400:
Individual
Capacities (identities currently unknown); Marta Moe; Norma Noe; Paula Poe; Ralph Roe; Sammy Soe; Tommy Toe; Private Individuals Who Conspired With the Foregoing State Actors (identities currently unknown); Roger W. Galvin, Chairman, Animal Matters Hearing Board; Vince Voe; William Woe; Xerxes Xoe; Members of the Animal Matters Hearing Board, State Actors, In Their Official and Individual Capacities (identities currently unknown), Defendants-Appellees
44:
665:. This order gives protection to the intellectual property owner, Reliance Entertainment, from copyright violation by prospective anonymous offenders. The use and selection of pseudonyms is not standardized in U.S. courts. The practice was rare prior to 1969, and is sometimes objected to on legal grounds.
364:(2009), which targeted an international child sexual abuse ring, cited 21 numbered "John Does", as well as other people known by the surnames "Doe", "Roe", "Hoe" and "Poe". "John Stiles", "Richard Miles" have been used for the third and fourth participants in an action. "Mary Major" has been used in some
295:
As is well known, the device of involving real people as notional lessees and ejectors was used to enable freeholders to sue the real ejectors. These were then replaced by the fictional characters John Doe and
Richard Roe. Eventually the medieval remedies were (mostly) abolished by the Real Property
670:
Currently there are no court rules about pseudonym use. The rules of civil procedure ... are silent on the matter ... Rule of Civil
Procedure 10(a) reads, '... In the complaint, the title of the action shall include the names of all the parties ...' The rule contains no guidance
399:
Wilbur H. Friedman, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Thomas B. FERGUSON, Director, Department of Animal
Control, a State Actor, In His Official and Individual Capacities; Brett Boe; Carla Coe; Donna Doe; Frank Foe; Grace Goe; Harry Hoe; State Actors, Advisors To Defendant Ferguson, In Their Official and
308:
8.02 If an unknown person has possession of the confidential personal information and is threatening to disclose it, a 'John Doe' injunction may be sought against that person. The first time this form of injunction was used since 1852 in the United
Kingdom was in 2005 when lawyers acting for JK
388:
Jane Poe, John Doe, Richard Roe, Robert Roe, Mark Moe, Larry Loe, Degage
Ministries, and Mel Trotter Ministries, Plaintiffs, v. Rick Snyder, Governor of the State of Michigan, Bill Schuette, Attorney General of the State of Michigan, Kriste Etue, Director of the Michigan State Police, William
1748:
676:
Prior to ... 1969, only one
Supreme Court case, three court of appeals' decisions, and one district court decision in the previous quarter-century featured an anonymous individual as the sole or lead plaintiff. Between 1969 and 22 January 1973, the date when the Supreme Court decided
242:. The names "John Doe" (or "John Do") and "Richard Roe" (along with "John Roe") were regularly invoked in English legal instruments to satisfy technical requirements governing standing and jurisdiction, beginning perhaps as early as the reign of England's King
1740:
414:
exception to the parental consent requirement for abortion. "Mary Moe" is also used to refer to such cases generally, i.e. "Mary Moe cases". Sometimes "Mary Doe" may be used for the individuals. Parallels in other countries include:
702:
in
California. The victim impact statement that the woman, referred to as Emily Doe in court documents, read at her assailant's sentencing hearing the following year went viral, and she was named a "woman of the year" by
173:" or "John Smith", have sometimes been informally used as placeholders for an every-man in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand; however such names are seldom used in legal or police circles in the same sense as John Doe.
1676:
1174:
The
Universal Songster: Or, Museum of Mirth: Forming the Most Complete, Extensive, and Valuable Collection of Ancient and Modern Songs in the English Language, with a Copious and Classified Index, Volume
1654:
924:
1861:
309:
Rowling and her publishers obtained an interim order against an unidentified person who had offered to sell chapters of a stolen copy of an unpublished Harry Potter novel to the media.
296:
Limitation Act of 1833; the fictional characters of John Doe and
Richard Roe by the Common Law Procedure Act 1852; and the forms of action themselves by the Judicature Acts 1873–75."
716:
On 10 March 2015, HTG Capital Partners LLC filed a federal lawsuit against unnamed "spoofers", whom the suit referred to as John Doe(s), in the hopes of getting a judge to force the
1809:
1435:
1255:
1124:
1684:
329:" (1980), all of whom have been identified. In 1997, New York City police discovered a decapitated body and were not able to find the killer. The body was named
250:. Other fictitious names for a person involved in litigation in medieval English law were "John Noakes" (or "Nokes") and "John-a-Stiles" (or "John Stiles"). The
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851:
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352:. He had been questioned repeatedly by airport security staff. Another man named John Doe was often suspected of being an incognito celebrity.
1912:
1851:
1097:
813:
747:, Alek Minassian, who was seeking notoriety, as John Doe when reading a highly publicized court decision (R. v. Minassian, 2021 ONSC 1258).
82:
642:
got a "John Doe" order from Delhi High Court allowing them to serve cease and desist notices on people illegally redistributing the film
1886:
348:
reported the difficulties and unwanted attention experienced by a man actually named John Doe, who had often been suspected of using a
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1624:
823:
181:
1370:
81:
that are used in the United States when the true name of a person is unknown or is being intentionally concealed. In the context of
1518:
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is an investigatory tool that a plaintiff may use to seek the identity of an unknown defendant. Doe subpoenas are often served on
887:
360:
In cases where a large number of unidentified individuals are mentioned, numbers may be appended, such as "Doe #2" or "Doe II".
1436:"Superior Court Standing Order 5-81: Uniform Procedures Regarding Petitions for Abortion Authorization under G.L. c. 112, § 12"
1278:
803:
1801:
1439:
1425:
Note that the plaintiff-appellant Friedman represented himself, so his use of fictitious names may not reflect legal custom.
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1116:
1902:
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51:. They are called "John Doe" or "Jane Doe" followed by a number sign (#) and a number. In the same cemetery, the murdered
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1229:
460:
for unidentified bodies, suspects, hospital patients, amnesiacs, homeless people with no identity documents, and orphans.
1230:"The Law of Professional-Client Confidentiality: Regulating the Disclosure of Confidential Personal Information, Update"
1741:"Doe v. roe: An argument for defendant anonymity when a pseudonymous plaintiff alleges a stigmatizing intentional tort"
720:
to reveal the names of the firms. HTG said it had found evidence of thousands of such manipulations over 2013 and 2014.
717:
661:
972:
723:
In November 2016, a woman only identified as "Jane Doe" abandoned plans to go public about allegedly being raped by
313:
Unlike the United States, the name "John Doe" does not actually appear in the formal name of the case, for example:
1907:
616:
142:
55:
was called "Jane Doe 19" for 27 years until she was genetically identified in 2015 by her relatives with help from
1605:
743:
In March 2021, Justice Molloy of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice named mass murderer and perpetrator of the
793:
318:
304:
In the UK, usage of "John Doe" survives mainly in the form of John Doe injunction or John Doe order (see above).
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917:"McKeogh -v- John Doe 1 & ors : Judgments & Determinations : Courts Service of Ireland"
689:, there were twenty-one district court and two court of appeals decisions featuring anonymous plaintiffs.
410:, "Mary Moe" is used to refer to pregnant women under the age of 18 petitioning the Superior Court for a
246:(1327–1377). Though the rationale behind the choices of Doe and Roe is unknown, there are many suggested
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639:
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86:
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have been used when more than two unknown or unidentified persons are named in U.S. court proceedings,
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is also a placeholder name, mainly used in the United Kingdom — which is gender neutral — along side
808:
699:
397:, No. 87-3758, unpublished disposition, 850 F.2d 689 (4th Cir., 29 June 1988), whose full style is
705:
467:, which is commonly used in European legal systems, as an abbreviation for Latin terms such as:
43:
1651:"Update: Files Sharing Sites Blocked in India Because Reliance BIG Pictures Got A Court Order"
1547:[A security campaign counts the homeless and beggars to determine their identities!].
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47:
Four headstones marking the single grave of four unknown people in the Pima County Cemetery,
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have become more often used in the context of police investigations. This has included the
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60:
48:
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1771:"Glamour Women of the Year: Stanford Sexual Assault Case Survivor Emily Doe Speaks Out"
798:
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299:
Secretary of State for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs v Meier and others (2009).
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woman, publicly known only as Jane Doe, waged an 11-year court battle against the
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get their names from anonymous plaintiffs later revealed to be, respectively,
170:
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This usage is mocked in the 1834 English song "John Doe and Richard Roe":
734:
sued to enjoin the government from obstructing her access to abortion in
542:
389:
Forsyth, Kent County Prosecutor, in their official capacities, Defendants
260:
lessee of the plaintiff, in the (now obsolete in the UK) mixed action of
146:
90:
1852:"Woman accusing Trump of raping her at 13 cancels her plan to go public"
1708:"John Doe Is Alive and Well: Designing Pseudonym Use in American Courts"
648:. This allegedly brought down copyright infringement of the film by 30%.
619:
confessed to the murder of an unknown woman identified only as Jane Doe.
589:
Woman of the Year that year. She published a book about her experience,
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97:
or "Joe Public". There are many variants to the above names, including
56:
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1833:"Was 'John Doe' Manipulating Treasury Futures? New Lawsuit Says Yes"
659:
to prevent the illegal broadcast or streaming of its upcoming film
623:
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420:
42:
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in 1986, alleging that the police had used her as bait to catch
573:
169:
and other legal systems influenced by it. Other names, such as "
133:
and the now occasional use of the "John" and "Jane Doe" names.
1438:. Massachusetts Superior Court. 1 October 1988. Archived from
778:
671:
as to what parties should do to keep their names confidential.
605:
368:. "James Doe" and "Judy Doe" are among other common variants.
333:
and also Jane Doe 3. The baby victim in a 2001 murder case in
89:. These names are also often used to refer to a hypothetical "
1545:"حملة أمنية تحصي المتشردين و المتسولين لتحديد هوياتهم !"
1832:
730:
In October 2017, an unidentified minor Jane Doe detained by
386:, 834 F.Supp.2d 721 (W. D. Mich. 2011), whose full style is
317:
HRLR 4. Well-known cases of unidentified decedents include "
1887:
PDF Operation Delego indictment featuring twenty John Does.
1237:
201:
Doe dem. John Hurrell Luscombe v Yates, Hawker, and Mudge
176:
Well-known legal cases named after placeholders include:
1519:"Médecine légale: X Ben X, l'énigme du cadavre anonyme"
291:
This particular use became obsolete in the UK in 1852:
87:
corpse whose identity is unknown or cannot be confirmed
1117:"Why Are Unidentified People Called John or Jane Doe?"
264:, the fictitious defendant being called Richard Roe".
1032:
Onomastics, Names: A. Journal of (1 December 1972).
1677:"'John Doe Order' for BODYGUARD to curb its piracy"
877:"The People of the State of California v. John Doe"
1085:
153:, where usage of "John Doe" originated during the
1111:
1109:
519:are used in Israel, the names originating in the
1802:"You Know Emily Doe's Story. Now Learn Her Name"
1496:[Facts about children named “X Ben X”].
1254:. Publications.parliament.uk. 18 February 2009.
709:magazine. She publicly revealed her real name,
674:
668:
306:
293:
269:
256:states that John Doe is "the name given to the
30:"Jane Doe" redirects here. For other uses, see
1279:"Slain Mystery Girl Brings Community Together"
1178:. London: Jones and Company. 1827. p. 378
419:"Ashok Kumar" has been used in court cases in
8:
451:
608:to obtain the identity of the author of an
427:
1494:"حقائق صادمة عن أطفال يحملون اسم «X بن X»"
580:. She won the case in 1998, and was named
85:, such names are often used to refer to a
1049:
910:
908:
527:is a newer variant, used in Israel today.
284:And, 'ecod, they'll suck it all they can,
1800:de León, Concepción (4 September 2019).
732:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
591:The Story of Jane Doe: A Book about Rape
234:" were used in relation to hypothetical
836:
626:on 21 July 2011 on some ISPs including
145:, unique placeholder names, numbers or
1657:from the original on 14 September 2012
622:File sharing websites were blocked in
497:("the name must be mentioned") in the
203:(1822) 5 B. & Ald. 544 (England),
1812:from the original on 6 September 2019
1713:. Arkansas Law Review. Archived from
1608:from the original on 8 September 2009
1577:from the original on 11 November 2009
1373:from the original on 24 February 2014
1203:. Supremecourt.gov.uk. Archived from
814:List of placeholder names by language
655:procured a 'John Doe' order from the
371:Less often, other surnames ending in
7:
1864:from the original on 30 October 2021
1781:from the original on 2 November 2016
1316:from the original on 27 October 2011
1258:from the original on 14 October 2012
927:from the original on 18 October 2017
893:from the original on 30 October 2020
282:To smell the purse of an Englishman,
83:law enforcement in the United States
1751:from the original on 2 January 2014
1597:Dendrite International, Inc. v. Doe
1407:from the original on 2 January 2014
1304:Alison Leigh Cowan (29 July 2009).
1198:"Supreme Court Decided Cases (pdf)"
452:
447:
280:Their fee-faw-fum's an ancient plan
1281:. FOX News Network. Archived from
1013:from the original on 14 March 2015
1003:"Uber Technologies, Inc. v. Doe I"
983:from the original on 22 March 2019
857:from the original on 27 March 2014
824:Murder of Vivianne Ruiz (Jane Doe)
272:Two giants live in Britain's land,
27:Common placeholder name in English
25:
1850:Carroll, Rory (3 November 2016).
1630:. 14 January 2019. Archived from
1343:from the original on 7 April 2010
1277:Goldblatt, Jeff (8 August 2002).
1153:from the original on 7 April 2010
1127:from the original on 18 July 2019
1066:from the original on 31 July 2021
222:legal terminology of Ancient Rome
1683:. 29 August 2011. Archived from
1492:Elhor, Aziz (17 February 2012).
209:Uber Technologies, Inc. v. Doe I
1831:Hope, Bradley (12 March 2015).
1473:from the original on 2 May 2012
276:Who always travel hand in hand,
1649:Pahwa, Nikhil (21 July 2011).
1625:"159 Cal. App. 4th 1154 (pdf)"
1525:(in French). 23 September 2016
1147:"World Wide Words – John DoeZ"
949:. PressGazette. Archived from
884:Judicial Council of California
804:The man on the Clapham omnibus
696:a woman was sexually assaulted
475:("I do not know the name") in
190:("Roe" being a pseudonym) and
184:decisions regarding abortion:
1:
286:John Doe and Richard Roe ...
1913:Common law legal terminology
1306:"Meet John Doe. No, really!"
1007:Justia Dockets & Filings
947:"Obtaining a John Doe order"
915:Ireland, Courts Service of.
1463:"'Kolaveri' against piracy"
1461:Balaji, R (29 March 2012).
1335:Quinion M (15 March 2003).
718:Chicago Mercantile Exchange
315:X & Y v Persons Unknown
1929:
973:"Deed Poll Office (D·P·O)"
617:Richard Laurence Marquette
157:. However, the legal term
143:English-speaking countries
93:" in other contexts, like
29:
1551:(in Arabic). 8 April 2019
1252:"Uncorrected Evidence 75"
1092:. Merriam-Webster. 1996.
1051:10.1179/nam.1972.20.4.297
278:John Doe and Richard Roe.
274:John Doe and Richard Roe,
253:Oxford English Dictionary
137:In criminal investigation
36:John Doe (disambiguation)
32:Jane Doe (disambiguation)
1889:Accessed 8 January 2014.
602:online service providers
1618:(N.J. App. Div. 2001);
1467:The Hindu Business Line
745:2018 Toronto van attack
636:Reliance Communications
366:federal cases in the US
331:Peaches (murder victim)
1149:. Worldwidewords.org.
691:
673:
653:Reliance Entertainment
570:Toronto Police Service
327:Walker County Jane Doe
311:
302:
289:
64:
845:"Twitched Indictment"
774:Fictitious defendants
640:Reliance BIG Pictures
337:, was referred to as
335:Kansas City, Missouri
46:
1903:Anonymity pseudonyms
1395:Friedman v. Ferguson
1339:. World Wide Words.
1123:. 15 February 2012.
953:on 11 September 2012
694:On 18 January 2015,
395:Friedman v. Ferguson
207:(Ireland; 2012) and
18:Jane Doe (pseudonym)
1837:Wall Street Journal
1442:on 19 December 2017
809:Tom, Dick and Harry
700:Stanford University
651:On 29 August 2011,
211:(California, 2015).
205:McKeogh v. John Doe
159:John Doe injunction
1806:The New York Times
1681:Bollywoodtrade.com
1595:See, for example,
1571:"Who is JANE DOE?"
1310:The New York Times
578:the Balcony Rapist
532:Famous court cases
319:Caledonia Jane Doe
180:The landmark 1973
65:
1908:Placeholder names
1777:. November 2016.
1706:Balla, Donald P.
1687:on 2 January 2014
1637:on 25 March 2009.
1099:978-0-87779-613-8
698:on the campus of
463:the abbreviation
227:Numerius Negidius
79:placeholder names
16:(Redirected from
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1620:Krinsky v. Doe 6
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1236:. Archived from
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1088:What's in a Name
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657:Delhi High Court
588:
561:and Sandra Cano.
495:nomen nominandum
455:
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438:
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432:
429:
362:Operation Delego
248:folk etymologies
199:The civil cases
182:US Supreme Court
165:has survived in
119:Johnie/Janie Doe
115:John/Jane Bloggs
21:
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1363:"Poe v. Snyder"
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1285:on 8 April 2008
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1240:on 7 July 2003.
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1210:on 8 April 2014
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1121:mentalfloss.com
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850:. Justice.gov.
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737:Garza v. Hargan
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412:judicial bypass
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285:
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279:
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139:
131:Joe / Jo Bloggs
111:John/Jane Smith
61:The Doe Network
53:Deanna Criswell
49:Tucson, Arizona
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1881:External links
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1762:
1745:Lexisnexis.com
1731:
1698:
1668:
1641:
1602:"775 A.2d 756"
1588:
1573:. Walnet.org.
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1536:
1510:
1484:
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325:" (1982) and "
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125:for children.
95:John Q. Public
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764:Alan Smithee
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725:Donald Trump
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598:Doe subpoena
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572:after being
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521:Hebrew Bible
517:Ploni Almoni
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472:nomen nescio
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339:Precious Doe
323:Princess Doe
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1816:6 September
1755:18 February
1691:4 September
1446:18 December
1411:17 February
1377:20 February
1347:26 November
759:Average Joe
548:Roe v. Wade
499:Netherlands
437:X, son of X
426:"X ben X" (
321:" (1979), "
196:(1973); and
187:Roe v. Wade
167:English law
155:Middle Ages
127:A. N. Other
70:(male) and
1897:Categories
1868:16 October
1785:3 November
1337:"John Doe"
1131:4 December
987:4 December
931:4 December
897:8 February
831:References
784:Joe Bloggs
713:, in 2019.
638:, because
593:, in 2003.
583:Chatelaine
453:سين بن سين
448:إكس بن إكس
258:fictitious
244:Edward III
240:plaintiffs
236:defendants
220:Under the
171:Joe Bloggs
1724:4 January
1661:2 October
1581:2 October
1555:9 October
1529:9 October
1503:9 October
1498:al-Massae
1262:2 October
1234:Uea.ac.uk
1214:2 October
1157:2 October
1060:1756-2279
957:2 October
861:2 October
789:Joe Shmoe
769:Blackacre
662:Bodyguard
350:pseudonym
262:ejectment
147:codenames
141:In other
107:/Jane Roe
1862:Archived
1810:Archived
1779:Archived
1749:Archived
1655:Archived
1612:19 March
1606:Archived
1575:Archived
1471:Archived
1405:Archived
1371:Archived
1341:Archived
1320:5 August
1314:Archived
1256:Archived
1151:Archived
1125:Archived
1064:Archived
1017:18 March
1011:Archived
981:Archived
925:Archived
888:Archived
852:Archived
752:See also
543:abortion
539:landmark
123:Baby Doe
121:or just
91:everyman
72:Jane Doe
68:John Doe
1775:Glamour
1639:(2008).
1477:20 June
1289:30 June
1070:31 July
706:Glamour
645:Singham
566:Toronto
481:Germany
477:Belgium
458:Morocco
431:
230:" and "
216:History
103:Richard
57:the FBI
1096:
1058:
1034:"Note"
634:, and
587:'s
545:cases
513:Almoni
489:Serbia
444:Arabic
117:, and
1718:(PDF)
1711:(PDF)
1635:(PDF)
1628:(PDF)
1549:Rue20
1208:(PDF)
1201:(PDF)
1038:Names
891:(PDF)
880:(PDF)
855:(PDF)
848:(PDF)
794:Mr. X
624:India
574:raped
541:1973
515:, or
508:Ploni
491:; and
485:Italy
421:India
391:; and
1870:2017
1818:2019
1787:2016
1757:2012
1726:2014
1693:2011
1663:2012
1614:2009
1583:2012
1557:2023
1531:2023
1505:2023
1479:2012
1448:2017
1413:2012
1379:2014
1349:2008
1322:2009
1291:2006
1264:2012
1216:2012
1184:2015
1159:2012
1133:2018
1094:ISBN
1072:2021
1056:ISSN
1019:2015
989:2018
959:2012
933:2018
899:2019
863:2012
683:and
632:BSNL
606:ISPs
604:and
551:and
537:The
487:and
465:N.N.
428:lit.
377:e.g.
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680:Roe
450:or
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