical Journal: 395.4â395.
1845:September 1978 events in the United Kingdom
706:
704:
702:
700:
243:last recorded person to die from smallpox.
1850:Deaths from smallpox in the United Kingdom
1628:
1626:
755:Dumbell, K. R.; Kapsenberg, J. G. (1982).
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
651:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, Sherris JC, eds. (2004).
571:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
85:unique to humans, caused by either of two
1734:(Report). London: H.M. Stationery Office.
1564:
1514:
1473:. UK Department of Health. Archived from
1201:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
814:
772:
761:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
1840:August 1978 events in the United Kingdom
881:
879:
877:
358:a few days later. His suicide note read:
1691:Altman, Lawrence K (11 February 1979).
1244:"How smallpox claimed its final victim"
940:
938:
886:Docherty, Campbell; Foulkes, Caroline.
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
643:
480:. Nicolas Hawkes wrote, in 1979, that:
392:Subsequent investigations and reactions
170:University of Birmingham Medical School
118:University of Birmingham Medical School
54:University of Birmingham Medical School
38:University of Birmingham Medical School
659:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.
227:Catherine-de-Barnes Isolation Hospital
40:, which was the source of the outbreak
1739:Stockton, William (4 February 1979).
1157:"Haunting Memories of Smallpox Drama"
7:
1865:Infectious disease deaths in England
1825:1978 disasters in the United Kingdom
919:Hugh Pennington (5 September 2002).
711:Shooter, R. A.; et al. (1980).
1860:Health in Birmingham, West Midlands
1352:Lawrence McGinty (4 January 1979).
988:Glynn, Jenifer; Glynn, Ian (2004).
573:(CDC) in the United States and the
144:, five of whom were quarantined in
1830:1970s in Birmingham, West Midlands
1597:"Medical Definition of Aspiration"
1360:. Reed Business Information: 12â.
1282:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2005.11.009
275:was thoroughly cleaned afterwards.
25:
1380:"Smallpox Virus (Shooter Report)"
1242:Rimmer, Monica (10 August 2018).
192:
1855:Deaths from laboratory accidents
1782:The Lonely Death of Janet Parker
594:
176:The infection and related events
1633:Andy Richards (11 April 2018).
1385:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1178:"Osler and the infected letter"
921:"Smallpox Scares: Bioterrorism"
547:Smallpox virus retention debate
1661:Browne, Tania (10 July 2004).
1557:10.1128/MMBR.47.4.455-509.1983
992:The life and death of smallpox
1:
1081:Lockley, Mike (15 May 2016).
500:Birmingham Magistrates' Court
134:smallpox outbreak in the area
62:Health and Safety legislation
1753:Tucker, Jonathan B. (2002).
1727:Shooter, R. A. (July 1980).
1537:Behbehani, Abbas M. (1983).
1495:BMJ: British Medical Journal
1182:Emerging Infectious Diseases
655:Sherris Medical Microbiology
356:Birmingham Accident Hospital
210:and a clinical diagnosis of
1746:The New York Times Magazine
1507:10.1136/bmj.39484.670278.BE
1323:Royal College of Physicians
1154:Quoted from Brett Gibbons,
496:Health and Safety Executive
440:Health and Safety Executive
372:Royal College of Physicians
370:biography published by the
1891:
1489:Judith Stephenson (2008).
544:
434:, with observers from the
311:Quarantine and containment
193:Parker's illness and death
127:Sir Samuel Phillips Bedson
803:Bull. World Health Organ.
436:World Health Organization
225:pm she was on her way to
146:Witton Isolation Hospital
103:World Health Organization
208:East Birmingham Hospital
206:pm, she was admitted to
186:East Birmingham Hospital
58:University of Birmingham
44:In 1978, an outbreak of
1793:1978 newspaper article
1551:(4): 455â509 at p.503.
1544:Microbiological Reviews
1176:Ambrose CT (May 2005).
1141:Birmingham Evening Mail
494:On 1 December 1978 the
380:Sir Gordon Wolstenholme
1835:1978 disease outbreaks
1795:Smallpox virus escapes
1741:"Smallpox Is Not Dead"
1595:William Shiel Jr. MD.
1431:10.1126/science.419409
1270:Clinics in Dermatology
1194:10.3201/eid1105.040616
925:London Review of Books
633:List of unusual deaths
628:Surinder Singh Bakhshi
563:
541:Conclusions and impact
487:
454:
407:
389:
364:
307:
299:
277:
273:Robin Hood Crematorium
251:
189:
41:
1762:registration required
1706:Pallen, Mark (2018).
1313:"Henry Samuel Bedson"
1056:Pallen, Mark (2018).
796:Henderson DA (1987).
744:on 21 September 2007.
545:Further information:
452:
444:Trades Union Congress
404:
326:biomedical scientists
305:
297:
249:
183:
36:The East Wing of the
35:
1870:Smallpox eradication
291:for safety reasons.
1456:on 6 February 2020.
1423:1979Sci...203..855H
1027:The Washington Post
975:"Frederick Witcomb"
397:The Shooter inquiry
240:electron microscopy
202:. On 20 August at 3
1875:Smallpox epidemics
1784:", Birmingham Live
1698:The New York Times
1620:Pallen pp. 254â260
1477:on 29 August 2008.
1388:. 24 January 1979.
1060:. UK: Amazon KDP.
455:
408:
308:
300:
260:BBC at Pebble Mill
252:
190:
83:infectious disease
42:
1402:Hawkes N (1979).
537:in compensation.
511:Allan Watt Downie
416:Christopher Booth
414:, and comprising
16:(Redirected from
1882:
1765:
1750:
1735:
1733:
1723:
1702:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1630:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1568:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1491:"Kevin McCarthy"
1486:
1480:
1478:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1449:. Archived from
1408:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1239:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1115:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1053:
1032:
1031:
1018:
1012:
1011:
995:
985:
979:
978:
971:
962:
961:
959:
957:
942:
933:
932:
916:
910:
909:
898:
892:
891:
883:
852:
851:
835:
829:
828:
818:
793:
787:
786:
776:
752:
746:
745:
740:. Archived from
730:
724:
723:
717:
708:
675:
674:
658:
648:
604:
599:
598:
569:facilities: the
536:
525:Other litigation
515:Keith R. Dumbell
236:
224:
205:
21:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1815:
1814:
1777:
1766:. Grove Press.
1759:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1705:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1640:Birmingham Mail
1632:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1536:
1535:
1524:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1417:(4383): 855â6.
1406:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1354:"New Scientist"
1351:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1219:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1165:. 21 June 2011.
1162:Birmingham Mail
1155:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1124:Birmingham Mail
1117:
1116:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1088:Birmingham Mail
1080:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1035:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1008:
987:
986:
982:
973:
972:
965:
955:
953:
944:
943:
936:
918:
917:
913:
900:
899:
895:
885:
884:
855:
837:
836:
832:
795:
794:
790:
754:
753:
749:
732:
731:
727:
715:
710:
709:
678:
671:
650:
649:
645:
641:
619:Ali Maow Maalin
600:
593:
590:
549:
543:
534:
527:
492:
432:Robert Williams
399:
394:
341:
313:
234:
222:
216:Alasdair Geddes
203:
195:
178:
162:
89:variants named
76:
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1775:External links
1773:
1772:
1771:
1751:
1736:
1724:
1718:
1712:. UK: Amazon.
1703:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1653:
1622:
1613:
1587:
1522:
1481:
1459:
1391:
1371:
1344:
1335:
1304:
1295:
1260:
1217:
1168:
1147:
1130:
1103:
1101:Shooter, p. 72
1094:
1073:
1066:
1033:
1013:
1006:
980:
963:
934:
911:
906:TheyWorkForYou
893:
853:
830:
788:
747:
725:
676:
669:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
630:
625:
616:
606:
605:
602:Viruses portal
589:
586:
542:
539:
526:
523:
507:Kevin McCarthy
491:
488:
460:Patrick Jenkin
398:
395:
393:
390:
340:
339:Related deaths
337:
312:
309:
194:
191:
177:
174:
161:
158:
75:
72:
70:
67:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1887:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1719:9781980455226
1715:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1701:. p. 34.
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:New Scientist
1355:
1348:
1345:
1342:Pallen p. 166
1339:
1336:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:(5): 689â93.
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1067:9781980455226
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1007:0-521-84542-4
1003:
999:
994:
993:
984:
981:
976:
970:
968:
964:
951:
947:
946:"Index entry"
941:
939:
935:
930:
926:
922:
915:
912:
907:
903:
897:
894:
889:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
854:
849:
845:
841:
834:
831:
826:
822:
817:
812:
809:(4): 535â46.
808:
805:
804:
799:
792:
789:
784:
780:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
751:
748:
743:
739:
738:WHO Factsheet
735:
729:
726:
721:
714:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
677:
672:
670:0-8385-8529-9
666:
662:
657:
656:
647:
644:
638:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
623:Variola minor
620:
617:
615:
614:Variola major
611:
608:
607:
603:
597:
592:
587:
585:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
557:
555:
548:
540:
538:
532:
524:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
489:
486:
481:
479:
474:
472:
467:
463:
461:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:David Tyrrell
425:
424:J.R. McDonald
421:
417:
413:
403:
396:
391:
388:
383:
381:
377:
374:, virologist
373:
369:
363:
359:
357:
354:. He died at
353:
348:
346:
338:
336:
334:
329:
327:
321:
319:
310:
304:
296:
292:
290:
286:
282:
276:
274:
269:
263:
261:
257:
248:
244:
241:
232:
228:
219:
217:
213:
212:Variola major
209:
201:
187:
182:
175:
173:
171:
167:
159:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
142:West Midlands
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
119:
114:
112:
108:
107:Variola minor
104:
100:
99:
98:Variola minor
94:
93:
92:Variola major
88:
84:
80:
73:
68:
66:
63:
59:
55:
50:
47:
39:
34:
30:
19:
1794:
1755:
1744:
1708:
1696:
1685:Bibliography
1671:. Retrieved
1667:The Guardian
1666:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1638:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1548:
1542:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1475:the original
1451:the original
1414:
1410:
1383:
1374:
1357:
1347:
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1298:
1276:(3): 152â7.
1273:
1269:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1185:
1181:
1171:
1160:
1150:
1144:. p. 1.
1139:
1133:
1122:
1097:
1086:
1076:
1057:
1025:
1016:
991:
983:
954:. Retrieved
949:
931:(17): 32â33.
928:
924:
914:
905:
896:
839:
833:
806:
801:
791:
767:(3): 381â7.
764:
760:
750:
742:the original
737:
728:
654:
646:
622:
613:
583:
564:
559:
550:
528:
504:
493:
483:
475:
468:
464:
456:
412:R.A. Shooter
409:
385:
366:In Bedson's
365:
361:
349:
342:
330:
322:
314:
278:
265:
253:
220:
211:
196:
166:Kings Norton
163:
160:Janet Parker
154:
131:
123:Henry Bedson
115:
106:
96:
90:
77:
51:
43:
29:
18:Janet Parker
1601:MedicineNet
1318:Munk's Roll
610:Rahima Banu
554:Mark Pallen
490:Prosecution
438:(WHO), The
420:David Evans
376:Peter Wildy
368:Munk's Roll
345:Kings Heath
184:Ward 32 at
150:Peter Wildy
1819:Categories
1673:4 February
734:"Smallpox"
718:(Report).
639:References
581:, Russia.
519:fumigating
478:Parliament
471:court case
200:chickenpox
69:Background
1366:0262-4079
1253:17 August
333:fumigated
318:fumigated
138:mild form
125:, son of
113:in 1977.
1810:(online)
1804:(online)
1798:(online)
1789:(online)
1669:. London
1447:38348097
1302:Stockton
1290:16714195
1248:BBC News
1212:15890120
588:See also
579:Koltsovo
485:Britain.
442:and the
430:and Sir
352:Harborne
268:body bag
231:Solihull
79:Smallpox
46:smallpox
1646:15 June
1606:16 June
1580:16 June
1575:6319980
1516:2244716
1419:Bibcode
1411:Science
1328:15 June
1203:3320382
1127:. 2002.
956:26 June
950:FreeBMD
825:3319270
816:2491023
783:6291795
774:2536000
535:ÂŖ25,000
289:autopsy
285:coroner
281:inquest
256:Sheldon
233:. By 11
111:Somalia
1768:p. 127
1716:
1573:
1566:281588
1563:
1513:
1445:
1439:419409
1437:
1364:
1288:
1210:
1200:
1064:
1004:
848:769583
846:
823:
813:
781:
771:
667:
418:, Sir
382:wrote:
235:
223:
204:
81:is an
1732:(PDF)
1454:(PDF)
1443:S2CID
1407:(PDF)
952:. ONS
844:JSTOR
716:(PDF)
567:BSL-4
229:near
87:virus
1714:ISBN
1675:2020
1648:2019
1608:2019
1582:2019
1571:PMID
1435:PMID
1362:ISSN
1330:2019
1286:PMID
1255:2018
1208:PMID
1062:ISBN
1002:ISBN
958:2012
821:PMID
779:PMID
720:HMSO
665:ISBN
663:â8.
513:and
378:and
283:the
95:and
1561:PMC
1553:doi
1511:PMC
1503:doi
1499:336
1427:doi
1415:203
1278:doi
1198:PMC
1190:doi
998:227
811:PMC
769:PMC
661:525
577:in
109:in
1821::
1743:.
1695:.
1665:.
1637:.
1625:^
1599:.
1569:.
1559:.
1549:47
1547:.
1541:.
1525:^
1509:.
1497:.
1493:.
1462:^
1441:.
1433:.
1425:.
1413:.
1409:.
1394:^
1382:.
1356:.
1321:.
1315:.
1284:.
1274:24
1272:.
1246:.
1220:^
1206:.
1196:.
1186:11
1184:.
1180:.
1159:.
1121:.
1106:^
1085:.
1036:^
1024:.
1000:.
966:^
948:.
937:^
929:24
927:.
923:.
904:.
856:^
819:.
807:65
800:.
777:.
765:60
763:.
759:.
736:.
679:^
509:,
502:.
446:.
426:,
422:,
218:.
152:.
132:A
129:.
1780:"
1770:.
1764:)
1760:(
1749:.
1722:.
1677:.
1650:.
1610:.
1584:.
1555::
1519:.
1505::
1479:,
1429::
1421::
1368:.
1332:.
1292:.
1280::
1257:.
1214:.
1192::
1091:.
1070:.
1030:.
1010:.
977:.
960:.
908:.
890:.
850:.
827:.
785:.
722:.
673:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
