719:. The data are also used every day in applications as diverse as routing ships, improving the safety and efficiency of offshore industry operations, managing fisheries, and tracking marine mammals. Their 15-year data record of ocean surface topography has provided the first opportunity to observe and understand the global change of ocean circulation and sea level. The results have improved the understanding of the role of the ocean in climate change and improved weather and climate predictions. Data from these missions are used to improve ocean models, forecast hurricane intensity, and identify and track large ocean/atmosphere phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña. The data are also used every day in applications as diverse as routing ships, improving the safety and efficiency of offshore industry operations, managing fisheries, and tracking marine mammals.
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Jason-1 was lost; multiple attempts to re-establish communication failed. It was determined that the last remaining transmitter on board the spacecraft had failed. Operators sent commands to the satellite to turn off remaining functioning components on 1 July 2013, rendering it decommissioned. It is estimated that the spacecraft will remain on orbit for at least 1,000 years.
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how tides dissipate. Instead of losing all their energy over shallow seas near the coasts, as previously believed, about one third of tidal energy is actually lost to the deep ocean. There, the energy is consumed by mixing water of different properties, a fundamental mechanism in the physics governing the general circulation of the ocean.
36:
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allow scientists to calculate the speed and direction of ocean currents and monitor global ocean circulation. The global ocean is Earth's primary storehouse of solar energy. Jason-1's measurements of sea surface height reveal where this heat is stored, how it moves around Earth by ocean currents, and
801:
waves. No one had realized how widespread these waves are. Thousands of kilometers wide, these waves are driven by wind under the influence of Earth's rotation and are important mechanisms for transmitting climate signals across the large ocean basins. At high latitudes, they travel twice as fast as
710:
and in climate studies. Their 15-year data record of ocean surface topography has provided the first opportunity to observe and understand the global change of ocean circulation and sea level. The results have improved the understanding of the role of the ocean in climate change and improved weather
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The precise measurements of TOPEX/Poseidon's and Jason-1 have brought knowledge of ocean tides to an unprecedented level. The change of water level due to tidal motion in the deep ocean is known everywhere on the globe to within 2.5 centimeters (1 inch). This new knowledge has revised notions about
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The missions revealed the surprising variability of the ocean, how much it changes from season to season, year to year, decade to decade and on even longer time scales. They ended the traditional notion of a quasi-steady, large-scale pattern of global ocean circulation by proving that the ocean is
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satellite, which is operated by the United States and French weather agencies. At that time, Jason-1 flew over the same region of the ocean that OSTM/Jason-2 flew over five days earlier. Its ground tracks fell midway between those of OSTM/Jason-2, which are about 315 km (196 mi) apart at
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TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 observations provided the first global data for improving the performance of the numerical ocean models that are a key component of climate prediction models. TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 data are available at the
University of Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research,
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This interleaved tandem mission provided twice the number of measurements of the ocean's surface, bringing smaller features such as ocean eddies into view. The tandem mission also helped pave the way for a future ocean altimeter mission that would collect much more detailed data with its single
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In early 2012, having helped cross-calibrate the OSTM/Jason-2 replacement mission, Jason-1 was maneuvered into its graveyard orbit and all remaining fuel was vented. The mission was still able to return science data, measuring Earth's gravity field over the ocean. On 21 June 2013, contact with
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satellite (2002–2012) is measuring just 0.5 mm/year GMSL rise. In this graph, the vertical scale represents globally averaged mean sea level. Seasonal variations in sea level have been removed to show the underlying trend. (Image credit: University of
399:, France to study the problems of assimilating altimeter data in models. Jason as an acronym also stands for "Joint Altimetry Satellite Oceanography Network". Additionally, it is used to reference the mythical quest for knowledge of
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eventually proved them to have originated from Jason-1. In 2011, it was determined that the pieces of debris had most likely been ejected from Jason-1 by an unidentified, small "high-speed particle" hitting one of the spacecraft's
523:. During the first months Jason-1 shared an almost identical orbit to TOPEX/Poseidon, which allowed for cross calibration. At the end of this period, the older satellite was moved to a new orbit midway between each Jason
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The Jason-1 satellite, its altimeter instrument and a position-tracking antenna were built in France. The radiometer, Global
Positioning System receiver and laser retroreflector array were built in the United States.
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Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 mm (0.09 inch) per year since 2001. This is somewhat less than the rate measured by the earlier
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Tracking: the amount of floating and partially submerged material, including nets, timber and ship debris, is increasing with human population. Altimetry can help locate these hazardous materials.
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changing rapidly on all scales, from huge features such as El Niño and La Niña, which can cover the entire equatorial
Pacific, to tiny eddies swirling off the large Gulf Stream in the Atlantic.
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The data record from these altimetry missions has given scientists important insights into how global sea level is affected by natural climate variability, as well as by human activities.
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On 16 March 2002, Jason-1 experienced a sudden attitude upset, accompanied by temporary fluctuations in the onboard electrical systems. Soon after this incident, two new small pieces of
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and climate predictions. Data from these missions are used to improve ocean models, forecast hurricane intensity, and identify and track large ocean/atmosphere phenomena such as
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Offshore
Industries: cable-laying vessels and offshore oil operations require accurate knowledge of ocean circulation patterns to minimize impacts from strong currents.
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satellite, was launched in June 2008. These satellites provide a unique global view of the oceans that is impossible to acquire using traditional ship-based sampling.
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Forecasting: altimeter data and satellite ocean wind data are incorporated into atmospheric models for hurricane season forecasting and individual storm severity.
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Research: sperm whales, fur seals, and other marine mammals can be tracked, and therefore studied, around ocean eddies where nutrients and plankton are abundant.
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Forecasting: understanding the pattern and effects of climate cycles such as El Niño helps predict and mitigate the disastrous effects of floods and drought.
841:: altimetry data are incorporated into computer models to understand and predict changes in the distribution of heat in the ocean, a key element of climate.
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Management: satellite data identify ocean eddies which bring an increase in organisms that comprise the marine food web, attracting fish and fishermen.
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satellite (on the left) measured an average annual Global Mean Sea Level rise of 3.1 mm/year, Jason-1 is measuring only 2.3 mm/year GMSL rise, and the
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Research: remotely sensed data are used to monitor and assess coral reef ecosystems, which are sensitive to changes in ocean temperature.
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scientists believed previously, showing the ocean responds much more quickly to climate changes than was known before these missions.
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
477:, as well as the main Jason-1 instrument, the Poseidon-2 altimeter (successor to the Poseidon altimeter on-board TOPEX/Poseidon).
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Altimetry data have a wide variety of uses from basic scientific research on climate to ship routing. Applications include:
1239:""The Legacy of Topex/Poseidon and Jason 1", page 30. Ocean Surface Topography Mission/Jason 2 Launch Press Kit, June 2008"
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The lineage of the name begins with the JASO1 meeting (JASO=Journées Altimétriques
Satellitaires pour l'Océanographie) in
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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NASA's
Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center, and the French data archive center AVISO.
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A Boeing Delta II rocket carrying the Jason 1 and Timed satellites from Space Launch
Complex-2 on Dec. 7.
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array works with ground stations to track the satellite and calibrate and verify altimeter measurements.
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19:"Poseidon-2" redirects here. For the Russian nuclear-powered unmanned underwater vehicle, see
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778:. A composite sea level graph, using data from several satellites, is also available on
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TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 made clear the importance of planetary-scale waves, such as
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from 1992 through 2005. Like its predecessor, Jason-1 is a joint project between the
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mission. Mean sea level measurements from Jason-1 are continuously graphed at the
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TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 have made major contributions to the understanding of:
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1161:"Last transmitter dies, finalizing retirement for ocean-sensing satellite"
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Orbit maneuvers in 2009 put the Jason-1 satellite on the opposite side of
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1000:"Jason Sets Sail; Satellite to Spot Sea's Solar/Atmospheric Seesaw"
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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through very precise millimeter-per-year measurements of global
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mission, but over four times the rate measured by the later
665:) for orbit determination to within 10 cm or less and
534:
were observed in orbits slightly lower than Jason-1's, and
563:
instrument than the two Jason satellites now do together.
1134:"Tandem Mission Brings Ocean Currents Into Sharper Focus"
706:
and Jason-1 have led to major advances in the science of
1092:"New Evidence of Particle Impact on Jason-1 Spacecraft"
570:
The program is named after the Greek mythological hero
1176:"Long-Running Jason-1 Ocean Satellite Takes Final Bow"
371:. Jason-1 was launched in 2001 and it was followed by
363:
forecasts and predictions, and monitor events such as
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1221:"OSTM/JASON-2 SCIENCE AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS"
1203:"OSTM/JASON-2 SCIENCE AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS"
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454:(France) space agencies. Jason-1's successor, the
347:oceanography mission. It sought to monitor global
3924:Earth observation satellites of the United States
2323:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
661:Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by
1340:DEOS: the Radar Altimeter Database System (RADS)
497:how these processes affect weather and climate.
40:Artist's interpretation of the Jason-1 satellite
2313:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
651:along altimeter path to correct for pulse delay
3272:
2634:
1365:
1266:"CCAR Near Real-time Altimetry Data Homepage"
508:Jason-1 was launched on 7 December 2001 from
8:
28:
920:- a project to measure the temperature and
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3265:
3257:
2641:
2627:
2619:
1372:
1358:
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924:of the upper 2 km of the water column
83:
27:
488:. As did TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 uses an
1268:. University of Colorado. Archived from
940:Ocean Surface Topography Mission/Jason-2
3944:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
1330:Jason 1 and 2 site at CNES (in English)
963:
527:. Jason had a repeat cycle of 10 days.
3929:Earth observation satellites of France
1644:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1325:Jason 1 and 2 site at CNES (in French)
936:- the immediate predecessor to Jason-1
2779:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer
1064:"Ocean Surface Topography from Space"
1036:"Ocean Surface Topography from Space"
972:"Ocean Surface Topography from Space"
383:. Jason-1 was launched alongside the
7:
2591:
942:– the immediate successor to Jason-1
930:- an early radar altimeter satellite
243:Boeing Defense, Space & Security
21:Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System
110:Ocean Surface Topography from Space
2791:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
2471:National Oceanographic Data Center
1898:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1786:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
772:Centre National d'Études Spatiales
14:
3181:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
3128:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
2318:Global Sea Level Observing System
1097:. NASA. July 2011. Archived from
3954:Earth satellite radar altimeters
3246:Space Flight Operations Facility
3038:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
2601:
2590:
2581:
2580:
1776:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
1692:
1681:
1288:
1246:
1183:
1142:
1114:
1072:
1044:
1016:
980:
902:
609:Jason-1 has five 5 instruments:
480:Jason-1 was designed to measure
473:platform, under a contract from
456:Ocean Surface Topography Mission
438:Jason-1 is the successor to the
421:
34:
3095:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
2506:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2229:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
669:correction data for Poseidon 2.
3959:NASA satellites orbiting Earth
95:
16:Satellite oceanography mission
1:
3175:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
379:in 2016 – the
351:, study the ties between the
3241:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
3101:Wide Field Infrared Explorer
2785:Soil Moisture Active Passive
2688:Atmospheric infrared sounder
1766:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1736:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
1492:Luke's variational principle
1284:"Physical Oceanography DAAC"
946:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
3939:Spacecraft launched in 2001
2760:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
633:for measuring height above
306:1,336 km (830 mi)
177:500 kg (1,100 lb)
3980:
3218:Table Mountain Observatory
1831:Ocean dynamical thermostat
1679:
1223:. EUMETSAT. Archived from
1205:. EUMETSAT. Archived from
1136:. NASA/JPL. Archived from
1066:. NASA/JPL. Archived from
1038:. NASA/JPL. Archived from
1002:. NASA/JPL. Archived from
974:. NASA/JPL. Archived from
948:- Energy of the earthquake
809:
755:
676:receiver provides precise
206:7 December 2001, 15:07:00
18:
3899:
3231:
3133:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
3044:Solar Mesosphere Explorer
2723:Large Binocular Telescope
2650:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2576:
2366:Ocean acoustic tomography
2179:Mohorovičić discontinuity
1771:General circulation model
1407:Benjamin–Feir instability
1345:NASA Jason-1 mission page
1182:, Retrieved: 25 May 2017
1180:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
674:Global Positioning System
510:Vandenberg Air Force Base
334:
330:
273:
269:
252:
248:
193:
189:
142:
138:
45:
33:
3223:Solar System Ambassadors
3050:Spaceborne Imaging Radar
2496:Ocean surface topography
1871:Thermohaline circulation
1861:Subsurface ocean current
1801:Hydrothermal circulation
1634:Wave–current interaction
1412:Boussinesq approximation
1335:TOPEX/Jason site at NASA
586:Poseidon radar altimeter
444:ocean surface topography
442:mission, which measured
3208:NASA Deep Space Network
3056:Spitzer Space Telescope
2976:Mars Exploration Rovers
2767:Mars Science Laboratory
2694:Deep Space Atomic Clock
2533:Sea surface temperature
2516:Outline of oceanography
1711:Atmospheric circulation
1649:shallow water equations
1639:Waves and shallow water
1532:Significant wave height
734:Although the 1993–2005
3964:Jason satellite series
2773:Microwave limb sounder
2528:Sea surface microlayer
1893:Wind generated current
1166:Retrieved: 25 May 2017
860:Ship Routing: maps of
744:
606:
595:
587:
536:spectroscopic analysis
505:
494:sea surface topography
381:Jason satellite series
3949:Physical oceanography
3191:Related organizations
2361:Deep scattering layer
2343:World Geodetic System
1851:Princeton Ocean Model
1731:Coriolis–Stokes force
1381:Physical oceanography
1227:on 28 September 2007.
1209:on 28 September 2007.
810:Further information:
756:Further information:
733:
708:physical oceanography
601:
593:
585:
578:Satellite instruments
503:
465:Jason-1 was built by
413:25 March 2016 at the
283:Reference system
147:Spacecraft properties
3295:Orbital launches in
3236:JPL Science Division
2970:Mars Global Surveyor
2938:Mars Climate Orbiter
2381:Underwater acoustics
1941:Perigean spring tide
1806:Langmuir circulation
1517:Rossby-gravity waves
952:French space program
594:Laser retroreflector
450:(United States) and
53:Oceanography mission
2543:Science On a Sphere
2149:Convergent boundary
1821:Modular Ocean Model
1781:Geostrophic current
1497:Mild-slope equation
1006:on 17 February 2013
830:Benefits to society
467:Thales Alenia Space
345:satellite altimeter
168:Thales Alenia Space
30:
2199:Seafloor spreading
2189:Outer trench swell
2154:Divergent boundary
2054:Continental margin
2039:Carbonate platform
1936:Lunitidal interval
1104:on 20 October 2011
910:Spaceflight portal
745:
699:Use of information
647:(JMR) – measures
607:
596:
588:
506:
278:Orbital parameters
3911:
3910:
3439:2001 Mars Odyssey
3254:
3253:
3213:Goldstone Complex
3168:Canceled missions
3147:Proposed missions
2964:Mars Polar Lander
2616:
2615:
2608:Oceans portal
2568:World Ocean Atlas
2558:Underwater glider
2501:Ocean temperature
2164:Hydrothermal vent
2129:Submarine volcano
2064:Continental shelf
2044:Coastal geography
2034:Bathymetric chart
1916:Amphidromic point
1604:Wave nonlinearity
1462:Infragravity wave
1308:"Aviso Altimetry"
1140:on 22 April 2009.
1070:on 6 August 2002.
774:web site, on the
726:Ocean variability
486:sea level changes
359:, improve global
349:ocean circulation
338:
337:
119:3 years (planned)
3971:
3572:Molniya-3K No.11
3300:
3299:
3298:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3258:
3116:Planned missions
3107:Lunar Flashlight
2718:Keck observatory
2657:Current missions
2643:
2636:
2629:
2620:
2606:
2605:
2594:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2523:Pelagic sediment
2461:Marine pollution
2255:Deep ocean water
2124:Submarine canyon
2059:Continental rise
1951:Rule of twelfths
1866:Sverdrup balance
1796:Humboldt Current
1721:Boundary current
1696:
1685:
1502:Radiation stress
1472:Iribarren number
1447:Equatorial waves
1402:Ballantine scale
1397:Airy wave theory
1374:
1367:
1360:
1351:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1011:
996:
990:
984:
983:
979:
968:
912:
907:
906:
905:
839:Climate Research
758:Sea level change
752:Sea level change
605:Radiometer (JMR)
425:
424:
287:Geocentric orbit
198:Start of mission
134:years (achieved)
133:
132:
128:
125:
116:Mission duration
97:
88:
87:
81:
38:
31:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3891:Gonets-D1 No.12
3887:Gonets-D1 No.11
3883:Gonets-D1 No.10
3796:
3770:
3766:Molniya-3 No.64
3714:
3693:Atlantic Bird 2
3647:
3586:
3539:
3503:
3467:
3422:
3385:
3338:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3255:
3250:
3227:
3186:
3163:
3142:
3111:
2958:Mars Pathfinder
2835:Cassini-Huygens
2822:
2802:Voyager program
2652:
2647:
2617:
2612:
2600:
2572:
2411:
2385:
2347:
2328:Sea-level curve
2299:
2238:
2224:Transform fault
2174:Mid-ocean ridge
2140:
2133:
2099:Oceanic plateau
2005:
1991:Tidal resonance
1961:Theory of tides
1902:
1811:Longshore drift
1761:Ekman transport
1697:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1629:Wave turbulence
1562:Trochoidal wave
1487:Longshore drift
1383:
1378:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1272:on 15 May 2008.
1264:
1263:
1259:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1184:
1174:
1170:
1159:
1155:
1143:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1073:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1045:
1042:on 31 May 2008.
1034:
1033:
1029:
1017:
1009:
1007:
998:
997:
993:
981:
978:on 13 May 2008.
970:
969:
965:
960:
908:
903:
901:
898:
832:
823:
814:
808:
791:
789:Planetary Waves
760:
754:
728:
701:
630:
619:Radar altimeter
580:
436:
422:
415:Wayback Machine
393:
297:Low Earth orbit
130:
126:
123:
121:
120:
82:
77:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3977:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3934:2001 in France
3931:
3926:
3916:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3904:Crewed flights
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3868:
3863:
3842:
3833:
3827:Raffaello MPLM
3818:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3695:
3690:
3671:
3664:Progress M-SO1
3661:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3560:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3458:
3455:Raffaello MPLM
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Ekran-M No.18L
3430:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3406:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:Europa Clipper
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3078:TOPEX/Poseidon
3075:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2733:
2726:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2598:
2588:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2548:Stratification
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2440:
2438:Color of water
2435:
2433:Benthic lander
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2338:Sea level rise
2335:
2333:Sea level drop
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:Marine geology
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Passive margin
2106:
2104:Oceanic trench
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1836:Ocean dynamics
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:Coriolis force
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1547:Stokes problem
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1482:Kinematic wave
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1319:External links
1317:
1314:
1313:
1299:
1275:
1257:
1230:
1212:
1194:
1168:
1153:
1125:
1083:
1055:
1027:
991:
962:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
949:
943:
937:
934:TOPEX/Poseidon
931:
925:
914:
913:
897:
894:
893:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
865:
862:ocean currents
858:
852:
842:
831:
828:
822:
819:
807:
804:
790:
787:
764:TOPEX/Poseidon
753:
750:
736:Topex/Poseidon
727:
724:
704:TOPEX/Poseidon
700:
697:
692:
691:
688:retroreflector
684:
670:
652:
638:
628:
579:
576:
521:Launch vehicle
482:climate change
440:TOPEX/Poseidon
435:
432:
392:
389:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
326:112.56 minutes
324:
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
304:
300:
299:
294:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
257:End of mission
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
226:
222:
221:
215:
211:
210:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
99:
90:
89:
75:
69:
68:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
42:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3976:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3905:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3782:Progress M1-7
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Globus No.14L
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Progress M-45
3622:
3619:
3615:
3614:Leonardo MPLM
3611:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Progress M1-6
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3403:Leonardo MPLM
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:Progress M-44
3374:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:Progress M1-5
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3290:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Europa Lander
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:Mars Observer
2948:
2945:
2944:Mars Cube One
2942:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:Past missions
2825:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
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2184:Oceanic crust
2182:
2180:
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2172:
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2159:Fracture zone
2157:
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2110:
2107:
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2100:
2097:
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2094:Oceanic basin
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2027:
2025:
2024:Abyssal plain
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
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1931:Internal tide
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1911:
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1624:Wave shoaling
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1584:Ursell number
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1467:Internal wave
1465:
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1417:Breaking wave
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1296:
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1240:
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1190:public domain
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1149:public domain
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1100:
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1005:
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987:public domain
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889:Marine Debris
887:
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871:Marine Mammal
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613:Poseidon 2 –
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428:public domain
420:
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375:in 2008, and
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63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
3903:
3857:Maroc-Tubsat
3845:Meteor-3M #1
3835:
3820:
3786:Kolibri 2000
3745:
3673:
3643:Intelsat 902
3607:
3550:
3520:Intelsat 901
3460:
3448:
3396:
3358:
3083:
3061:
3026:
3004:
2989:
2981:
2968:
2956:
2949:
2936:
2925:
2914:
2893:
2879:
2863:Deep Space 2
2861:
2856:Deep Space 1
2854:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2813:
2806:
2758:
2749:
2742:Perseverance
2741:
2730:Mars Odyssey
2728:
2711:
2703:
2670:
2663:
2563:Water column
2511:Oceanography
2486:Observations
2481:Explorations
2451:Marginal sea
2444:
2402:OSTM/Jason-2
2396:
2234:Volcanic arc
2209:Slab suction
1926:Head of tide
1816:Loop Current
1756:Ekman spiral
1542:Stokes drift
1452:Gravity wave
1427:Cnoidal wave
1302:
1278:
1270:the original
1260:
1233:
1225:the original
1215:
1207:the original
1197:
1179:
1171:
1164:Ars Technica
1163:
1156:
1138:the original
1128:
1106:. Retrieved
1099:the original
1086:
1068:the original
1058:
1040:the original
1030:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:the original
994:
976:the original
966:
833:
824:
821:Ocean models
815:
792:
784:
761:
746:
721:
702:
693:
608:
569:
565:
561:
552:OSTM/Jason-2
545:
541:solar panels
532:space debris
529:
525:ground track
507:
479:
464:
437:
394:
387:spacecraft.
373:OSTM/Jason-2
340:
339:
164:Manufacturer
64: /
50:Mission type
25:
3879:Kosmos 2386
3875:Kosmos 2385
3871:Kosmos 2384
3866:Kosmos 2383
3831:Starshine 2
3816:Kosmos 2382
3812:Kosmos 2381
3808:Kosmos 2380
3747:Soyuz TM-33
3741:QuickBird-2
3698:Starshine 3
3652:September ,
3629:Kosmos 2379
3515:Kosmos 2378
3499:Kosmos 2377
3462:Soyuz TM-32
2990:Opportunity
2849:Deep Impact
2553:Thermocline
2270:Mesopelagic
2243:Ocean zones
2214:Slab window
2079:Hydrography
2019:Abyssal fan
1986:Tidal range
1976:Tidal power
1971:Tidal force
1856:Rip current
1791:Gulf Stream
1751:Ekman layer
1741:Downwelling
1716:Baroclinity
1703:Circulation
1599:Wave height
1589:Wave action
1572:megatsunami
1552:Stokes wave
1512:Rossby wave
1477:Kelvin wave
1457:Green's law
1244:. NASA/JPL.
806:Ocean tides
667:ionospheric
649:water vapor
516:, aboard a
312:Inclination
265:1 July 2013
262:Deactivated
225:Launch site
203:Launch date
174:Launch mass
3918:Categories
3801:December ,
3792:DirecTV-4S
3775:November ,
3409:Eurobird 1
3343:February ,
3324:Türksat 2A
3319:Shenzhou 2
2886:spacecraft
2752:helicopter
2491:Reanalysis
2390:Satellites
2371:Sofar bomb
2219:Subduction
2194:Ridge push
2089:Ocean bank
2069:Contourite
1996:Tide gauge
1981:Tidal race
1966:Tidal bore
1956:Slack tide
1921:Earth tide
1841:Ocean gyre
1661:Wind setup
1656:Wind fetch
1619:Wave setup
1614:Wave radar
1609:Wave power
1507:Rogue wave
1437:Dispersion
1108:2 February
958:References
883:Coral Reef
776:Aviso page
672:BlackJack
645:Radiometer
514:California
367:and ocean
357:atmosphere
239:Contractor
229:Vandenberg
185:1000 watts
3861:Reflektor
3719:October ,
3679:QuickTOMS
3675:OrbView-4
3618:Simplesat
3582:Koronas-F
3354:Skynet 4F
3312:January ,
2869:Explorers
2815:Voyager 2
2808:Voyager 1
2750:Ingenuity
2736:Mars 2020
2353:Acoustics
2305:Sea level
2204:Slab pull
2141:tectonics
2049:Cold seep
2011:Landforms
1888:Whirlpool
1883:Upwelling
1666:Wind wave
1594:Wave base
1522:Sea state
1442:Edge wave
1432:Cross sea
877:Fisheries
855:Hurricane
780:that site
743:Colorado)
681:ephemeris
663:Satellite
642:Microwave
617:pointing
603:Microwave
550:from the
490:altimeter
405:Argonauts
79:2001-055A
73:COSPAR ID
3710:SAPPHIRE
3591:August ,
3525:Astra 2C
3350:Sicral 1
3068:Surveyor
3062:Stardust
3016:QuikSCAT
2926:Magellan
2905:Herschel
2699:GRACE-FO
2678:ACRIMSAT
2586:Category
2538:Seawater
2265:Littoral
2260:Deep sea
2119:Seamount
2001:Tideline
1946:Rip tide
1876:shutdown
1846:Overflow
1579:Undertow
1422:Clapotis
922:salinity
896:See also
637:surface.
518:Delta II
469:using a
411:Archived
403:and the
397:Toulouse
355:and the
303:Altitude
218:Delta II
58:Operator
3849:Kompass
3836:Jason-1
3822:STS-108
3736:USA-162
3726:USA-161
3702:PICOSat
3687:Odyssey
3659:USA-160
3609:STS-105
3603:Genesis
3598:USA-159
3577:GOES 12
3567:BSAT-2b
3563:Artemis
3552:STS-104
3489:USA-158
3450:STS-100
3427:April ,
3413:BSAT-2a
3398:STS-102
3390:March ,
3381:USA-157
3365:Destiny
3334:USA-156
3203:Caltech
3183:(MAX-C)
3159:FINESSE
3138:SPHEREx
3084:Ulysses
3027:Rosetta
3011:Pioneer
3005:Phoenix
2946:(MarCO)
2932:Mariner
2915:Jason-1
2894:Genesis
2880:Galileo
2705:InSight
2596:Commons
2466:Mooring
2416:Related
2407:Jason-3
2397:Jason-1
2280:Pelagic
2275:Oceanic
2250:Benthic
1567:Tsunami
1537:Soliton
1310:. CNES.
1286:. NASA.
1010:30 June
849:La Niña
845:El Niño
768:Envisat
740:Envisat
717:La Niña
713:El Niño
659:Doppler
557:equator
471:Proteus
460:Jason-2
458:on the
434:History
377:Jason-3
365:El Niño
361:climate
341:Jason-1
220:7920-10
158:Proteus
129:⁄
106:Website
94:SATCAT
29:Jason-1
3853:Badr-B
3544:July ,
3530:ICO F2
3508:June ,
3484:PAS-10
3444:GSAT-1
3360:STS-98
3304:2002 →
3289:← 2000
3103:(WIRE)
3097:(WFPC)
3090:Viking
3040:(SRTM)
3033:Seasat
3021:Ranger
2982:Spirit
2920:Kepler
2787:(SMAP)
2781:(MISR)
2690:(AIRS)
2672:Psyche
2665:Euclid
2285:Photic
2114:Seabed
1527:Seiche
928:Seasat
799:Kelvin
795:Rossby
686:Laser
640:Jason
623:C band
621:using
391:Naming
369:eddies
343:was a
322:Period
293:Regime
233:SLC-2W
214:Rocket
3840:TIMED
3757:PROBA
3706:PCSat
3634:VEP-2
3557:Quest
3472:May ,
3177:(AFL)
3073:SVLBI
3052:(SIR)
3046:(SME)
2999:NSCAT
2992:rover
2984:rover
2900:GRACE
2874:GALEX
2793:(TES)
2775:(MLS)
2769:(MSL)
2763:(MRO)
2744:rover
2725:(LBT)
2683:ASTER
2476:Ocean
2445:Alvin
2295:Swash
2139:Plate
2084:Knoll
2074:Guyot
2029:Atoll
1908:Tides
1671:model
1557:Swell
1389:Waves
1242:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
1095:(PDF)
812:Tides
678:orbit
655:DORIS
615:Nadir
572:Jason
548:Earth
512:, in
401:Jason
385:TIMED
353:ocean
316:66.0°
182:Power
101:26997
3761:BIRD
3668:Pirs
3479:XM-1
3418:XM-2
3371:Odin
3297:2001
3198:NASA
2910:IRAS
2842:Dawn
2797:SWOT
2712:Juno
2443:DSV
2428:Argo
2290:Surf
1746:Eddy
1110:2017
1012:2008
918:Argo
847:and
797:and
715:and
683:data
631:band
625:and
555:the
475:CNES
452:CNES
448:NASA
66:CNES
62:NASA
3753:TES
3683:SBD
3638:LRE
3535:MAP
635:sea
208:UTC
153:Bus
96:no.
3920::
3889:,
3885:,
3881:,
3877:,
3873:,
3859:,
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543:.
430:.
231:,
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3666:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
