358:
with the addition of tourist expenditure. However the rapid evolution of the natural coastal landscape has established social and environmental changes for the local inhabitants. Hotel workers are commonly found to be the main bread-winners for many families, however, travel into the resorts from rural areas can reduce overall earnings and therefore the implications for poverty in rural areas is high. Over-development threatens the lives, livelihoods and homes of local people due to largescale erosion and sediment displacement, increasing floods in the lowlands and coastal areas.
196:
518:
545:) is a more innovative and accurate technical indicator that can determine past flood events' duration, severity, and intensity and provide correct guidance for future flood decision-making. However, it is not widely used by monitoring departments at this stage and needs further promotion. More effective and accurate flood quantification and monitoring technologies urgently need to be developed, and disaster prediction requires more robust academic support for flood-prone areas such as Fiji.
430:
sexual assault in flood evacuation shelters were documented, and subsequent training in recognising and preventing gender based violence was rolled out to emergency workers. Financial strain caused by the loss of livelihoods gave rise to sexual exploitation of women and children. Women reported experiencing unequal access to the humanitarian relief mobilised for those affected, also citing tensions between different communities and ethnic groups.
106:
Viti Levu in Fiji's wettest
January. The northwesterly winds on January 24, pushed a layer of monsoon air over Fiji, resulting in torrential downpours in the western and northern parts of the island again. It extended from Vanuatu, Vanuatu to Fiji and then south-east to Tonga, Tonga, causing severe flooding of major rivers, streams and low-lying areas as well as the towns of Lakilaki, Ba and Nadi.
450:. Poorer households in Fiji have less resilience to flood events and their aftermath. Those in low income brackets are less likely to be able to prepare for and recover from flood events. Furthermore, flood events can push households over the poverty line or further into poverty, exacerbating the effects of future events.
464:
Disaster
Council (NCD)). which focused on critical elements including speed of response, effective communication and flexibility. On the NCD's advice on 25 January, the Fijian Cabinet declared a “State of Natural Disaster" for part of the Western Division for 15 days - later extended for another 10 days on 8 February.
579:
frequent and severe, and the resulting losses will increase with the degree of climate change. Fiji must pay attention to climate conditions and be more sensitive in preventing and controlling severe rainfall and floods while working with other countries to make practical measures for global warming.
420:
Those impacted by the floods reported lasting trauma due to the destruction caused by the flooding. This included loss of homes and possessions, displacement of people, and fragmentation of communities. Mental health and wellbeing support in the aftermath of the flood was limited. Limited warnings in
208:
The effects of the tropical depression continued. A month after the flood ended, another tropical depression caused heavy rainfall in the north and west of Viti Levu, leading to more flood. Heavy rains in the western part of the island lasted for a long time, causing flood of major rivers, creeks and
493:
During and after the floods, Fiji was supported by a range of stakeholders, e.g. national governments, private business, religious groups and volunteer organizations. Notable support came from the
Australian government who supported the region during and for some time after the event to the value of
578:
The intensification of equatorial warming in the
Pacific may lead to more frequent extreme events in Pacific island countries affected by events in the South Pacific Convergence Zone. Data from floods in 2012 estimated that under current climate change conditions, future floods in Fiji will be more
556:
During the 23/01-27/01 floods in Fiji, mountain landslides and widespread flooding affected nearly 25000 people, disrupted water and electricity supply, and extensively damaged infrastructure. Strengthening infrastructure systems, flood protection measures, and rapid recovery capabilities are areas
489:
launched his "Flood Relief Appeal". Administered by the BSP Financial Group
Limited, the Fund facilitated donations from both domestic and international branches. The Prime Minister made a public appeal encouraging multi sectoral support and later the Cabinet approved a submission made by the PM to
467:
District
Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs) played a key role in providing on the ground support in areas of most need. The response faced challenges in common with other events in the region e.g. lack of flood warning, lack of communication channels and difficulty accessing data which can make it
560:
At the same time, the medical system needs to buffer the direct harm caused by floods and prevent diseases after the flood period. In
January and March 2012, consecutive tropical depressions caused two extreme flooding events in western Fiji, leading to the largest outbreak of leptospirosis in the
105:
and transient ridges of high pressure resulted in the country experiencing heavy rainfall and flooding. Between 22 and 24 January, Fiji received more than 200mm of rain, with
Vatukoula recording the highest rainfall of 863.4mm. This exceeded the usual rainfall of 373 mm on the western part of
371:
Official figures from the Fiji
National Disaster Management Office state that 4,561 people were displaced due to the flood event in January 2012, with 74 evacuation centres set up to support them. Estimates of mortality attributed to immediate consequences of the flooding ranges between eight and
357:
The demand for luxury coastal accommodation on the western region of the Island, has seen exponential development of hotel resorts and urbanisation of the land to provide retail and entertainment and recreational facilities. Tourism in Fiji brought economic opportunity for business and employment
92:
A series of serious floods occurred from
January 21 to February 12, 2012, with heavy rains causing flooding to hit Vanua and western Viti Levu. Nadi, Lautoka, Ba, Tavua and Rakiraki were the worst affected areas. The damage caused by this flood to all institutions including the government was FJ$
241:
Fiji is located in the south pacific and has a tropical oceanic climate. Its two largest islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, are over 1000 metres above sea level. Viti Levu's mountain range creates distinct wet and dry climatic zones on its windward and leeward sides. This geographical topography
476:
To support those who were displaced, ECs were set up in priority locations. Community facilities were utilized, e.g. schools and churches. Over the period of the floods a total of 74 ECs were opened supporting over 4500 evacuees. These centres became critical hubs for the provision of essential
429:
It is well documented that women experience poorer outcomes from natural disaster compared to men. In the aftermath of the January 2012 and the related flooding in March 2012, pre-existing issues with gender-based and domestic violence toward women and girls worsened. Three instances of serious
513:
were critical in disaster response receiving dynamic updates from the NDMO . Their activity covered risk and damage assessment, provision of essentials supplies as well as medical support for minor injuries. The Red Cross had prepositioned emergency supplies and worked to get these to priority
301:
There are several significant geographical ways in which the floodwater has impacted the affected areas of Fiji. Primarily, excessive rainfall resulted in soil erosion which can alter the landscape and topographical representation, ultimately increasing the potential for further events of this
569:
In the 24 January 2012 flood, two farmers drowned while rescuing livestock. The flood caused irreparable damage to many crops and caused direct property damage to farmers. In flood events, watershed communities are the most vulnerable group, relying on a range of resources and income from the
463:
Fiji has a well established disaster management structure. In January 2012, the National Disaster Management office (NDM) activated the National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC) who thereafter led the disaster response. The NEOC were guided by an "operations order" (endorsed by the National
339:
on marginal land, sugarcane and tobacco are good examples, put high demands on the lands resources. The increase of urban developments among the communities also drives deforestation. Cropping on fragile soil without observation of conservation practices and the burning of grasslands further
477:
supplies, shelter, and also for the dissemination of educational information to manage risks. Challenges included potential disruption to education when schools were used as ECs, a common challenge in disaster response as well as lack of sanitation and water supplies at the centres.
314:
were displaced and washed downstream and deposited into coastal areas and floodplains. The net effect of sedimentation dumping in this manner can reroute the course of rivers, affecting water distribution and the suffocation of aquatic organisms, leaving a negative imprint on the
445:
Many people on Viti Levu live in informal settlements on land susceptible to flooding, and in housing deemed inadequate to withstand heavy cyclonic activity or flood waters. Around 34% of people living in the areas affected at the time of the flooding were living below the
1573:
de Alwis, Ruklanthi; Watson, Conall; Nikolay, Birgit; Lowry, John H.; Thieu, Nga Tran Vu; Van, Tan Trinh; Ngoc, Dung Tran Thi; Rawalai, Kitione; Taufa, Mere; Coriakula, Jerimaia; Lau, Colleen L.; Nilles, Eric J.; Edmunds, W. John; Kama, Mike; Baker, Stephen (2018).
2197:
Cai, Wenju; Lengaigne, Matthieu; Borlace, Simon; Collins, Matthew; Cowan, Tim; McPhaden, Michael J.; Timmermann, Axel; Power, Scott; Brown, Josephine; Menkes, Christophe; Ngari, Arona; Vincent, Emmanuel M.; Widlansky, Matthew J. (August 2012).
570:
watershed, which are at risk of environmental changes such as floods. To reduce the loss of life, these vulnerable groups need to have some particular protection policies, and Fiji's domestic and international attention needs to be raised.
322:
There are environmental issues that are also impacting the geographical landscape of Fiji in the aftermath of flooding events. Changes in the way the land is used, namely deforestation and degradation, and poor waste disposal practices.
225:
refers to the possibility of a rise in water level outside of the normal range in a stream or other water body that results in the overflow of water, including events such as river flood, flash flood, urban flood, and stormwater flood.
343:
Large areas of the Fijian coastlands are made more susceptible to erosion by inappropriate disposal of animal waste, pesticides and fertilizers being dumped into international waters by farm run-offs during excessive rainfall.
276:
The catastrophic flooding and subsequent landslides caused unprecedented damage to the western region of the main island of Vitu Levu and Vanua Levu. A state of emergency was declared as a consequence. Second and third cities,
43:
619:
967:
267:
Even in the absence of cyclone activity, parts of Fiji are vulnerable to flood. In January 2009, for example, a sustained monsoon trough triggered a record 5-day rainfall event and the highest flood recorded since 1931.
302:
nature. The degradation of soil and nutrient depletion due to the loss of topsoil by erosion can affect the environment and quality of food production. Over time it is possible for crop yields to be become much lower.
252:
Tropical cyclones and tropical depressions are the most common cause of severe flooding in Fiji. Also, rainfall in Fiji is highly variable and the seasonality of rainfall is strongly influenced by the movement of the
399:
outbreak. During the January 2012 flood event and subsequent related flooding in March 2012, 576 Leptospirosis cases were recorded, with a case fatality rate of 7%. Issues with water, sanitation and hygiene
506:
242:
results in Fiji's rainy season lasting from November to April, with significant variations in rainfall between regions and most of the rainfall occurring in the form of heavy but brief localised showers.
490:
allow a 200% tax deduction for cash donations exceeding FJ$ 1000 (running 27 January to 31 March 2012). By early March 2012, it was estimated that the Fund stood at nearly FJ$ 2million.
29:
391:
In Fiji, where much of the population live in low-lying areas, heavy cyclonic rainfall is a high risk factor for transmission of water-borne diseases and diseases which spread through
530:
Brown pointed out that due to climate change, natural disasters may become more frequent, resulting in more losses, especially for developing countries like Fiji, which can be fatal.
538:
Many quantitative flood monitoring techniques and indicators have been used recently, such as the Standardized Precipitation Index and the Flood Index. The Flood Index (
468:
hard to assess damage and focus resources. Research shows that there remains an opportunity to increase resilience to floods and other natural disasters in the region.
101:
2012 Fiji flood was mainly due to a trough of low pressure associated with Tropical Disturbance affecting the western part of Fiji, which combined with a slow moving
561:
Pacific region, with 44 deaths and hundreds of confirmed cases. Post-disaster disease prevention needs more attention, and the medical system needs strengthening.
548:
At the same time, observers responsible for river basins and floods need to strengthen their understanding and prevention of floods through stakeholder feedback.
1152:
372:
eleven people. Indirect delayed mortality rates were much higher, for example at least 44 people were killed by diseases attributable to the flood waters.
1490:
Ritter, Jana M.; Lau, Colleen; Craig, Scott B.; Goarant, Cyrille; Nilles, Eric J.; Ko, Albert I.; Kama, Mike; Imrie, Allison; Togami, Eri (2018-10-03).
494:
almost FJ$ 1.8 m Organizations provided both financial support and essentials supplies, with many donors filtering their contributions via the Fijian
1631:
Lau, Colleen L.; Watson, Conall H.; Lowry, John H.; David, Michael C.; Craig, Scott B.; Wynwood, Sarah J.; Kama, Mike; Nilles, Eric J. (2016-01-28).
557:
that Fiji needs to improve in the future. It is essential to have a second system or disaster response plan, especially in areas prone to disasters.
376:
2252:
175:
The prime minister briefed the meeting on the results of the damage assessment. The number of people affected by the floods is as high as 178,153.
1633:"Human Leptospirosis Infection in Fiji: An Eco-epidemiological Approach to Identifying Risk Factors and Environmental Drivers for Transmission"
2097:"Deconstructing vulnerability and adaptation in a coastal river basin ecosystem: a participatory analysis of flood risk in Nadi, Fiji Islands"
1263:
2006:"A Real-time Flood Monitoring Index Based on Daily Effective Precipitation and its Application to Brisbane and Lockyer Valley Flood Events"
943:
588:
125:
335:
continues to increase due to the need for wood for the rebuilding of homes and businesses. Further demands on land usage for cultivating
2257:
1285:"Climate Change: The Fiji Islands Response. Fijiʼs First National Communication Under the Framework Convention on Climate Change 2005"
1401:
144:
With over 145mm of rainfall at Nadi Airport in the last 24 hours, widespread flooding in western and northern Fiji seems inevitable.
1742:
2242:
1951:
2262:
752:
727:
160:(SPCZ) is expected to stay over Fiji, the rain will ease off for a day or two from Thursday but will not disappear completely.
1692:"The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002"
254:
157:
129:
1226:
195:
1821:
993:
Impacts of climate change in Pacific Islands catchments: sediment contribution due to tropical cyclones and depressions
395:
transmission. The flood conditions in January 2012 led to a rise in cases of water-borne diseases, including a serious
340:
illustrate the effects of deforestation in perpetuating soil erosion and the potential for increased risk of flooding.
437:
provided 'dignity kits' to support the menstrual hygiene of women and girls during the flooding event and aftermath.
1355:"Luxury tourism investment and flood risk: Case study on unsustainable development in Denarau island resort in Fiji"
1177:
1846:
968:"Improving plant nutrient management for better farmer livelihoods, food security and environmental sustainability"
1772:"Does community resilience mitigate loss and damage from climaterelated disasters? Evidence based on survey data"
817:
Yeo, Stephen (2013). ""A review of flood resilience in Fiji. In International conference on flood resilience"".
1901:
1926:
1030:
Saunders, Megan Irene; Atkinson, Scott; Klein, Carissa Joy; Weber, Tony; Possingham, Hugh P. (2017-11-10).
332:
1576:"Role of Environmental Factors in Shaping Spatial Distribution of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi, Fiji"
510:
495:
434:
380:
24:
1460:
1551:
1361:. Risking Disaster – the role of private investment and public regulation in disaster risk management.
517:
392:
311:
1691:
1354:
1315:
2247:
1771:
676:
1884:"The Impacts of Natural Disasters on Educational Attainment: Cross-Country Evidence from Macro Data"
834:"Stationarity of major flood frequencies and heights on the Ba River, Fiji, over a 122‐year record"
433:
The different sanitation needs of women and girls can go overlooked during natural disasters. The
2053:
Moishin, Mohammed; Deo, Ravinesh C.; Prasad, Ramendra; Raj, Nawin; Abdulla, Shahab (2020-10-20).
1721:
992:
863:
704:
1430:
1115:"Coastal resource management and tourism development in Fiji Islands: a conservation challenge"
781:"Determining 2012 Flood Havoc On Tourism: A Case Study Of The Floods In The Nadi River In Fiji"
2219:
2155:
2116:
2074:
2035:
1986:
1791:
1713:
1672:
1654:
1613:
1595:
1529:
1511:
1374:
1335:
1259:
1134:
1071:
1053:
855:
792:
696:
486:
447:
290:
2055:"Development of Flood Monitoring Index for daily flood risk evaluation: case studies in Fiji"
1575:
991:
Jorquera, Eliana; Rodriguez, Jose F.; Saco, Patricia M.; Verdon-Kidd, Danielle (2022-03-25).
2211:
2177:
2145:
2108:
2066:
2025:
2017:
1978:
1783:
1703:
1662:
1644:
1603:
1587:
1519:
1503:
1366:
1327:
1126:
1061:
1043:
845:
688:
102:
1743:"In Fiji first responders train to address sexual violence in disasters - Fiji | ReliefWeb"
780:
163:
A massive landslide in the village of Tukuraki in Bayakitu killed four people in one house.
246:
1032:"Increased sediment loads cause non-linear decreases in seagrass suitable habitat extent"
779:
Kundra, Sakul; Kundra, Nakul; Alam, Mohammad Afsar; Prasad, Ravinesh Rohit (2022-09-22).
1089:
1667:
1632:
1608:
1524:
1491:
1114:
1066:
1031:
261:
1006:
2236:
2200:"More extreme swings of the South Pacific convergence zone due to greenhouse warming"
2030:
1708:
919:"As floods continue in Fiji, UN stresses need to boost preventive measures | UN News"
867:
708:
405:
396:
20:
1725:
501:
The role of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Cross Societies (IFRC)
93:
50,047,344.00. Many infrastructure utilities and agricultural sectors were damaged.
2096:
1284:
2112:
1787:
692:
2137:
1649:
1492:"A Large Leptospirosis Outbreak following Successive Severe Floods in Fiji, 2012"
1202:
1048:
884:
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION FOR FLOOD RISK REDUCTION IN FIJI
331:
Deforestation also causes soil erosion in forested areas close to water sources.
2150:
2054:
1370:
1316:"Morphological changes of coastal tourism: A case study of Denarau Island, Fiji"
2070:
2005:
1552:"A state of emergency: How local businesses experienced the 2012 flood in Fiji"
1130:
1113:
Singh, Shalini; Bhat, Jahangeer A.; Shah, Shipra; Pala, Nazir A. (March 2021).
293:
were declared to be in a state of disaster, by the Disaster Management Office.
2021:
1331:
918:
882:
638:
235:
68:
2223:
2176:(Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI). 2012-04-18.
2159:
2120:
2078:
2039:
2004:
Deo, Ravinesh C; Byun, Hi-Ryong; Adamowski, Jan F; Kim, Do-Woo (2015-06-20).
1990:
1795:
1717:
1658:
1599:
1515:
1378:
1339:
1138:
1057:
859:
796:
700:
1251:
404:) in the aftermath of the flooding also caused a spike in reported cases of
336:
316:
64:
1822:"Humanitarian Bulletin Pacific Issue 01 Quarter 2, 2012 - Fiji | ReliefWeb"
1676:
1617:
1591:
1533:
1075:
898:
1507:
2199:
1883:
409:
286:
2215:
282:
1967:"Using the standardized precipitation index for flood risk monitoring"
2173:
1966:
850:
833:
2182:
1982:
481:
The Prime Minister’s Flood Relief Appeal – launched January 26, 2012
42:
832:
McAneney, John; van den Honert, Robin; Yeo, Stephen (August 2017).
819:
Experiences in Asia and Europe, University of Exeter, UK, September
1808:
Fiji Disaster Management Reference Handbook - March 2023 - page 32
516:
421:
advance of flooding was stated as a cause of concern and anxiety.
222:
194:
1402:"The 2012 FIJI floods: gender sensitivity in disaster management"
375:
Extreme ground saturation and flooding in January 2012 caused by
401:
278:
1250:
Neary, Daniel George; Leonard, Jackson McMichael (2020-01-04),
1927:"Civil society gives to pm disaster relief - Fiji | ReliefWeb"
881:
Daigneault, Adam J.; Brown, Pike; Gawith, David, eds. (2014).
1007:"Alluvial deposit | Sediment, Soil & Gravel | Britannica"
677:"Climate change and the economic impacts of flooding on Fiji"
1902:"PM's relief fund stands at $ 1.9million - Fiji | ReliefWeb"
78:
At least 8 dead, over 4,500 displaced, over 178,000 affected
1872:
Information Bulletin: Fiji Floods (IFRC) 17th February 2012
1770:
Gawith, David; Daigneault, Adam; Brown, Pike (2016-12-01).
1314:
Xie, Philip Feifan; Chandra, Vishal; Gu, Kai (2013-01-01).
1461:"Prime Minister launches flood appeal - Fiji | ReliefWeb"
1847:"Community Responses to Floods in Fiji: Lessons Learned"
1252:"Effects of Fire on Grassland Soils and Water: A Review"
1952:"Australia helps Fiji rebuild after devastating floods"
728:"Fiji - January Floods Situation overview No. 1 | OCHA"
441:
Socio-economic factors impacting health and well-being
383:
which displaced a further 15,000 people and killed 4.
2059:
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
1496:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1178:"How Does Deforestation Lead to Floods and Droughts?"
1965:
Seiler, R. A.; Hayes, M.; Bressan, L. (2002-08-02).
675:
Brown, P.; Daigneault, A.; Gawith, D. (2017-09-19).
319:
that have been previously degraded in the same way.
1153:"Indigenous communities protect rainforest in Fiji"
82:
74:
60:
52:
1690:Neumayer, Eric; Plümper, Thomas (September 2007).
2174:CH-TRU Wasate Content Codes (CH-TRUCON) (Rev. 44)
1696:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
1203:"Fiji Deforestation Rates & Statistics | GFW"
16:Flooding in Fiji from January to February of 2012
1776:Journal of Environmental Planning and Management
1431:"Fiji declares 15 day state of disaster | UNDRR"
1359:International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
257:(SPCZ) can also lead to extreme weather events.
1227:"Saving Fiji's 'last remaining intact forests'"
2095:Chandra, Alvin; Gaganis, Petros (2015-03-13).
1556:The Australian Journal of Emergency Management
1353:Bernard, Karen; Cook, Samantha (2015-12-01).
8:
2138:"Social Media Widget for Emergency Response"
618:National Disaster Management Office (2012).
521:January 2012 relief efforts - Fiji Red Cross
379:, is said to have exacerbated the impact of
35:
1119:Environment, Development and Sustainability
124:The heavy rain caused Fiji to activate the
1090:"Learn the effects of deforestation | WWF"
199:Area involved in January 2012 Fiji floods.
41:
34:
2181:
2149:
2029:
1707:
1666:
1648:
1607:
1523:
1065:
1047:
849:
425:Gendered impacts on health and well-being
113:
97:Meteorological causes of 2012 Fiji flood
599:
2132:
2130:
2090:
2088:
1868:
1866:
1816:
1814:
1765:
1763:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1309:
1307:
130:Divisional Emergency Operation Centres
1737:
1735:
1545:
1543:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
785:Journal of Positive School Psychology
774:
772:
7:
1971:International Journal of Climatology
838:International Journal of Climatology
812:
810:
808:
806:
722:
720:
718:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
633:
631:
629:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
589:2011-12 South Pacific cyclone season
944:"Sediment Transport and Deposition"
552:Infrastructure system strengthening
485:On 26 January, then Prime Minister
126:National Emergency Operation Centre
56:January 21 – February 12, 2012
14:
948:Environmental Measurement Systems
230:Common causes of flooding in Fiji
1709:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00563.x
1637:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
1320:Tourism Management Perspectives
110:Timeline and significant events
86:Over FJ$ 50 million (2012 FJ$ )
2253:January 2012 events in Oceania
1882:Onigbinde, Lois (2018-05-18).
995:(Report). Copernicus Meetings.
381:further flooding in March 2012
255:South Pacific Convergence Zone
158:South Pacific Convergence Zone
132:(DEOC) in the western regions.
1:
2142:Issues in Information Systems
2113:10.1080/17565529.2015.1016884
1788:10.1080/09640568.2015.1126241
1256:Grasses and Grassland Aspects
693:10.1080/17565529.2016.1174656
128:(NEOC) in Suva and establish
1650:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004405
1580:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1049:10.1371/journal.pone.0187284
416:Mental health and well-being
2151:10.48009/2_iis_2013_289-297
1371:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.09.002
639:"Climate Data and Products"
2279:
2071:10.1007/s00477-020-01899-6
2010:Water Resources Management
1550:McNamara, Karen E (2013).
1131:10.1007/s10668-020-00764-4
367:Displacement and mortality
67:(especially in the west),
2258:Natural disasters in Fiji
2031:10.1007/s11269-015-1046-3
2022:10.1007/s11269-015-1046-3
1332:10.1016/j.tmp.2012.09.002
1207:www.globalforestwatch.org
40:
899:"Disaster Report – NDMO"
565:Vulnerability protection
472:Evacuation Centres (ECs)
36:January 2012 Fiji floods
2243:2010s floods in Oceania
2101:Climate and Development
681:Climate and Development
377:tropical depression 06F
156:Continued rain. As the
2263:2012 disasters in Fiji
1592:10.3201/eid2402.170704
1231:Monash Business School
522:
435:Fiji Red Cross Society
200:
30:considered for merging
1851:Middle East Institute
1508:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0335
534:Monitoring capability
520:
333:Deforestation in Fiji
198:
1176:Fahad (2022-03-02).
2216:10.1038/nature11358
272:Geographical impact
218:Definition of flood
115:
37:
1011:www.britannica.com
523:
310:Large volumes of
201:
114:
2210:(7411): 365–369.
2016:(11): 4075–4093.
1977:(11): 1365–1376.
1782:(12): 2102–2123.
1265:978-1-78984-950-9
1157:www.myclimate.org
620:"Disaster Report"
487:Frank Bainimarama
454:Disaster Response
387:Disease outbreaks
312:alluvial sediment
209:low-lying areas.
193:
192:
187:End of the floods
90:
89:
2270:
2228:
2227:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2065:(7): 1387–1402.
2050:
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2001:
1995:
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1870:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1818:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1711:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1652:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1487:
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1473:
1472:
1457:
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1442:
1427:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1398:
1383:
1382:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1299:
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1238:
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1223:
1217:
1216:
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1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1125:(3): 3009–3027.
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1051:
1042:(11): e0187284.
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1003:
997:
996:
988:
982:
981:
979:
978:
964:
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940:
934:
933:
931:
930:
915:
909:
908:
906:
905:
895:
889:
888:
878:
872:
871:
853:
851:10.1002/joc.4989
829:
823:
822:
814:
801:
800:
791:(7): 4221–4231.
776:
767:
766:
764:
763:
749:
743:
742:
740:
739:
724:
713:
712:
672:
653:
652:
650:
649:
635:
624:
623:
615:
574:Climate response
337:commercial crops
116:
103:convergence zone
47:Location of Fiji
45:
38:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2183:10.2172/1041213
2172:
2171:
2167:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1983:10.1002/joc.799
1964:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1888:Master's Theses
1881:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1820:
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1812:
1807:
1803:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1643:(1): e0004405.
1630:
1629:
1625:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1406:wrd.unwomen.org
1400:
1399:
1386:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1296:
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1287:
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1278:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1004:
1000:
990:
989:
985:
976:
974:
966:
965:
961:
952:
950:
942:
941:
937:
928:
926:
917:
916:
912:
903:
901:
897:
896:
892:
880:
879:
875:
844:(S1): 171–178.
831:
830:
826:
816:
815:
804:
778:
777:
770:
761:
759:
757:glidenumber.net
751:
750:
746:
737:
735:
726:
725:
716:
674:
673:
656:
647:
645:
637:
636:
627:
617:
616:
601:
597:
585:
576:
567:
554:
543:
536:
528:
526:Lessons Learned
503:
483:
474:
461:
456:
443:
427:
418:
389:
369:
364:
355:
350:
348:Physical impact
329:
308:
299:
274:
265:
250:
247:Weather pattern
239:
232:
220:
215:
206:
112:
99:
83:Property damage
48:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2189:
2165:
2126:
2107:(3): 256–269.
2084:
2045:
1996:
1957:
1943:
1918:
1893:
1874:
1862:
1838:
1810:
1801:
1759:
1731:
1702:(3): 551–566.
1682:
1623:
1586:(2): 284–293.
1565:
1539:
1502:(4): 849–851.
1477:
1447:
1417:
1384:
1345:
1303:
1276:
1264:
1258:, IntechOpen,
1242:
1218:
1193:
1182:Earth Reminder
1168:
1144:
1105:
1094:www.wwf.org.uk
1081:
1022:
998:
983:
959:
935:
910:
890:
873:
824:
802:
768:
753:"GLIDE Record"
744:
732:www.unocha.org
714:
687:(6): 493–504.
654:
643:www.met.gov.fj
625:
598:
596:
593:
592:
591:
584:
581:
575:
572:
566:
563:
553:
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541:
535:
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482:
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457:
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426:
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414:
388:
385:
368:
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363:
362:Health impacts
360:
354:
351:
349:
346:
328:
325:
307:
304:
298:
295:
273:
270:
264:
262:Monsoon trough
259:
249:
244:
238:
233:
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216:
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205:
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191:
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18:
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13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
2275:
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2256:
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2240:
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2217:
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2209:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2190:
2184:
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2127:
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2118:
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2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
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2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1932:
1931:reliefweb.int
1928:
1922:
1919:
1907:
1906:reliefweb.int
1903:
1897:
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1826:reliefweb.int
1823:
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1747:reliefweb.int
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1465:reliefweb.int
1462:
1456:
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1435:www.undrr.org
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1002:
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949:
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813:
811:
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798:
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790:
786:
782:
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773:
769:
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754:
748:
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733:
729:
723:
721:
719:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
671:
669:
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621:
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451:
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440:
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422:
415:
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411:
407:
403:
398:
397:Leptospirosis
394:
386:
384:
382:
378:
373:
366:
361:
359:
352:
347:
345:
341:
338:
334:
327:Deforestation
326:
324:
320:
318:
313:
306:Sedimentation
305:
303:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
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263:
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96:
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85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
39:
31:
27:
26:
25:Infobox event
22:
2207:
2203:
2192:
2168:
2141:
2104:
2100:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1946:
1935:. Retrieved
1933:. 2012-02-01
1930:
1921:
1910:. Retrieved
1908:. 2012-03-07
1905:
1896:
1887:
1877:
1854:. Retrieved
1850:
1841:
1830:. Retrieved
1828:. 2012-07-26
1825:
1804:
1779:
1775:
1751:. Retrieved
1749:. 2014-11-24
1746:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1583:
1579:
1568:
1559:
1555:
1499:
1495:
1469:. Retrieved
1467:. 2012-01-26
1464:
1439:. Retrieved
1437:. 2012-02-03
1434:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1323:
1319:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:
1279:
1269:, retrieved
1255:
1245:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:
1221:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:
1201:Vizzuality.
1196:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:
1171:
1160:. Retrieved
1156:
1147:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1097:. Retrieved
1093:
1084:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:
1001:
986:
975:. Retrieved
971:
962:
951:. Retrieved
947:
938:
927:. Retrieved
925:. 2012-02-03
922:
913:
902:. Retrieved
893:
883:
876:
841:
837:
827:
818:
788:
784:
760:. Retrieved
756:
747:
736:. Retrieved
734:. 2012-01-24
731:
684:
680:
646:. Retrieved
642:
577:
568:
559:
555:
547:
539:
537:
529:
504:
492:
484:
475:
466:
462:
459:Coordination
448:poverty line
444:
432:
428:
419:
390:
374:
370:
356:
342:
330:
321:
309:
300:
297:Soil erosion
275:
266:
251:
240:
221:
207:
182:February 12
100:
91:
23:
2248:2012 floods
1562:(3): 17–23.
1365:: 302–311.
972:www.fao.org
923:news.un.org
514:locations.
204:Flood trend
170:February 7
151:January 25
139:January 24
119:January 21
19:‹ The
2237:Categories
1937:2023-11-27
1912:2023-12-01
1856:2023-11-30
1832:2023-12-01
1753:2023-10-29
1471:2023-10-29
1441:2023-11-26
1411:2023-10-29
1297:2023-12-01
1292:unfccc.int
1271:2023-12-01
1236:2023-12-01
1212:2023-12-01
1187:2023-12-01
1162:2023-12-01
1099:2023-12-01
1016:2023-12-01
977:2023-12-01
953:2023-12-01
929:2023-12-02
904:2023-12-01
762:2023-11-30
738:2023-11-25
648:2023-11-25
595:References
509:and local
496:Red Cross.
393:fecal-oral
317:ecosystems
236:Topography
213:Background
69:Vanua Levu
2224:0028-0836
2160:1529-7314
2121:1756-5529
2079:1436-3240
2040:0920-4741
1991:0899-8418
1796:0964-0568
1718:0004-5608
1659:1935-2735
1600:1080-6040
1516:0002-9637
1379:2212-4209
1340:2211-9736
1326:: 75–83.
1139:1387-585X
1058:1932-6203
868:132350593
860:0899-8418
797:2717-7564
709:156379326
701:1756-5529
511:Red Cross
410:diarrhoea
65:Viti Levu
28:is being
2144:. 2013.
1726:18391545
1677:26820752
1618:29350150
1534:30141390
1076:29125843
1036:PLOS ONE
887:. Paper.
583:See also
291:Rakiraki
287:Sigatoka
61:Location
32:. ›
21:template
1668:4731082
1609:5782885
1525:6159581
1067:5681285
406:typhoid
353:Tourism
283:Lautoka
2222:
2204:Nature
2158:
2119:
2077:
2038:
1989:
1794:
1724:
1716:
1675:
1665:
1657:
1616:
1606:
1598:
1532:
1522:
1514:
1377:
1338:
1262:
1137:
1074:
1064:
1056:
866:
858:
821:: 5–7.
795:
707:
699:
285:, Ba,
75:Deaths
1722:S2CID
1288:(PDF)
864:S2CID
705:S2CID
223:Flood
2220:ISSN
2156:ISSN
2117:ISSN
2075:ISSN
2036:ISSN
1987:ISSN
1792:ISSN
1714:ISSN
1673:PMID
1655:ISSN
1614:PMID
1596:ISSN
1530:PMID
1512:ISSN
1375:ISSN
1336:ISSN
1260:ISBN
1135:ISSN
1072:PMID
1054:ISSN
856:ISSN
793:ISSN
697:ISSN
507:IFRC
505:The
408:and
402:WaSH
289:and
281:and
279:Nadi
53:Date
2212:doi
2208:488
2178:doi
2146:doi
2109:doi
2067:doi
2026:hdl
2018:doi
1979:doi
1784:doi
1704:doi
1663:PMC
1645:doi
1604:PMC
1588:doi
1520:PMC
1504:doi
1367:doi
1328:doi
1127:doi
1062:PMC
1044:doi
846:doi
689:doi
2239::
2218:.
2206:.
2202:.
2154:.
2140:.
2129:^
2115:.
2103:.
2099:.
2087:^
2073:.
2063:35
2061:.
2057:.
2034:.
2024:.
2014:29
2012:.
2008:.
1985:.
1975:22
1973:.
1969:.
1929:.
1904:.
1886:.
1865:^
1849:.
1824:.
1813:^
1790:.
1780:59
1778:.
1774:.
1762:^
1745:.
1734:^
1720:.
1712:.
1700:97
1698:.
1694:.
1671:.
1661:.
1653:.
1641:10
1639:.
1635:.
1612:.
1602:.
1594:.
1584:24
1582:.
1578:.
1560:28
1558:.
1554:.
1542:^
1528:.
1518:.
1510:.
1500:99
1498:.
1494:.
1480:^
1463:.
1450:^
1433:.
1420:^
1404:.
1387:^
1373:.
1363:14
1357:.
1334:.
1322:.
1318:.
1306:^
1290:.
1254:,
1229:.
1205:.
1180:.
1155:.
1133:.
1123:23
1121:.
1117:.
1092:.
1070:.
1060:.
1052:.
1040:12
1038:.
1034:.
1009:.
970:.
946:.
921:.
862:.
854:.
842:37
840:.
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