156:
433:
general rules about beta-sheets linkage via "hairpin" connections or "crossover" connections. In a hairpin connection a peptide backbone stems out of and loops around to return to the same beta-sheet end from which it left. A crossover connection involves the peptide backbone extending out of one beta-sheet and looping around to enter another beta-sheet on the opposite end of the protein. Her initial drawings and continual discoveries contribute to a broader understanding of protein energetics and evolution.
456:. Additionally, they developed all-atom contact analysis (see image) to measure "goodness of fit" inside proteins and in interactions with surrounding molecules. The Kinemage website offers interactive exploration of various 3D protein structures through computer displays using their Mage or KiNG graphics programs. Funded by a National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant, the website is often used as a teaching tool. Textbooks and internet sites that have sourced images from Kinemages include
33:
168:
182:, a method of representing the 3D structure of proteins. Ribbon diagrams have become a standard representation of protein structures that has facilitated further investigation of protein structure and function globally. With interests in astronomy, math, physics, botany, and philosophy, Richardson took an unconventional route to establishing a science career. Richardson is a professor in
237:. Meanwhile, she was able to enroll in plant taxonomy and evolution courses at Harvard that would later contribute to her big-picture approach to studying protein structure. Since Harvard's philosophy focused on modern philosophy instead of Richardson's interest, classical philosophy, Richardson left with her
432:
or beta-sheets. Tertiary structures are a higher order of protein folding that depict the conformation of and connectivity between alpha-helices and beta-sheets in 3D. Richardson's ribbon diagrams illustrate beta-sheet topology and connectivity in higher-order protein structures. She formalized
258:. Jane Richardson learned the necessary technical skills and scientific background in biochemistry and biophysics through work at the lab as she worked alongside her husband, whom she still works with today. Richardson later began drawing her eponymous diagrams as a method of interpreting the
496:
Validation Task Force. As she continues to run the
Richardson laboratory alongside her husband at Duke, where they use MolProbity to validate RNA, protein, crystal structures, she also adds science-related images, images of nature, and pictures for the WikiProject Biophysics to
471:
The
Richardson Laboratory currently studies structural motifs in RNA as well as proteins, as part of the RNA Ontology Consortium (ROC) to better communicate RNA structure and function research findings. The laboratory has acted as assessors in the
704:
Adams PD, Afonine PV, Bunkóczi G, Chen VB, Echols N, Headd JJ, Hung LW, Jain S, Kapral GJ, Grosse
Kunstleve RW, McCoy AJ, Moriarty NW, Oeffner RD, Read RJ, Richardson DC, Richardson JS, Terwilliger TC, Zwart PH (September 2011).
609:
Adams PD, Afonine PV, Bunkóczi G, Chen VB, Davis IW, Echols N, Headd JJ, Hung LW, Kapral GJ, Grosse-Kunstleve RW, McCoy AJ, Moriarty NW, Oeffner R, Read RJ, Richardson DC, Richardson JS, Terwilliger TC, Zwart PH (February 2010).
799:
Williams CJ, Headd JJ, Moriarty NW, Prisant MG, Videau LL, Deis LN, Verma V, Keedy DA, Hintze BJ, Chen VB, Jain S, Lewis SM, Arendall WB, Snoeyink J, Adams PD, Lovell SC, Richardson JS, Richardson DC (January 2018).
241:
from
Harvard in 1966. Post-graduation, Richardson tried teaching high school, but soon realized that this career path was not for her. She subsequently rejoined the scientific world, working as a technician at
2775:
866:
1051:
The other scholarship winners are Jane Shelby, 17, of 431 Claremont Avenue, Teaneck, N. J., $ 5,000; Donald M. Jerina, 18, of River Grove, Ill., $ 4,000, and Neal L. Nininger of
Larkspur, Calif., $ 3,000.
437:, Nobel laureate and fellow Duke professor, said of the Richardsons' work: "Jane and David’s work allowed us to reveal the form of proteins, and from there it was easier to understand their function".
538:
fellow in 2012 for fulfilling the following criteria: "a Member whose efforts on behalf of the advancement of crystallography or its applications that are scientifically or socially distinguished"
484:, and hosts the MolProbity web service for validation and accuracy improvement of protein and RNA crystal structures. MolProbity uses the KiNG program (successor to Mage) for showing 3D
448:
as pioneers in the de novo design of proteins, a reverse engineering approach to make and test theoretical predictions about protein folding. In the 1990s the
Richardsons developed the
521:, also called the "Genius Grant" awarded to individuals who have "shown extraordinary originality and dedication in their creative pursuits and marked capacity for self-direction"
305:
2800:
206:
and her mother was an
English teacher. Her parents encouraged an interest in science and she was a member of local astronomy clubs as early as elementary school. She attended
328:– on two successive nights, she managed to calculate its predicted orbit. She submitted her results to the Westinghouse Science Talent Search, winning third place in 1958.
1145:
874:
2795:
1950:
1735:
262:. Over the course of her career, Richardson has been recognized by many prestigious institutions of the scientific community. In July 1985 she was awarded a
1350:"A High Resolution Structure of an Inhibitor Complex of the Extracellular Nuclease of Staphylococcus aureus: I. Experimental Procedures and Chain Tracing"
1282:"A high resolution structure of an inhibitor complex of the extracellular nuclease of Staphylococcus aureus. I. Experimental procedures and chain tracing"
1196:
511:
267:
548:
246:
in the same laboratory as her husband, David
Richardson, whom she met at Swarthmore College. At MIT, David Richardson was pursuing his doctorate in
111:
1452:, Beem KM, Richardson JS, Richardson DC (September 1982). "Determination and analysis of the 2 A-structure of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase".
1250:
1926:
1711:
1180:
535:
291:
271:
243:
440:
The
Richardsons' more recent work has diversified beyond classification and crystallography. In the 1980s they stretched into the fields of
2790:
1639:
2770:
2730:
566:
Davis IW, Leaver-Fay A, Chen VB, Block JN, Kapral GJ, Wang X, Murray LW, Arendall WB, Snoeyink J, Richardson JS, Richardson DC (2007).
2765:
2755:
452:
system of molecular graphics and David
Richardson wrote the Mage program to display them on small computers, for the then-new journal
359:
that she had taken while pursuing her degree shaped her thinking about the work she was doing in the chemistry laboratory. During her
211:
2785:
2661:
1977:
1893:
1663:
957:
2750:
2780:
2735:
524:
1991: Election to National Academy of Science, an honor that recognizes exceptional previous and continual original research
388:
to illustrate her findings over the course of her taxonomic research, her iconic images first appeared in the review journal
286:
regarding nationally important scientific matters (e.g.,). For the 2012-2013 year, Richardson was elected president of the
1149:
1040:
155:
2745:
2028:"RNA backbone: consensus all-angle conformers and modular string nomenclature (an RNA Ontology Consortium contribution)"
1218:
528:
233:
with a bachelor's degree in philosophy and a minor in physics in 1962 before she pursued graduate work in philosophy at
2002:"NSF Award Search: Award#9980935 - Student Authoring of Three-Dimensional Illustrations in Undergraduate Biochemistry"
748:
Dunkle JA, Wang L, Feldman MB, Pulk A, Chen VB, Kapral GJ, Noeske J, Richardson JS, Blanchard SC, Cate JH (May 2011).
413:
363:
studies, Jane Richardson had come to realize that a general classification scheme can be developed from the recurring
2760:
1116:
661:
Chen VB, Arendall WB, Headd JJ, Keedy DA, Immormino RM, Kapral GJ, Murray LW, Richardson JS, Richardson DC (2010).
531:
in Washington, D.C., a nonprofit institution that strives to offer objective science, technology, and health advice
493:
417:
1085:
518:
409:
393:
351:
for his doctoral thesis. Staphylococcal nuclease was among the first dozen protein structures solved. Classes in
160:
2197:"The other 90% of the protein: assessment beyond the Calphas for CASP8 template-based and high-accuracy models"
992:
476:
8 structure-prediction experiment (CASP), is one of the four developer teams on the PHENIX software system for
1018:
896:
278:
in 2006. As part of her role in the National Academy of Sciences, Richardson serves on panels that advise the
392:
in an article titled "The anatomy and taxonomy of protein structure" 1981, an early hallmark publication in
2519:
1489:"Crystal structure of bovine Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase at 3 A resolution: chain tracing and metal ligands"
2740:
2725:
560:
The following articles are classified as highly cited in field by Web of Science as of February 17, 2020:
421:
396:. The diagrams have since become a standard way of visualizing protein structure, specifically depicting
178:(born January 25, 1941) is an American biophysicist best known for developing the Richardson diagram, or
477:
445:
348:
275:
251:
2720:
2275:
1758:
1547:
1449:
1280:
Arnone A, Bier CJ, Cotton FA, Day VW, Hazen EE, Richardson DC, Yonath A, Richardson JS (April 1971).
761:
623:
372:
344:
325:
263:
255:
107:
89:
2417:
Montelione GT, Nilges M, Bax A, Güntert P, Herrmann T, Richardson JS, et al. (September 2013).
2026:
Richardson JS, Schneider B, Murray LW, Kapral GJ, Immormino RM, Headd JJ, et al. (March 2008).
1348:
Arnone AA, Bier CJ, Cotton FA, Day VW, Hazen EE Jr, Richardson DC, Richardson JS, Yonath A (1971).
996:
542:
441:
287:
207:
203:
199:
59:
32:
2075:
2097:
Birmingham A, Clemente JC, Desai N, Gilbert J, Gonzalez A, Kyrpides N, et al. (April 2011).
1944:
1782:
1729:
1571:
1045:
234:
226:
129:
75:
71:
2703:
238:
2319:
Chen VB, Arendall WB, Headd JJ, Keedy DA, Immormino RM, Kapral GJ, et al. (January 2010).
2657:
2448:
2399:
2368:
Read RJ, Adams PD, Arendall WB, Brunger AT, Emsley P, Joosten RP, et al. (October 2011).
2350:
2301:
2226:
2177:
2146:
Leontis NB, Altman RB, Berman HM, Brenner SE, Brown JW, Engelke DR, et al. (April 2006).
2128:
2057:
1983:
1973:
1932:
1922:
1899:
1889:
1866:
1817:
1774:
1717:
1707:
1677:
1669:
1659:
1620:
1563:
1520:
1469:
1438:
1420:
1371:
1303:
1270:
1176:
831:
787:
736:
692:
649:
597:
498:
489:
340:
259:
918:
2438:
2430:
2389:
2381:
2340:
2332:
2291:
2283:
2262:
Adams PD, Afonine PV, Bunkóczi G, Chen VB, Davis IW, Echols N, et al. (February 2010).
2216:
2208:
2167:
2159:
2118:
2110:
2047:
2039:
1856:
1848:
1809:
1766:
1651:
1610:
1602:
1555:
1510:
1500:
1461:
1410:
1402:
1361:
1330:
1293:
1063:
821:
813:
777:
769:
726:
718:
682:
674:
639:
631:
587:
579:
377:
360:
247:
2695:
2494:
167:
1606:
453:
368:
187:
143:
2594:
2279:
1762:
1704:
An introduction to biotechnology : the science, technology and medical applications
1551:
765:
627:
2443:
2418:
2394:
2369:
2345:
2320:
2296:
2263:
2221:
2196:
2172:
2147:
2123:
2098:
2052:
2027:
2001:
1861:
1836:
1615:
1590:
1415:
1390:
826:
802:"MolProbity: More and better reference data for improved all-atom structure validation"
801:
782:
749:
731:
706:
687:
663:"MolProbity: all-atom contacts and structure validation for proteins and nucleic acids"
662:
644:
611:
592:
568:"MolProbity: All-Atom Contacts and Structure Validation for Proteins and Nucleic Acids"
567:
481:
385:
230:
179:
85:
2195:
Keedy DA, Williams CJ, Headd JJ, Arendall WB, Chen VB, Kapral GJ, et al. (2009).
1800:
Richardson JS, Richardson DC (July 1989). "The de novo design of protein structures".
1655:
1515:
1488:
1366:
1349:
1298:
1281:
2714:
1966:
1813:
1591:"Doing molecular biophysics: finding, naming, and picturing signal within complexity"
1465:
750:"Structures of the bacterial ribosome in classical and hybrid states of tRNA binding"
425:
364:
295:
225:
She continued her education intending to study mathematics, astronomy and physics at
2704:"Jane S. Richardson Oral History Interview, Duke University Medical Center Archives"
1749:
Richardson JS (August 1977). "beta-Sheet topology and the relatedness of proteins".
1538:
Richardson JS (August 1977). "beta-Sheet topology and the relatedness of proteins".
2264:"PHENIX: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution"
1786:
1575:
1255:
1036:
612:"PHENIX: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution"
468:
by Horton et al., and the University of Mississippi's Kinemage Authorship Project.
304:
Richardson is a contributor to Knowledge (XXG), where she is a prominent member of
283:
215:
183:
510:
1958: Third place in the Westinghouse Science Talent Search (currently called the
2650:
2370:"A new generation of crystallographic validation tools for the protein data bank"
722:
429:
279:
1493:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2434:
2385:
2336:
2321:"MolProbity: all-atom structure validation for macromolecular crystallography"
2287:
707:"The Phenix software for automated determination of macromolecular structures"
678:
635:
434:
401:
397:
301:
The Richardsons continue to jointly head a research group at Duke University.
133:
1936:
1721:
1222:
1987:
1903:
773:
381:, with a paper entitled "β-sheet topology and the relatedness of proteins".
356:
317:
2696:"Jane and David Richardson Papers, Duke University Medical Center Archives"
2452:
2403:
2354:
2305:
2230:
2181:
2132:
2061:
1852:
1624:
1505:
1424:
835:
791:
740:
696:
653:
601:
408:, that make up proteins. The protein folding process involves four levels:
2619:
1870:
1821:
1673:
1524:
1473:
1375:
1307:
2244:
2114:
1778:
1567:
1148:. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. 2007. Archived from
583:
485:
449:
367:
of the proteins. In the meantime, Jane and David Richardson had moved to
2466:
2163:
1334:
1120:
2544:
2212:
2043:
958:"Ribbon Diagrams and Protein Taxonomy: A profile of Jane S. Richardson"
405:
331:
Richardson joined her husband David C. Richardson, then completing his
321:
219:
2687:
2148:"The RNA Ontology Consortium: an open invitation to the RNA community"
1442:
1406:
1274:
1770:
1559:
817:
375:(2SOD). By 1977 she published her findings on protein relatedness in
352:
2679:
1321:
Kosara R (November–December 2008). "Structures Smaller than Light".
2652:
Notable Women in the Physical Sciences: A Biographical Dictionary
2569:
2099:"Meeting report of the RNA Ontology Consortium January 8-9, 2011"
551:
in Biophysics, an award of distinguished biophysics contributions
2251:. US National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS).
473:
1972:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
1487:
Richardson J, Thomas KA, Rubin BH, Richardson DC (April 1975).
1173:
Sequence-Based Classification of Select Agents: A Brighter Line
2495:"Society Alumni Honors | Society for Science & the Public"
1064:"Guide to the Jane S. Richardson Oral History Interview, 2007"
336:
332:
2325:
Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Biological Crystallography
2268:
Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Biological Crystallography
616:
Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Biological Crystallography
428:
interactions between adjacent amino acids sequences to form
316:
Richardson's first forays into science were in the field of
488:
graphics on-line. Jane Richardson serves on the worldwide
371:
in 1970, where they solved the first crystal structure of
2776:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1919:
Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level
218:
in the United States, with calculations of the satellite
2419:"Recommendations of the wwPDB NMR Validation Task Force"
198:
Richardson was born on January 25, 1941, and grew up in
2083:
290:
for the 2012-2013 year, and she became a fellow of the
171:
All-atom contact dots for two well-packed Ala residues
1251:"What Knowledge (XXG) Taught Me About My Grandfather"
1086:"Women in Science: Where is she now? Jane Richardson"
266:
for her work in biochemistry. She was elected to the
1837:"The kinemage: a tool for scientific communication"
139:
125:
103:
95:
81:
67:
42:
23:
2649:
1965:
1391:"Studying and polishing the PDB's macromolecules"
1888:(2nd ed.). New York: Garland Publications.
1917:Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW (February 29, 2016).
1640:"The Anatomy and Taxonomy of Protein Structure"
1199:. Biophysical Society newsletter. February 2012
919:"Famous Female Chemists and Chemical Engineers"
1697:
1695:
298:Professor of Biochemistry at Duke University.
1835:Richardson DC, Richardson JS (January 1992).
1197:"Biophysicist in Profile: Jane S. Richardson"
8:
1140:
1138:
2801:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
1389:Richardson JS, Richardson DC (March 2013).
1949:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1734:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
512:International Science and Engineering Fair
31:
20:
2688:"MolProbity structure validation website"
2442:
2393:
2344:
2295:
2220:
2171:
2122:
2051:
1860:
1614:
1514:
1504:
1414:
1365:
1297:
825:
781:
730:
686:
643:
591:
2467:"Jane Richardson - MacArthur Foundation"
1041:"Two in same School Win Science Contest"
514:), a prestigious nationwide science fair
492:(wwPDB) X-ray Validation Task Force and
229:. However, Richardson instead graduated
166:
154:
112:Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
849:
1942:
1727:
2796:Presidents of the Biophysical Society
2514:
2512:
2489:
2487:
2245:"Protein Structure Prediction Center"
1607:10.1146/annurev-biophys-083012-130353
1589:Richardson JS, Richardson DC (2013).
1244:
1242:
1240:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
536:American Crystallographic Association
292:American Crystallographic Association
272:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
244:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
222:'s orbit from her own observations.
1286:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1115:Basgall, Monte (January 13, 2008).
424:. Secondary structures result from
294:in 2012. Richardson is currently a
210:and in 1958 won third place in the
212:Westinghouse Science Talent Search
14:
2656:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
1886:Introduction to protein structure
458:Introduction to Protein Structure
400:topology and connections between
312:Scientific work and contributions
1017:Roseberry J (November 9, 2007).
993:"Finding Order: Jane Richardson"
2680:"Richardson Laboratory website"
2648:Shearer BF, Shearer BS (1997).
2076:"RNA Ontology Consortium (ROC)"
1921:(Fifth ed.). Hoboken, NJ.
1354:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1119:. Duke Research. Archived from
320:. By observing the position of
260:structures of protein molecules
163:, hand-drawn by Jane Richardson
1802:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
1702:Godbey WT (December 8, 2014).
1249:Lillie B (November 18, 2014).
1171:Leduc JM, et al. (2010).
1066:. Duke Medical Center Archives
541:2012 - 2013: President of the
1:
2103:Standards in Genomic Sciences
1656:10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60520-3
1644:Advances in Protein Chemistry
1367:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)77221-4
1299:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)77221-4
578:(Web Server issue): W375–83.
390:Advances in Protein Chemistry
2574:National Academy of Medicine
1884:Brändén CI, Tooze J (1999).
1814:10.1016/0968-0004(89)90070-4
1466:10.1016/0022-2836(82)90174-7
1454:Journal of Molecular Biology
1175:. National Academies Press.
991:Vanderkam L (May 28, 2008).
871:Chemical Heritage Foundation
529:National Academy of Medicine
462:Fundamentals of Biochemistry
384:As Richardson developed the
268:National Academy of Sciences
2791:21st-century American women
1595:Annual Review of Biophysics
1019:"Jane Richardson Interview"
897:"Jane Richardson Interview"
723:10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.07.005
464:by Viet, Voet & Pratt,
2817:
2771:Teaneck High School alumni
2731:American women biochemists
1968:Principles of biochemistry
1146:"Fellows List - July 1985"
549:Alexander Hollaender Award
466:Principles of Biochemistry
254:to study the structure of
2766:Swarthmore College alumni
2756:Harvard University alumni
2435:10.1016/j.str.2013.07.021
2386:10.1016/j.str.2011.08.006
2337:10.1107/S0907444909042073
2288:10.1107/S0907444909052925
917:Helmenstine, Anne Marie.
679:10.1107/S0907444909042073
636:10.1107/S0907444909052925
394:structural bioinformatics
161:Triosephosphate isomerase
149:
118:
30:
2786:American women academics
965:The Biological Physicist
956:Bihar, S (August 2004).
460:by Branden & Tooze,
324:– at the time, the only
2751:Duke University faculty
2624:www.amercrystalassn.org
2599:www.amercrystalassn.org
774:10.1126/science.1202692
345:staphylococcal nuclease
341:3-dimensional structure
256:staphylococcal nuclease
214:, the most prestigious
2781:Computational chemists
2736:American biophysicists
1853:10.1002/pro.5560010102
1638:Richardson JS (1981).
1506:10.1073/pnas.72.4.1349
1023:Women in Duke Medicine
572:Nucleic Acids Research
527:2006: Election to the
442:synthetic biochemistry
306:WikiProject Biophysics
176:Jane Shelby Richardson
172:
164:
2545:"Membership Overview"
478:x-ray crystallography
446:computational biology
422:quaternary structures
349:X-ray crystallography
276:Institute of Medicine
252:X-ray crystallography
170:
158:
16:American biophysicist
2520:"Jane S. Richardson"
2249:Predictioncenter.org
2115:10.4056/sigs.1724282
2086:on January 22, 2009.
1680:on February 10, 2019
867:"Jane S. Richardson"
556:Notable publications
519:MacArthur Fellowship
414:secondary structures
373:superoxide dismutase
326:artificial satellite
264:MacArthur Fellowship
202:. Her father was an
159:Ribbon schematic of
108:MacArthur Fellowship
90:structure validation
2746:Women biophysicists
2280:2010AcCrD..66..213A
2164:10.1261/rna.2343206
1763:1977Natur.268..495R
1552:1977Natur.268..495R
1335:10.1511/2008.75.498
997:Scientific American
766:2011Sci...332..981D
628:2010AcCrD..66..213A
543:Biophysical society
418:tertiary structures
288:Biophysical Society
274:in 1991 and to the
208:Teaneck High School
204:electrical engineer
200:Teaneck, New Jersey
99:David C. Richardson
60:Teaneck, New Jersey
2595:"Member Directory"
2213:10.1002/prot.22551
2207:(Suppl 9): 29–49.
2044:10.1261/rna.657708
1964:Horton HR (2006).
1323:American Scientist
1225:on August 31, 2018
1046:The New York Times
667:Acta Crystallogr D
584:10.1093/nar/gkm216
410:primary structures
347:protein (1SNS) by
339:, in studying the
235:Harvard University
227:Swarthmore College
173:
165:
130:Structural biology
76:Harvard University
72:Swarthmore College
37:Richardson in 2002
25:Jane S. Richardson
2761:MacArthur Fellows
2549:www.nasonline.org
2524:www.nasonline.org
2497:. August 26, 2019
1928:978-1-118-91840-1
1757:(5620): 495–500.
1713:978-1-908818-48-5
1546:(5620): 495–500.
1407:10.1002/bip.22108
1182:978-0-309-15905-0
1152:on April 19, 2008
1123:on April 15, 2008
1117:"Ribbon Diagrams"
1039:(March 4, 1958).
505:Awards and honors
499:Wikimedia Commons
490:Protein Data Bank
365:structural motifs
153:
152:
120:Scientific career
2808:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2667:
2655:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2471:www.macfound.org
2463:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2380:(10): 1395–412.
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2274:(Pt 2): 213–21.
2259:
2253:
2252:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2126:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2082:. Archived from
2072:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1971:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1940:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1771:10.1038/268495a0
1746:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1725:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1676:. Archived from
1635:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1560:10.1038/268495a0
1535:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1445:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1360:(7): 2303–2316.
1345:
1339:
1338:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1277:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1221:. Archived from
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1112:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
988:
973:
972:
962:
953:
934:
933:
931:
929:
914:
908:
907:
905:
903:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
877:on July 12, 2016
873:. Archived from
863:
839:
829:
818:10.1002/pro.3330
795:
785:
744:
734:
700:
690:
657:
647:
622:(Pt 2): 213–21.
605:
595:
361:crystallographic
56:
53:January 25, 1941
52:
50:
35:
21:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2647:
2643:
2641:Further reading
2638:
2628:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2570:"About the NAM"
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2331:(Pt 1): 12–21.
2318:
2317:
2313:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1980:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1941:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1896:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1841:Protein Science
1834:
1833:
1829:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1726:
1714:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1447:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1114:
1113:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
990:
989:
976:
960:
955:
954:
937:
927:
925:
916:
915:
911:
901:
899:
895:
894:
890:
880:
878:
865:
864:
851:
847:
842:
806:Protein Science
798:
760:(6032): 981–4.
747:
703:
660:
608:
565:
558:
507:
454:Protein Science
369:Duke University
314:
239:master's degree
196:
188:Duke University
144:Duke University
68:Alma mater
63:
57:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2814:
2812:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2674:
2673:External links
2671:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2611:
2586:
2561:
2536:
2508:
2483:
2458:
2429:(9): 1563–70.
2409:
2360:
2311:
2254:
2236:
2187:
2138:
2089:
2067:
2018:
1993:
1978:
1956:
1927:
1909:
1894:
1876:
1827:
1792:
1741:
1712:
1691:
1664:
1630:
1581:
1530:
1499:(4): 1349–53.
1479:
1460:(2): 181–217.
1430:
1381:
1340:
1313:
1292:(7): 2302–16.
1262:
1236:
1210:
1188:
1181:
1163:
1134:
1098:
1077:
1055:
1028:
1009:
974:
935:
909:
888:
848:
846:
843:
841:
840:
812:(1): 293–315.
796:
745:
701:
658:
606:
562:
557:
554:
553:
552:
545:
539:
532:
525:
522:
515:
506:
503:
482:macromolecules
404:sequences, or
386:ribbon diagram
313:
310:
231:Phi Beta Kappa
195:
192:
180:ribbon diagram
151:
150:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
127:
123:
122:
116:
115:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
86:Ribbon diagram
83:
82:Known for
79:
78:
69:
65:
64:
58:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2813:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Biophysicists
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:Living people
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2663:9780313293030
2659:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:(4): 533–41.
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:(3): 465–81.
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1979:0-13-145306-8
1975:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1895:0-8153-2304-2
1891:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:. Amsterdam.
1705:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1665:9780120342341
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:(3): 170–82.
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1224:
1220:
1219:"ACA Fellows"
1214:
1211:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1010:
998:
994:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
975:
970:
966:
959:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
936:
924:
920:
913:
910:
902:September 17,
898:
892:
889:
876:
872:
868:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
850:
844:
837:
833:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
797:
793:
789:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
742:
738:
733:
728:
724:
720:
717:(1): 94–106.
716:
712:
708:
702:
698:
694:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
655:
651:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
607:
603:
599:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
563:
561:
555:
550:
546:
544:
540:
537:
533:
530:
526:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
508:
504:
502:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
431:
430:alpha helices
427:
426:hydrogen bond
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
311:
309:
307:
302:
299:
297:
296:James B. Duke
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
169:
162:
157:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
61:
55:(age 83)
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2651:
2629:February 17,
2627:. Retrieved
2623:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2598:
2589:
2579:February 17,
2577:. Retrieved
2573:
2564:
2554:February 17,
2552:. Retrieved
2548:
2539:
2529:February 17,
2527:. Retrieved
2523:
2501:February 17,
2499:. Retrieved
2476:February 17,
2474:. Retrieved
2470:
2461:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2109:(2): 252–6.
2106:
2102:
2092:
2084:the original
2080:ROC.bgsu.edu
2079:
2070:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2005:
1996:
1967:
1959:
1918:
1912:
1885:
1879:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1808:(7): 304–9.
1805:
1801:
1795:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1703:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1647:
1643:
1633:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1457:
1453:
1433:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1289:
1285:
1265:
1256:The Atlantic
1254:
1227:. Retrieved
1223:the original
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1191:
1172:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1150:the original
1125:. Retrieved
1121:the original
1091:February 17,
1089:. Retrieved
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1058:
1050:
1044:
1037:United Press
1031:
1022:
1012:
1002:February 17,
1000:. Retrieved
968:
964:
928:February 16,
926:. Retrieved
922:
912:
900:. Retrieved
891:
881:February 16,
879:. Retrieved
875:the original
870:
809:
805:
757:
753:
714:
710:
673:(1): 12–21.
670:
666:
619:
615:
575:
571:
559:
470:
465:
461:
457:
439:
389:
383:
376:
330:
315:
303:
300:
284:the Pentagon
224:
216:science fair
197:
184:biochemistry
175:
174:
140:Institutions
119:
18:
2721:1941 births
2604:February 7,
2011:February 7,
1684:January 17,
1650:: 167–339.
1448:Tainer JA,
1395:Biopolymers
1229:November 1,
280:White House
248:Al Cotton's
2715:Categories
1847:(1): 3–9.
1450:Getzoff ED
1329:(6): 498.
845:References
435:Peter Agre
402:amino acid
398:beta-sheet
250:lab using
134:Biophysics
49:1941-01-25
2620:"Fellows"
2423:Structure
2374:Structure
1945:cite book
1937:910538334
1730:cite book
1722:890939491
1446:;
1278:;
923:ThoughtCo
357:evolution
318:astronomy
194:Biography
2453:24010715
2404:22000512
2355:20057044
2306:20124702
2231:19731372
2201:Proteins
2182:16484377
2133:21677862
2062:18192612
1988:58594968
1904:39508201
1625:23451888
1601:: 1–28.
1425:23023928
836:29067766
792:21596992
741:21821126
697:20057044
654:20124702
602:17452350
486:kinemage
450:kinemage
406:peptides
335:work at
270:and the
110:(1985),
2444:3884077
2395:3195755
2346:2803126
2297:2815670
2276:Bibcode
2222:2877634
2173:1421088
2124:3111981
2053:2248255
2006:nsf.gov
1871:1304880
1862:2142077
1822:2672455
1787:4287690
1759:Bibcode
1674:7020376
1616:3695750
1576:4287690
1548:Bibcode
1525:1055410
1474:7175933
1416:3535681
1376:5555571
1308:5555571
1203:May 12,
1156:May 31,
1127:May 31,
1070:May 19,
971:(3): 5.
827:5734394
783:3176341
762:Bibcode
754:Science
732:3193589
711:Methods
688:2803126
645:2815670
624:Bibcode
593:1933162
343:of the
322:Sputnik
220:Sputnik
2660:
2451:
2441:
2402:
2392:
2353:
2343:
2304:
2294:
2229:
2219:
2180:
2170:
2131:
2121:
2060:
2050:
1986:
1976:
1935:
1925:
1902:
1892:
1869:
1859:
1820:
1785:
1779:329147
1777:
1751:Nature
1720:
1710:
1672:
1662:
1623:
1613:
1574:
1568:329147
1566:
1540:Nature
1523:
1516:432531
1513:
1472:
1423:
1413:
1374:
1306:
1179:
834:
824:
790:
780:
739:
729:
695:
685:
652:
642:
600:
590:
547:2019:
534:2012:
517:1985:
420:, and
378:Nature
353:botany
126:Fields
114:(2019)
104:Awards
96:Spouse
62:, U.S.
1783:S2CID
1572:S2CID
961:(pdf)
2658:ISBN
2631:2020
2606:2020
2581:2020
2556:2020
2531:2020
2503:2020
2478:2020
2449:PMID
2400:PMID
2351:PMID
2302:PMID
2227:PMID
2178:PMID
2129:PMID
2058:PMID
2013:2020
1984:OCLC
1974:ISBN
1951:link
1933:OCLC
1923:ISBN
1900:OCLC
1890:ISBN
1867:PMID
1818:PMID
1775:PMID
1736:link
1718:OCLC
1708:ISBN
1686:2009
1670:PMID
1660:ISBN
1621:PMID
1564:PMID
1521:PMID
1470:PMID
1443:2SOD
1421:PMID
1372:PMID
1304:PMID
1275:1SNS
1231:2012
1205:2012
1177:ISBN
1158:2008
1129:2008
1093:2020
1072:2020
1004:2020
930:2020
904:2020
883:2020
832:PMID
788:PMID
737:PMID
693:PMID
650:PMID
598:PMID
474:CASP
444:and
355:and
282:and
43:Born
2439:PMC
2431:doi
2390:PMC
2382:doi
2341:PMC
2333:doi
2292:PMC
2284:doi
2217:PMC
2209:doi
2168:PMC
2160:doi
2152:RNA
2119:PMC
2111:doi
2048:PMC
2040:doi
2032:RNA
1857:PMC
1849:doi
1810:doi
1767:doi
1755:268
1652:doi
1611:PMC
1603:doi
1556:doi
1544:268
1511:PMC
1501:doi
1462:doi
1458:160
1439:PDB
1411:PMC
1403:doi
1362:doi
1358:246
1331:doi
1294:doi
1290:246
1271:PDB
822:PMC
814:doi
778:PMC
770:doi
758:332
727:PMC
719:doi
683:PMC
675:doi
640:PMC
632:doi
588:PMC
580:doi
494:NMR
480:of
337:MIT
333:PhD
186:at
2717::
2622:.
2597:.
2572:.
2547:.
2522:.
2511:^
2486:^
2469:.
2447:.
2437:.
2427:21
2425:.
2421:.
2398:.
2388:.
2378:19
2376:.
2372:.
2349:.
2339:.
2329:66
2327:.
2323:.
2300:.
2290:.
2282:.
2272:66
2270:.
2266:.
2247:.
2225:.
2215:.
2205:77
2203:.
2199:.
2176:.
2166:.
2156:12
2154:.
2150:.
2127:.
2117:.
2105:.
2101:.
2078:.
2056:.
2046:.
2036:14
2034:.
2030:.
2004:.
1982:.
1947:}}
1943:{{
1931:.
1898:.
1865:.
1855:.
1843:.
1839:.
1816:.
1806:14
1804:.
1781:.
1773:.
1765:.
1753:.
1732:}}
1728:{{
1716:.
1694:^
1668:.
1658:.
1648:34
1646:.
1642:.
1619:.
1609:.
1599:42
1597:.
1593:.
1570:.
1562:.
1554:.
1542:.
1519:.
1509:.
1497:72
1495:.
1491:.
1468:.
1456:.
1441::
1419:.
1409:.
1399:99
1397:.
1393:.
1370:.
1356:.
1352:.
1327:96
1325:.
1302:.
1288:.
1284:.
1273::
1253:.
1239:^
1137:^
1101:^
1049:.
1043:.
1021:.
995:.
977:^
967:.
963:.
938:^
921:.
869:.
852:^
830:.
820:.
810:27
808:.
804:.
786:.
776:.
768:.
756:.
752:.
735:.
725:.
715:55
713:.
709:.
691:.
681:.
671:66
669:.
665:.
648:.
638:.
630:.
620:66
618:.
614:.
596:.
586:.
576:35
574:.
570:.
501:.
416:,
412:,
308:.
190:.
132:,
88:,
74:,
51:)
2706:.
2698:.
2690:.
2682:.
2666:.
2633:.
2608:.
2583:.
2558:.
2533:.
2505:.
2480:.
2455:.
2433::
2406:.
2384::
2357:.
2335::
2308:.
2286::
2278::
2233:.
2211::
2184:.
2162::
2135:.
2113::
2107:4
2064:.
2042::
2015:.
1990:.
1953:)
1939:.
1906:.
1873:.
1851::
1845:1
1824:.
1812::
1789:.
1769::
1761::
1738:)
1724:.
1688:.
1654::
1627:.
1605::
1578:.
1558::
1550::
1527:.
1503::
1476:.
1464::
1427:.
1405::
1378:.
1364::
1337:.
1333::
1310:.
1296::
1259:.
1233:.
1207:.
1185:.
1160:.
1131:.
1095:.
1074:.
1025:.
1006:.
969:4
932:.
906:.
885:.
838:.
816::
794:.
772::
764::
743:.
721::
699:.
677::
656:.
634::
626::
604:.
582::
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
