Japamala - Knowledge (XXG)

1727: 1628: 457: 44: 1266: 1050: 1429: 641: 716: 629: 1739: 1254: 664:(562–645). Images of monks with malas began to appear in China in the 7th century CE and the mala seems to have been regarded as a common piece of monastic equipment by around this era. While there are relatively few pre-Song Dynasty depictions or references to the mala, this may be due to its use in private religious practice rather than public ceremony. Chinese authors criticized monks who recited mantras on their malas in public, as monks were generally expected to remain silent while on public alms rounds. 1538: 788: 1712: 879: 1246: 6587: 1604:. They are also often consecrated with a fragrant substance like sandalwood oil. Some lamas teach that before using a new mala, the practitioner should wash the mala (and his hands as well) and then scent it with oil. A practitioner can then consecrate the mala by holding it and practicing a tantric visualization and reciting a mantra. This is believed to empower the mala and multiply one's mantra recitations. 6598: 1847: 3996: 1726: 3983: 1281: 3973: 708: 684: 671:-era, malas increasingly began to be valued for their aesthetic qualities as much or more than their spiritual use and were often worn by royals and high officials. Malas of expensive or rare materials became common as gifts given among the wealthy, and the materials allowed to different grades of wives and concubines was regulated by sumptuary laws. Depictions of 1833: 1069: 1747: 1058: 1674:, mala bracelets are worn by monks and laypeople as a symbol of the Buddha. Malas are often given to laypersons during refuge ceremonies and they are instructed to wear them at all times, as a representation of the Buddha which is present in one's life at all times (except when bathing or using the toilet). 1447:

To aid this, some Buddhist malas can be made with additional functional beads over and above the 108 main beads. These beads take two main forms serving two different purposes: three marker beads inline with the 108 beads; two short cords of ten beads each hanging from the main loop which are used as

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Mala beads have traditionally been made of a variety of materials such as wood, stone, gems, seeds, bone and precious metals—with various religions often favouring certain materials—and strung with natural fibres such as cotton, silk, or animal hair. In the modern era, synthetic materials can also be

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Tibetan Buddhists generally teach the use of the left hand for counting mantras. Different methods of holding it and moving the beads are taught in Tibetan Buddhism, depending on the type of practice. For example, for peaceful deity practices, one moves the beads towards the body over the forefinger

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In Hinduism, the loop is draped over the index finger of the right hand and held in place by the right thumb of the first bead next to the guru bead. As each recitation is completed the loop is advanced by one bead. Some practitioners will hold their other three fingers next to their index finger so

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In some more complex malas, three distinctive, often smaller, beads are placed so that, with the guru bead, they divide the regular beads into four sections of 27 beads each. They allow quick estimation of the fraction of a round completed. Their presence raises the number of beads (not counting the

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No mention of this text occurs in standard bibliographies before the 6th century, but an independent translation in the 8th century suggests an origin as a Sanskrit text transmitted from Central Asia, rather than a Chinese composition. According to this text, a king asks the Buddha for "an essential

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Malas purchased from temples and monasteries may have been blessed by the residents of that institution. Mala may also be blessed after purchase. Popular folk tales may describe malas as becoming imbued with the power of the many recitations it has been used for, or a mala given by a respected monk

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During devotional services, the beads may be rubbed together with both hands to create a soft grinding noise, which is considered to have a purifying and reverential effect. A notable feature of Tendai school's prayer beads is the use of flat beads called "soroban beads" for the main beads (while

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tradition and some Buddhist traditions, practitioners who undertake more than one round at a time will, rather than moving their fingers across the guru bead, turn the mala around so that the same bead which was used at the end of the previous round becomes the first bead use for the next round.

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After a single round of chanting, the user will slide up one bead on the cord with the dorje which represents 108 (or 111) recitations. After ten rounds all ten dorje beads have been moved up, one bead on the bell cord is raised representing 1080 (or 1110) recitations and the dorje beads are all

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The short cords may either be permanently attached to the mala or they may be obtained separately; they do not need to match the main beads. These short cords may either be attached individually to the main loop or they may be joined at their common top. The cords end in small charms, usually a

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Japanese malas may also contain a set of four inline marker beads which often differ in size, color, or material. These are called four points beads (shiten 四天) or “Four Heavenly Kings” (四天王, shitennō). These are usually located after the seventh and the twenty-first beads on either side of the

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Buddha): one ring contains single beads used to count a single recitation while the other ring is used to count full revolutions of the first ring. Additionally, other beads hang from the strings, which can count full revolutions of the second ring (flat beads), or full revolutions of the first

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Malas may appear in early Hindu art as part of the garb of deities or worshippers, but are difficult to distinguish from decorative necklaces or garlands. The earliest clear depiction of a mala being used as a tool for recitation, rather than as a (possible) decorative necklace, comes from a

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Mala may have extra beads hanging from the guru/mother bead or middle bead. These may be decorative elements, especially when unable to move along the cord because knots hold them in place. They may or may not have religious symbolism (for example, three beads representing the Buddhist

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In addition to their practical use as an aide in recitation, malas have traditionally been ascribed to have additional spiritual qualities. Different materials may be ascribed the power to help with different practical or spiritual problems, and the mala itself may be ascribed

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In Buddhism, there are numerous ways of holding a mala and using it during recitation. This differs across traditions. It is commonly taught that the left hand is used to hold a mala. However, sometimes both hands are involved in the recitation and counting process. In

735:'s elastic, may be used and have the advantage that they can stretch to fit over the wearer's hand if worn on the wrist whereas other material may not wrap a sufficient number of times to prevent the mala from slipping off. Beads may also be joined by metal chains. 1439:

Buddhism can require that a practitioner complete a particular number of repetitions of an activity as a foundational practice or to become eligible for initiation into an esoteric teaching, for example, one may need to complete 100,000 recitations of

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generally use longer prayer beads (108 beads) with counter strands on both ends for recording multiple rounds of recitation (Tendai malas have 2 recorder bead strands, Shingon malas have four). These recorder strands usually end in decorative tassels.

1342:. The 54, whether in a 54 bead mala or the first 54 beads in a full 108 bead mala, is often interpreted as signifying the first 54 stages of the bodhisattva path (as understood in East Asian Buddhism). One source even mentions a mala with 1080 beads. 1361:

bead. It is often larger, more elaborate, or of a distinctive material or colour. Some malas also have a secondary larger or more ornate bead halfway through the mala, marking the halfway point. These are sometimes called middle beads (Japanese:

1566:). Mantras are typically repeated hundreds or even thousands of times. The mala is used so that those who are trying to achieve an exact number of repetitions can focus on the meaning or sound of the mantra rather than counting its repetitions. 730:

Strings may be made from practically any fibre, traditionally silk or wool or cotton though synthetic monofilaments or cords such as nylon can now be found and are favoured for their low cost and good wear resistance. Elastic cords, such as

1697:, may carry their malas in larger pouches which hang from the back of the hand and allow the mala to be manipulated while it is being used without it being significantly exposed to public view or risking contact with the ground. 435:

The specific origin of the mala is unknown, with the use of beads for counting being a widespread practice in ancient cultures. No references to malas occur in Chinese literature before the introduction of Buddhism during the

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While the earliest Buddhist story about the mala is associated with lay practice, in China it was initially primarily associated with monastic practice. The first Chinese Buddhist author to promote the use of malas was the

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Furthermore, wearing a distinctive mala can also serve as a symbol of religious identification, marking its wearer as a member of a specific religious community and as "physical evidence of faith, devotion, and practice."

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beads of roughly the same size and material as each other, although smaller versions, often factors of 108 such as 54 or 27, exist. A distinctive 109th "guru bead" or mother bead, which is not counted, is very common.

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is preferred for subjugating malicious spirits or for the tantric transformation of powerful afflictions like anger (this is sometimes called "wrathful practice"). For these types of practices, black is the preferred

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Some practitioners will drape the loop over their second finger (with their third and fourth fingers also inside) and use their index finger to move the beads towards the thumb. This is said to be symbolic of the

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It is common to find prayer beads in Japan that contain a small image inside the guru bead, usually something associated with the particular temple or sect. When held up to the light the image is clearly visible.

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Some Tibetan Buddhist teachers teach that it is a root samaya (tantric commitment) that a consecrated and blessed mala should always be kept on one's person. For Tibetan Buddhists, the mala is a symbol of their

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method that will allow me during the day or night to engage easily in a practice for freeing us from all sufferings in the world in the future." The Buddha instructs the king to make a mala from the seeds of a

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while passing the mala through his fingers. The text also states the mala should be worn at all times, and that if a million recitations were completed, the king would end the one hundred and eight passions.

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it is common for monks to wear it around their necks when not in use. In other traditions, the mala is left on one's altar or placed in a pouch when not in use. In Tibetan Buddhism, malas used for esoteric

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that all four fingers are inside the loop. Other practitioners will have only their index finger inside the loop, separating this finger from the other three (for similar reasons as in the next paragraph).

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plants). The bead itself is very hard and dense, ivory-coloured (which gradually turns a deep golden brown with long use), and has small holes (moons) and tiny black dots (stars) covering its surface.

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state that wearing a mala can purify bad karma and ward off evil spirits. In East Asian Buddhism, some malas are made specifically to be worn for warding off evil and for attracting good fortune.

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The Government of Nepal's Ministry of Forestry has established a committee and begun to distribute seedlings of these plant so as to uplift the economic status of the people living in this area.

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counter starts next to the guru bead and is attached to the main string by a clip or a slip knot. When the tenth bell bead has been raised (10 800 or 11 100 recitations), the chanter moves the

616:(Vishnu) will always be with the devotee. It also states that wearing a tulasi mala will multiply the benefit of doing good karmic deeds, as well as providing magical protection from harm. The 771:. It is believed that the Rudraksha Japa Mala epitomizes ancient wisdom and mystical energies, offering seekers a conduit to inner peace and spiritual harmony. Beads made from the wood of the 1222:. 108 beads are strung on a garland, with the beads typically made of fragrant wood like sandalwood, and series of brightly coloured strings at the end of the garland. It is commonly used in 2399:"Vajrasattva, the Great Purifier, among the most powerful and profound healing and purification techniques in Vajrayana Buddhism - Buddha Weekly: Buddhist Practices, Mindfulness, Meditation" 448:, generally regarded as the oldest Buddhist literature, and it is unclear if their use originated with Buddhists or with Brahmins, Jains, or some other Indian religious community. 4737: 1799:

While there are typically 108 regular beads, some practitioners will count a round as only 100 repetitions to allow for an accidentally skipped bead or an imperfect recitation.

933:). These beads are called "moon and stars" by Tibetans, and variously called "lotus root", "lotus seed" and "linden nut" by various retailers (though it does not come from any 946:

malas made of wood (sandalwood or bodhi tree wood), bodhi seeds, various jewels, or ivory are all purpose malas and are said to be good for all kinds of mantras and practices

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most of the other sects use spherical beads). For the Shingon school, they use a red string as the main string for the 108 beads and white tassels for the counter beads.

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In recent years, it has become common for non-religious individuals to wear such beads as a fashion accessory with the beads having no religious connotation whatsoever.

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Japanese malas may also contain tassels (房, fusa) with counter beads, also known as recorder beads (記子珠, kishi- or kisu-dama). They are seen as symbolizing the ten

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and a bell shape being common. Their cord is thicker than normal so that the beads on them will not slide under their own weight but can be moved by the chanter.

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Tibetan Buddhist malas may have three extra beads as the guru beads, instead of just one. These symbolize the three vajras (the Buddha's body, speech and mind).

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is that the guru bead is not used for counting repetitions; counting for each round begins and ends with either of the beads next to the guru bead. In the

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and one holds the mala at the heart. For increasing practices meanwhile, one moves the beads over the middle finger and holds the mala at the navel.

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used, such as plastic or glass beads, and nylon cords. Malas are similar to other forms of prayer beads used in various world religions, such as the

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Opinion is divided as to whether a mala that is worn as decoration can also be used for the practise of japa or if two separate malas are required.

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Practitioners who have an altar or shrine in their homes may additionally choose to keep their malas on the altar when not being used or carried.

5656: 6623: 6127: 4107: 585:, and as such, they should always be worn by devotees of Shiva. It discusses various ways of wearing them, and which mantras to use with them. 1428: 2706: 2162: 2137: 2110: 1331:

Mandala. Despite the varying explanations for the use of this number, the number itself has been kept consistent over centuries of practice.

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There are numerous explanations why there are typically 108 beads, with the number 108 bearing special religious significance in a number of

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string of beads. In all, it is possible to count up to 120,000 recitations using these beads. The design is credited to a follower of

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In the home, mala may be stored in a pouch or not. Some practitioners may store their malas in jewelry boxes or similar containers.

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practices and for purification practices. For these types of practices, white colored beads and a white colored thread is preferred.

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beads made of precious metals like gold or silver may be used for increasing practices, such as increasing lifespan, knowledge, or

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states that the mother bead is Amitabha, the string is Avalokiteshvara and the other beads are the fruits of the bodhisattva path

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Tibetan Buddhists also teach that certain types of malas can enhance specific practices or bring specific benefits. For example:

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says one should always wear the tulasi mala, whether one is pure or impure, even while bathing, eating or going to the toilet.

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Various types of malas (Tibetan: trengwa) are used in Tibetan Buddhism, including "Bodhi seed" (commonly made from seeds of a

818:(these seeds are tiny and cannot be strung on a mala). Instead, "bodhi seed" beads are made from various species belonging to 6479: 6132: 5934: 5825: 5770: 4343: 2762: 2584: 172: 675:

court officials often include malas, intended to show their status and wealth rather than as an indication of spirituality.

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In some traditions, malas are consecrated before use in a manner similar to images of deities, through the use of mantras,

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of 108 beads (such as 54, 42, 27, 21, 18 and 14), and may be worn on the wrist or used to more conveniently keep count of

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One type of wooden mala bead has a shallow trench engraved around their equator into which tiny pieces of red coral and

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is for magnetizing / power practices, and red color is used for the threads. The colour red is also associated with the

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or phenomena. In East Asian Buddhism, 108 can also represent 108 meditations, or the Buddhist 108 deities in the

900:. Tibetan Buddhists generally consider malas made from precious stones as the best kind. Some popular stones are 866: 803: 767: 573: 4760: 6567: 5919: 5733: 5711: 5704: 5607: 5140: 4576: 4521: 4142: 3948: 3853: 1738: 1027: 259: 1689:

Mala may be carried in small pouches from which they are removed before use. Some practitioners, such as the

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Chaudhary, Sanjib (2015-08-06). "Buddha's Beads Fetch Millions for Farmers in Central Nepal". Global Voices.

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However they are worn the wearer is supposed to keep the mala from making contact with the floor or ground.

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counter to the next space between beads (and resets the beads on the bell cord). By consistently moving the

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or other sacred phrases. It is also worn to ward off evil, to count repetitions within some other form of

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Tanabe, George Joji (2012). "Telling Beads: The Forms and Functions of the Buddhist Rosary in Japan".

960:, wood, seeds, or other clear or white in colour beads may be used to count mantras used for peaceful 6542: 6509: 6494: 6382: 6012: 5909: 5855: 5740: 5679: 5647: 5642: 5627: 5612: 5602: 5567: 5480: 5172: 5095: 4997: 4866: 4668: 4406: 4398: 4338: 4087: 4054: 4004: 3843: 2568:

Beads of Faith: Pathways to Meditation and Spirituality Using Rosaries, Prayer Beads and Sacred Words

2530: 1575: 929: 850: 753: 4323: 4250: 6633: 6349: 6228: 6062: 6037: 6027: 5987: 5964: 5847: 5820: 5780: 5699: 5689: 5617: 5544: 4975: 4832: 4613: 4591: 4543: 4363: 4163: 4019: 3999: 2853: 1760: 1200: 1001: 836: 441: 6211: 3638: 2681: 1116:. Different Buddhist sects in Japan have different shaped prayer beads, and use them differently. 536:

Another Mahayana Buddhist source which teaches the use of a mala is found in the Chinese canon in

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may be said to have the power to cure illnesses or to restore fertility to barren individuals.

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The first literary reference to the use of a mala for the recitation of mantras comes from the

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For example, in traditional Buddhist thought, people are said to have 108 afflictions or

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mother bead. In the Shingon school, these four symbolize four bodhisattvas: Fugen (Skt.

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dynasty (4th - 6th century) in China; the mala is held in the hand, rather than worn.

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schools generally use long 108 bead nenjus with five counter strands with ornamental

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To keep track of more recitations, the chanter may use a small metal charm called a

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are affixed. Due to the cost of already harvested or fossilized red coral and its

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tree, along with the seeds of various trees, and precious or semiprecious stones.

6387: 6377: 6216: 5357: 5342: 5125: 4933: 4861: 4641: 4471: 4373: 4220: 4092: 3919: 3828: 3691: 3504: 3398: 3333: 3303: 3060: 2992: 2972: 1902: 1883: 1690: 1441: 1339: 1274: 953: 589: 548: 545: 521: 513: 474: 437: 387: 6597: 4531: 2800: 1846: 1517:, approximately pronounced "boom", is Tibetan for "one hundred thousand".) The 1162:

is somewhat unusual because of the use of a double-ringed prayer beads, called

971:; For these types of practices, yellow colors and colored thread are preferred. 6332: 6290: 6166: 5972: 5897: 5511: 5495: 5457: 5437: 5352: 5332: 5307: 5215: 5150: 5130: 4876: 4807: 4678: 4561: 4466: 4416: 4348: 4074: 4064: 4037: 3628: 3608: 3560: 3514: 3459: 3353: 3288: 3174: 3101: 3086: 3040: 3025: 3015: 2982: 2495:(Fourth revised and enlarged ed.), Delhi: Motilal anarsidass Publishers, 1828: 1764: 1682:

meditation deity and a reminder of their main mantra and tantric commitments (

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tree, known locally as Buddhacita, which are endemic to the Timal region of

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Jones, Charles B. Stages in the Religious Life of Lay Buddhists in Thaiwan.

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counter in the same direction about 1.2 million recitations can be counted.

1479: 1436: 1237:, a class of esoteric traditions within Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism. 1196: 997: 988: 984: 913: 819: 748: 732: 707: 554: 501: 266: 165: 6080: 4916: 4770: 4536: 4318: 4187: 4179: 3131: 2640: 683: 4842: 1149:

schools use long 108 bead nenjus without counter / recorder bead strands.

1004:, as well as the cost of turquoise, plastic or glass may be used instead. 333: 270: 6437: 6392: 6337: 6206: 5865: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5412: 5397: 5377: 5312: 5230: 5220: 5195: 5190: 5090: 4851: 4722: 4710: 4621: 4358: 4280: 3977: 3752: 3737: 3648: 3534: 3454: 3383: 3368: 3318: 3189: 3141: 3091: 3081: 3076: 3030: 2755:

Traversing the Pure Land Path: A Lifetime of Encounters with Honen Shonin

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The Art of Awakening: A User's Guide to Tibetan Buddhist Art and Practice

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Li, Feifei; Li, Jianqin; Liu, Bo; Zhuo, Jingxian; Long, Chunlin (2014).

6342: 6285: 6270: 5417: 5407: 5382: 5257: 5252: 5210: 5180: 5112: 5078: 5029: 4965: 4906: 4901: 4797: 4755: 4658: 4496: 4446: 4233: 4059: 3805: 3762: 3575: 3539: 3519: 3499: 3489: 3484: 3464: 3433: 3423: 3418: 3358: 3343: 3313: 3136: 2987: 2105:(4th ed.). Mumbai, India: Jaico Publishing House. pp. 64–65. 1888: 1871: 1660:

As a necklace, especially if made from large, consequently heavy, beads

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Mantra recitation with malas is also common in the various forms of

923:

Some common general-purpose malas in Tibetan Buddhism are made from

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Untracht, O (2008). "Rosaries of India". In Whelchel, H. (ed.).

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Many malas will have a 109th bead which is variously called the

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text purported to have been translated into Chinese during the

6090: 4626: 2330: 2328: 2511:"A new species of Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae) from Nepal Himalayas" 2454:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies,

394:. They are also used as symbols of religious identification. 212: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 1818:

regulated the materials of malas in Qing Dynasty-era China.

1615:

A mala used by a particular holy figure may then serve as a

1053:

Making juzu in Japan, a photo taken by Elstner Hilton (1914)

3623: 3262: 3209: 1559:

or other important religious phrases and prayers (like the

1257:

A large mother bead containing an image of Shingon founder

2537:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 520. 791:

Polished Calamus jenkinsianus seeds on a "Moon and Stars"

2557:

Dubin, L.S. (2009). "Prayer Beads". In Kenney, C. (ed.).

528:, the Indian soapberry tree) and recite an homage to the 191: 177: 1420:) but are not used for counting recitations in any way. 2774:

A String and a Prayer: How to Make and Use Prayer Beads

1593:, or the application of some substance or pigment like 1284:"Bodhi seed" mala made using the polished seeds of the 48:

Different types of Japa mala (prayer beads) selling in

2722:. Santa Barbara: University of California. p. 99. 2559:

The History of Beads: From 100,000 B.C. to the Present

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In some Buddhist traditions, the guru bead represents

1323:. In another reckoning, 108 is the number of possible 264: 2748:. New York: Thames & Hudson, Inc. pp. 69–73. 2417: 2415: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1653:

A Mala may be worn by practitioners in several ways:

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University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 7–40. 1600:In Tibetan Buddhism, malas are often blessed by 1016:, mala beads are made from the natural seeds of 604:both teach the use and wear of a mala made from 567:(9th-14th century) which explains how to make a 2509:Bhattarai, Khem Raj; Pathak, Mitra Lal (2015). 2440: 2334: 2319: 2271: 1730:Illustration of the Japanese Pure Land teacher 1432:Tibetan style mala with two counter attachments 632:The official imperial portrait of Qing Dynasty 1742:A Korean Buddhist using a mala with both hands 1582:characteristics. Buddhist sources such as the 1168: 1102: 1089: 864:"King Kong" beads (i.e. Rudraksha), made from 294: 235: 3956: 2838: 2259: 1208: 495: 489: 71: 8: 4738:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 2753:Watts, Jonathan; Tomatsu, Yoshiharu (2005). 2594:Lhadrepa, Konchog; Davis, Charlotte (2017). 2385: 2358: 1810:Similar practices have been noted since the 1385:Sūtra on the Rosary of the Vajraśekhara Yoga 1179:recitations (i.e. recitation of the name of 397:The main body of a mala usually consists of 2688:Rinpoche, Gyatrul; Khandro, Sangye (1996). 2234: 1226:meditation, to keep track of the number of 802:Buddhists are those made of the so called " 516:era, sometime in the 4th - 5th century CE. 3963: 3949: 3941: 3818: 2945: 2845: 2831: 2823: 2088: 826:. The most common bead types in China and 250: 90: 42: 2682:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190469290.003.0005 2630: 2620: 2346: 2132:. Jaico Publishing House. pp. 222–. 1657:Wrapped several times to fit on the wrist 581:states that the rudrakshas are tears of 542:Chin-kang-ting yü-ch’ieh nien-chu ch’ing 5925:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 2286: 2219: 2126:Kamal Narayan Seetha (1 January 2008). 1936: 366:. It is used for counting recitations ( 6128:List of Buddhist architecture in China 2421: 2002: 1584:Sutra of Mañjuśrï’s Fundamental Ritual 155: 29: 2788:. Buddha Dharma Education Association 2671:Prayer beads in Japanese Sōtō Zen in 2605:"Seeds used for Bodhi beads in China" 2298: 2035: 1213: 1083:, Buddhist prayer beads are known as 7: 2176: 2174: 1943: 1555:The main use of a mala is to repeat 1249:Chinese Buddhist 18-bead wooden mala 612:explains that by wearing this mala, 2373: 2182:"Importance of Wearing Tulasi Mala" 1635:counting beads on a pearl and ruby 723:Common materials are wood from the 5915:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 2153:Shantha N. Nair (1 January 2008). 981:(who are highly revered in Tibet). 848:"Moon and Stars" beads, made from 798:A very popular type of mala among 25: 2782:"Buddhist studies: Malas (beads)" 2772:Wiley, E.; Shannon, M.O. (2002). 2493:The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary 571:garland, and in the late tantric 6596: 6586: 6585: 6143:Thai temple art and architecture 5888:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 4128:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 3994: 3981: 3971: 2807:. Japa Mala Beads. 15 April 2010 2535:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 2515:Indian Journal of Plant Sciences 2157:. Pustak Mahal. pp. 224–6. 1845: 1831: 1498:different charm on each, with a 557:japamalas are discussed in some 3995: 2699:Plants of life, plants of death 2566:Henry, G.; Marriott, S (2008). 2155:Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom 834:"Phoenix eye" beads, made from 765:, and its use is taught in the 647:(774–835), founder of Japanese 608:wood (tulasi kanthi mala). The 213: 192: 178: 6133:Japanese Buddhist architecture 5935:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 5015:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 4206:Places where the Buddha stayed 2697:Simoons, Frederick J. (1998). 2657:. California: . Archived from 2101:Seetha, Kamal Narayan (2008). 1734:holding a mala with both hands 1175:, which are used for counting 912:. Semiprecious stones such as 856:"Bodhi root" beads, made from 775:plant are used and revered by 711:Various Indian rudraksha malas 265: 154: 140: 126: 112: 72: 1: 6624:Objects used in Hindu worship 6148:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 2651:Myanmar Buddhist Prayer Beads 2441:Rinpoche & Khandro (1996) 2335:Bhattarai & Pathak (2015) 2320:Rinpoche & Khandro (1996) 2272:Rinpoche & Khandro (1996) 2205:Kunwar, Amit (18 June 2023). 1644: 1506:reset to their low position. 386:(spiritual practice) such as 5905:Buddhism and the Roman world 5881:Decline of Buddhism in India 5876:History of Buddhism in India 3976: Topics in 2801:"How to Use a Mala (5 Ways)" 2746:Traditional Jewelry of India 2719:Botanical Beads of the World 719:A polished Chinese seed mala 5103:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 4843: 2260:Lhadrepa & Davis (2017) 1750:A Hindu sage holding a mala 1230:chanted during meditation. 757:) are considered sacred by 334: 315: 6665: 6644:Buddhist ritual implements 6053:The unanswerable questions 2386:Buswell & Lopez (2013) 2359:Watts & Tomatsu (2005) 1424:Counting markers and cords 1235:Southern Esoteric Buddhism 508:volume 17, number 786), a 6581: 6138:Buddhist temples in Korea 4701:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 4604:Three planes of existence 4211:Buddha in world religions 3990: 2692:. Snow Lion Publications. 2598:. Shambhala Publications. 2575:Kieschnick, John (2003). 1209: 1169: 1103: 1090: 867:Elaeocarpus angustifolius 768:Rudrakshajabala Upanishad 504:Seed Scripture/Classic", 496: 490: 477:image created during the 464:is shown depicted with a 329: 302: 295: 249: 236: 89: 41: 37: 27:Indian prayer bead string 5920:Persecution of Buddhists 5141:Four stages of awakening 4522:Three marks of existence 4108:Physical characteristics 2776:. Red Wheel/Weiser, LLC. 2673:Zen and Material Culture 2669:Mross, Michaela (2017), 2570:. Fons Vitae Publishing. 1203:use prayer beads called 1022:, a plant in the family 987:, bone, iron, steel and 561:sources, such as in the 5283:Ten principal disciples 4166:(aunt, adoptive mother) 3873:Fruits and other plants 2716:Smith, Ruth J. (2005). 2622:10.1186/1746-4269-10-15 1493:Beads on separate cords 1109:, where the "o" is the 979:Padma family of buddhas 779:, followers of Vishnu. 579:Rudrakṣajābāla upaniṣad 574:Rudrakṣajābāla upaniṣad 269:("mindfulness beads"), 5993:Buddhism and democracy 5506:Tibetan Buddhist canon 5501:Chinese Buddhist canon 4733:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 4728:Early Buddhist schools 2129:The Power Of Rudraksha 1751: 1743: 1735: 1723: 1650: 1552: 1433: 1301: 1277: 1262: 1250: 1076: 1065: 1054: 920:may be used, as well. 883: 882:Women praying in Nepal 795: 720: 712: 704: 652: 637: 469: 6003:Eight Consciousnesses 4113:Life of Buddha in art 1749: 1741: 1729: 1714: 1663:Suspended from a belt 1630: 1540: 1431: 1283: 1268: 1256: 1248: 1071: 1060: 1052: 892:tree), wood (such as 881: 859:Corypha umbraculifera 790: 718: 710: 686: 643: 634:Empress Xiaozhuangwen 631: 564:Devi-Bhagavata Purana 459: 6480:East Asian religions 5910:Buddhism in the West 5481:Early Buddhist texts 5096:Four Right Exertions 4562:Ten spiritual realms 4055:Noble Eightfold Path 2690:Generating the Deity 2609:J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2531:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. 1623:Carrying and storing 1482:), and Miroku (Skt. 930:Calamus jenkinsianus 851:Calamus jenkinsianus 754:Elaeocarpus ganitrus 743:Beads made from the 6603:Religion portal 6350:Temple of the Tooth 6229:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 5268:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 4761:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 4544:Two truths doctrine 4364:Mahapajapati Gotamī 4164:Mahapajapati Gotamī 2854:Worship in Hinduism 2676:, Oxford Academic, 2648:Paw, Maung (2004). 2491:Apte, V.S. (1965), 2237:, pp. 118–138. 2091:, pp. 118–138. 1619:after their death. 1466:guru bead) to 111. 1461:Inline marker beads 1261:flanked by mantras. 1197:Theravada Buddhists 1002:conservation status 837:Ziziphus abyssinica 6525:Western philosophy 6123:Dzong architecture 5945:Vipassana movement 5940:Buddhist modernism 5368:Emperor Wen of Sui 5136:Pratyekabuddhayāna 5069:Threefold Training 4871:Vipassana movement 4587:Hungry Ghost realm 4407:Avidyā (Ignorance) 4354:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 4103:Great Renunciation 4098:Eight Great Events 3980: 3273:Om Namo Narayanaya 2757:. Jodo Shu Press. 2527:Buswell, Robert Jr 2103:Power of Rudraksha 1752: 1744: 1736: 1724: 1651: 1561:Pure Land Buddhist 1553: 1434: 1302: 1286:Ziziphus budhensis 1278: 1273:wood mala used in 1263: 1251: 1215:[seɪʔbədí] 1192:Theravada Buddhism 1077: 1066: 1055: 1019:Ziziphus budhensis 927:seeds (especially 884: 796: 721: 713: 705: 653: 638: 470: 452:Early attestations 273:("counting beads") 6611: 6610: 6249:Om mani padme hum 5955:Women in Buddhism 5871:Buddhist councils 5741:Western countries 5529:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 5290:Shaolin Monastery 4867:Samatha-vipassanā 4477:Pratītyasamutpāda 4281:Metteyya/Maitreya 4199: 4191: 4183: 4175: 4167: 4159: 4151: 4028:Four Noble Truths 3938: 3937: 3908: 3907: 3899:Tulasi Vrindavana 3150: 3149: 3112:Panchayatana puja 2805:japamalabeads.com 2786:www.buddhanet.net 2708:978-0-299-15904-7 2443:, p. 99-102. 2322:, p. 99-100. 2164:978-81-223-1020-7 2139:978-81-7992-844-8 2112:978-81-7992-844-8 2089:Kieschnick (2003) 1715:Hindu holy man - 1633:Sawai Madho Singh 1188:named Awanosuke. 1119:For example, the 1094:, counting beads) 1081:Buddhism in Japan 1045:Japanese Buddhism 806:seeds", which do 783:Mahayana Buddhism 703:Hindu iconography 524:tree (likely the 510:Mahayana Buddhist 346:commonly used in 306: 305: 279: 278: 220: 219: 173:Yale Romanization 100:Standard Mandarin 16:(Redirected from 6656: 6639:Buddhist symbols 6601: 6600: 6589: 6588: 6428:Sacred languages 6276:Maya Devi Temple 6239:Mahabodhi Temple 6043:Secular Buddhism 6008:Engaged Buddhism 4848: 4696:Tibetan Buddhism 4647:Vietnamese Thiền 4246:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 4197: 4189: 4181: 4173: 4165: 4157: 4149: 3998: 3997: 3985: 3975: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3942: 3819: 3707:Pilgrimage sites 3268:Om Namah Shivaya 3117:Prana Pratishtha 3097:Kumbhabhishekham 2946: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2777: 2768: 2749: 2740: 2723: 2712: 2693: 2684: 2665: 2664:on 4 March 2016. 2663: 2656: 2644: 2634: 2624: 2599: 2590: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2548: 2522: 2505: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2463: 2457: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2425: 2419: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2347:Chaudhary (2015) 2344: 2338: 2332: 2323: 2317: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2238: 2235:Li et al. (2014) 2232: 2223: 2222:, pp. 7–40. 2217: 2211: 2210: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2039: 2033: 2006: 2000: 1947: 1941: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1773:Chinese Buddhism 1672:Chinese Buddhism 1649: 1646: 1399:Additional beads 1218:), shortened to 1217: 1212: 1211: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1108: 1107:, thought beads) 1106: 1105: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1036:Bagmati Province 874:Tibetan Buddhism 540:(金剛頂瑜伽念珠経, Ch.: 506:Taishō Tripiṭaka 499: 498: 493: 492: 348:Indian religions 342:') is a loop of 337: 331: 318: 298: 297: 275: 274: 251: 245: 244: 216: 215: 195: 194: 181: 180: 160: 159: 158: 143: 142: 129: 128: 115: 114: 91: 77: 76: 46: 30: 21: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6595: 6577: 6529: 6444: 6359: 6096:Ordination hall 6057: 5959: 5930:Buddhist crisis 5842: 5539: 5491:Mahayana sutras 5467: 5463:Thích Nhất Hạnh 5294: 5167: 5107: 5057:Bodhisattva vow 4742: 4608: 4548: 4507:Taṇhā (Craving) 4442:Five hindrances 4393: 4285: 4215: 4069: 4014: 3986: 3969: 3939: 3934: 3904: 3868: 3810: 3784: 3711: 3665: 3595: 3544: 3443: 3277: 3239: 3215:Sandhyavandanam 3168: 3146: 3122:Sandhyavandanam 3065: 2997: 2937: 2856: 2851: 2820: 2818: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2765: 2752: 2743: 2726: 2715: 2709: 2696: 2687: 2668: 2661: 2654: 2647: 2602: 2593: 2587: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2551: 2545: 2533:, eds. (2013). 2525: 2508: 2503: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2472: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2428: 2420: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2326: 2318: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2241: 2233: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2188: 2180: 2179: 2172: 2165: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2042: 2034: 2009: 2001: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1853:Religion portal 1851: 1844: 1839:Hinduism portal 1837: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1805: 1803:Aesthetic usage 1709: 1647: 1625: 1541:Sculpture of a 1535: 1533:Religious usage 1495: 1463: 1426: 1401: 1243: 1241:Number of beads 1194: 1166: 1100: 1087: 1047: 1026:endemic to the 1010: 898:precious stones 876: 843:Ziziphus jujuba 816:ficus religiosa 810:come from the " 785: 741: 681: 626: 454: 433: 428: 121:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 85:"Buddha pearls" 82:Literal meaning 56: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6662: 6660: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6616: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6593: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6160:Greco-Buddhist 6152: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6111:Burmese pagoda 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5893:Greco-Buddhism 5890: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5826:United Kingdom 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5771:Czech Republic 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5650: 5645: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5535:Abhidharmadīpa 5532: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5477: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5453:B. R. Ambedkar 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5373:Songtsen Gampo 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5052:Eight precepts 5049: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4840: 4830: 4825: 4823:Five Strengths 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4763: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4618: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4462:Mental factors 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4314:Mahamoggallāna 4311: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4229:Avalokiteśvara 4225: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4193: 4185: 4177: 4169: 4161: 4153: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3823: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3789:Sacred animals 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3682:Dhvajastambham 3679: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3639:Pillaiyar Suḻi 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3605: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3253:Gayatri Mantra 3249: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3007: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2827: 2817: 2816: 2797: 2778: 2769: 2763: 2750: 2741: 2724: 2713: 2707: 2694: 2685: 2666: 2645: 2600: 2591: 2585: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2549: 2543: 2523: 2506: 2501: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2469:. Art of Tibet 2458: 2445: 2426: 2411: 2390: 2388:, p. 520. 2378: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2324: 2303: 2291: 2287:BDEA (c. 2008) 2276: 2264: 2239: 2224: 2220:Simoons (1998) 2212: 2197: 2186:www.radha.name 2170: 2163: 2145: 2138: 2118: 2111: 2093: 2040: 2007: 1948: 1946:, p. 758. 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1886: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1842: 1826: 1823: 1816:Sumptuary laws 1804: 1801: 1708: 1705: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1624: 1621: 1534: 1531: 1494: 1491: 1478:, Monju (Skt. 1462: 1459: 1425: 1422: 1400: 1397: 1381:Avalokitesvara 1242: 1239: 1193: 1190: 1152:Meanwhile, in 1046: 1043: 1032:Kavrepalanchok 1009: 1006: 994: 993: 982: 972: 965: 947: 875: 872: 871: 870: 862: 854: 846: 784: 781: 761:, devotees of 740: 737: 680: 677: 625: 622: 486:Mu Huanzi Jing 460:The Hindu god 453: 450: 432: 429: 427: 424: 390:before a holy 304: 303: 300: 299: 292: 286: 285: 281: 280: 277: 276: 262: 256: 255: 254:Transcriptions 247: 246: 233: 227: 226: 222: 221: 218: 217: 210: 204: 203: 197: 196: 189: 183: 182: 175: 169: 168: 166:Yue: Cantonese 162: 161: 151: 145: 144: 137: 131: 130: 123: 117: 116: 109: 103: 102: 96: 95: 94:Transcriptions 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 69: 63: 62: 58: 57: 47: 39: 38: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6661: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6592: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6365:Miscellaneous 6362: 6356: 6355:Vegetarianism 6353: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6177:Buddha in art 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5831:United States 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5388:Padmasambhava 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5300:Major figures 5297: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5246:Western tulku 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5047:Five precepts 5045: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5025:Dhamma vicaya 5023: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4793:Buddhābhiṣeka 4791: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4437:Enlightenment 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4427:Dhamma theory 4425: 4423: 4422:Buddha-nature 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4261:Samantabhadra 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4170: 4168: 4162: 4160: 4154: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3864:Sacred groves 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3817: 3815:Sacred plants 3813: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3185:Brahmamuhurta 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3056:Putrakameshti 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2994: 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dance 3849:Kalpavriksha 3777: 3658: 3439:Yajnopavitam 3414:Prayer beads 3413: 3258:Hare Krishna 3195:Jai Shri Ram 3051:Purushamedha 2968:Panchamakara 2819: 2809:. Retrieved 2804: 2790:. Retrieved 2785: 2773: 2754: 2745: 2728: 2718: 2698: 2689: 2674: 2670: 2659:the original 2650: 2612: 2608: 2595: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2534: 2518: 2514: 2492: 2484:Bibliography 2471:. Retrieved 2467:"Mala Beads" 2461: 2453: 2448: 2403:. Retrieved 2401:. 2021-03-17 2393: 2381: 2354: 2342: 2299:Smith (2005) 2294: 2267: 2215: 2200: 2189:. Retrieved 2185: 2154: 2148: 2128: 2121: 2102: 2096: 2036:Mross (2017) 1939: 1898:Phuang malai 1862:Prayer beads 1820: 1812:Ming Dynasty 1809: 1806: 1798: 1786: 1782: 1769: 1757: 1753: 1702: 1699: 1688: 1676: 1669: 1666: 1652: 1636: 1631:Portrait of 1614: 1610: 1606: 1599: 1588: 1583: 1568: 1554: 1549: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1496: 1487: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1450: 1446: 1435: 1402: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1344: 1340:prostrations 1333: 1318: 1316:traditions. 1303: 1232: 1219: 1204: 1195: 1163: 1158: 1154:Jōdo Shinshū 1151: 1147:Japanese Zen 1144: 1134: 1130: 1118: 1112: 1097: 1084: 1078: 1040: 1028:Temal region 1017: 1011: 995: 941: 934: 928: 922: 910:lapis lazuli 896:), bone and 887: 885: 865: 857: 849: 841: 835: 807: 797: 766: 752: 742: 729: 722: 696: 693:Murudeshwara 673:Qing Dynasty 669:Ming Dynasty 666: 654: 618:Padma Purana 617: 609: 601:Padma Purana 599: 593: 587: 578: 572: 568: 562: 553: 541: 537: 535: 530:three jewels 518: 500:, "Aristaka/ 485: 483: 479:Northern Wei 471: 468:in his hand. 465: 434: 420:Christianity 404: 396: 388:prostrations 381: 367: 344:prayer beads 321: 320:, or simply 313: 309: 307: 260:Romanization 201:Southern Min 107:Hanyu Pinyin 61:Chinese name 6388:Dharma talk 6217:Asalha Puja 6013:Eschatology 5816:Switzerland 5796:New Zealand 5724:Middle East 5633:Philippines 5553:Afghanistan 5358:Bodhidharma 5343:Buddhaghosa 5263:Householder 5173:Monasticism 5126:Bodhisattva 4981:Prostration 4934:Mindfulness 4862:Anapanasati 4845:Kammaṭṭhāna 4642:Korean Seon 4582:Asura realm 4577:Human realm 4517:Ten Fetters 4472:Parinirvana 4374:Uppalavanna 4339:Mahākaccana 4324:Mahākassapa 4256:Kṣitigarbha 4251:Ākāśagarbha 4148:Suddhodāna 4093:Four sights 4020:Foundations 3920:Firewalking 3885:Kusha grass 3829:Akshayavata 3692:Temple tank 3601:Iconography 3549:Instruments 3505:Panchagavya 3399:Panchamrita 3304:Banana leaf 3061:Viraja Homa 2993:Pushpanjali 2973:Panchamrita 2861:Main topics 2361:, p. . 2207:"Japa Mala" 1944:Apte (1965) 1903:Worry beads 1884:Prayer rope 1693:members of 1648: 1750 1442:Vajrasattva 1296:in Central 1275:Vaishnavism 1075:style nenju 1064:style nenju 745:fruitstones 636:with a mala 549:Amoghavajra 514:Eastern Jin 475:bodhisattva 438:Han dynasty 338:, meaning ' 296:mālā (माला) 6634:Meditation 6618:Categories 6505:Psychology 6485:Gnosticism 6473:Comparison 6468:Influences 6450:Comparison 6333:Bhavacakra 6291:Kushinagar 6266:Pilgrimage 6212:Māgha Pūjā 6167:Bodhi Tree 5983:Buddhology 5973:Abhidharma 5965:Philosophy 5898:Menander I 5766:Costa Rica 5717:Uzbekistan 5558:Bangladesh 5512:Dhammapada 5496:Pali Canon 5458:Ajahn Chah 5438:Dalai Lama 5338:Kumārajīva 5333:Vasubandhu 5308:The Buddha 5216:Zen master 5151:Sakadagami 5131:Buddhahood 5062:Pratimokṣa 4877:Shikantaza 4833:Meditation 4808:Deity yoga 4679:Madhyamaka 4572:Deva realm 4467:Mindstream 4417:Bodhicitta 4329:Aṅgulimāla 4196:Devadatta 4172:Yaśodharā 4075:The Buddha 4065:Middle Way 3629:Panchaloha 3609:Ashtadhatu 3354:Agarabattī 3289:Puja thali 3175:Ajapa japa 3164:Meditation 3102:Nityakarma 3092:Karmakāṇḍa 3087:Ashvamedha 3041:Kamyakarma 3026:Agnikaryam 3016:Agnicayana 2811:2019-11-16 2792:2009-02-05 2764:488363342X 2586:0691096767 2473:2022-05-22 2405:2022-11-21 2374:Paw (2004) 2191:2023-11-20 1932:References 1778:mantrayana 1691:Vaishanava 1580:apotropaic 1572:talismanic 1513:counter. ( 1448:counters. 1406:Triple Gem 1373:The Buddha 1294:Namobuddha 1164:nikka juzu 1111:honorific 1024:Rhamnaceae 962:deity yoga 894:sandalwood 812:bodhi tree 777:Vaishnavas 725:sandalwood 687:Statue of 660:patriarch 588:Regarding 546:vajracarya 502:Soap-Berry 316:jaap maala 135:Wade–Giles 6649:Necklaces 6573:Festivals 6553:Buddhists 6515:Theosophy 6318:Symbolism 6308:Hama yumi 6281:Bodh Gaya 6048:Socialism 6023:Evolution 5998:Economics 5836:Venezuela 5751:Australia 5746:Argentina 5670:Sri Lanka 5665:Singapore 5583:Indonesia 5545:Countries 5486:Tripiṭaka 5448:Ajahn Mun 5323:Nagarjuna 5318:Aśvaghoṣa 5201:Anagārika 5196:Śrāmaṇerī 5191:Śrāmaṇera 5186:Bhikkhunī 5146:Sotāpanna 5035:Passaddhi 4976:Offerings 4951:Nekkhamma 4828:Iddhipada 4748:Practices 4718:Theravada 4691:Vajrayana 4684:Yogachara 4654:Pure Land 4567:Six Paths 4554:Cosmology 4334:Anuruddha 4309:Sāriputta 4299:Kaundinya 4291:Disciples 4266:Vajrapāṇi 4118:Footprint 4083:Tathāgata 3644:Shaligram 3581:Mridangam 3566:Karatalas 3561:Harmonium 3510:Rudraksha 3448:Materials 3364:Kamandalu 3299:Banalinga 3230:Third eye 3220:Śaktipāta 3082:Ashirvada 3046:Pravargya 3021:Agnihotra 2978:Parikrama 2958:Abhisheka 2888:Festivals 2737:169390543 1867:Rudraksha 1787:A common 1765:Paramatma 1721:Vrindavan 1453:pāramitās 1437:Vajrayana 1375:, Buddha 1357:bead, or 1269:108 bead 1210:စိပ်ပုတီး 1205:seik badi 998:turquoise 989:turquoise 985:Rudraksha 975:Red Coral 952:, pearl, 914:carnelian 820:Arecaceae 749:rudraksha 699:malas in 697:rudraksha 679:Materials 658:Pure Land 590:Vaishnava 569:rudraksha 555:Rudraksha 522:soapberry 18:Japa mala 6591:Category 6520:Violence 6490:Hinduism 6438:Sanskrit 6393:Hinayana 6378:Amitābha 6338:Swastika 6207:Uposatha 6197:Holidays 6182:Calendar 6028:Humanism 5866:Kanishka 5856:Timeline 5680:Thailand 5648:Kalmykia 5643:Buryatia 5628:Pakistan 5613:Mongolia 5608:Maldives 5603:Malaysia 5568:Cambodia 5433:Shamarpa 5428:Nichiren 5378:Xuanzang 5313:Nagasena 5231:Rinpoche 4961:Pāramitā 4803:Devotion 4723:Navayana 4711:Dzogchen 4674:Nichiren 4622:Mahayana 4614:Branches 4492:Saṅkhāra 4241:Mañjuśrī 4198:(cousin) 4190:(cousin) 4158:(mother) 4150:(father) 4138:Miracles 4088:Birthday 4005:Glossary 3978:Buddhism 3925:Samskara 3913:See also 3854:Parijata 3753:Sannyasa 3738:Purohita 3649:Swastika 3535:Turmeric 3490:Marigold 3455:Agarwood 3429:Tilakamu 3369:Khirapat 3319:Dhunachi 3190:Jagarana 3142:Upakarma 3077:Achamana 3031:Aupasana 2641:24479788 2521:: 71–77. 2456:113-139. 1893:beadwork 1889:Garlands 1825:See also 1550:japamala 1484:Maitreya 1480:Mañjuśrī 1444:mantra. 1377:Amitabha 1364:nakadama 1310:Buddhist 1181:Amitabha 1177:nenbutsu 1160:Jōdo-shū 1136:Nichiren 1073:Jodo Shu 1062:Nichiren 918:amethyst 906:sapphire 889:Ziziphus 824:Fabaceae 800:Mahayana 739:Hinduism 733:milliner 598:and the 526:aristaka 466:japamala 444:or Pali 414:and the 356:Buddhism 352:Hinduism 350:such as 326:Sanskrit 310:japamala 290:Sanskrit 214:Hu̍t-tsu 187:Jyutping 179:faht-jyū 50:Varanasi 33:Japamala 6568:Temples 6548:Buddhas 6510:Science 6500:Judaism 6495:Jainism 6413:Lineage 6373:Abhijñā 6343:Thangka 6286:Sarnath 6271:Lumbini 6192:Funeral 6187:Cuisine 6063:Culture 6038:Reality 5988:Creator 5978:Atomism 5848:History 5821:Ukraine 5781:Germany 5700:Senegal 5690:Vietnam 5618:Myanmar 5418:Shinran 5408:Karmapa 5383:Shandao 5353:Dignāga 5278:Śrāvaka 5258:Donchee 5253:Kappiya 5211:Sayadaw 5181:Bhikkhu 5156:Anāgāmi 5113:Nirvana 5079:Samadhi 4966:Paritta 4907:Tonglen 4902:Mandala 4857:Smarana 4838:Mantras 4786:Upekkha 4756:Bhavana 4706:Shingon 4659:Tiantai 4512:Tathātā 4502:Śūnyatā 4497:Skandha 4487:Saṃsāra 4482:Rebirth 4457:Kleshas 4447:Indriya 4349:Subhūti 4234:Guanyin 4188:Ānanda 4180:Rāhula 4060:Nirvana 4000:Outline 3897: ( 3844:Kadamba 3779:more... 3763:Satguru 3660:more... 3576:Manjira 3540:Vibhuti 3520:Sindūra 3515:Candana 3500:Panakam 3485:Kumkuma 3480:Incense 3465:Camphor 3434:Utsavar 3424:Shankha 3419:Rangoli 3384:Mulavar 3359:Kalasha 3344:Garland 3314:Coconut 3282:Objects 3245:Mantras 3137:Tarpana 3127:Shuddhi 2988:Prasada 2983:Pranāma 2942:Rituals 2895: ( 2883:Deities 2878:Darshan 2632:3914368 1872:Misbaha 1684:samayas 1597:water. 1595:saffron 1591:dharani 1576:magical 1557:mantras 1548:hold a 1325:dharmas 1321:kleshas 1292:and at 1228:mantras 1224:samatha 1201:Myanmar 1140:tassels 1121:Shingon 992:colour. 950:crystal 936:Nelumbo 814:" i.e. 747:of the 667:By the 662:Daochuo 649:Shingon 446:Nikayas 426:History 408:misbaha 383:sadhana 378:prayers 374:mantras 364:Sikhism 360:Jainism 340:garland 193:Fat-zyu 67:Chinese 6563:Sutras 6558:Suttas 6423:Siddhi 6408:Koliya 6383:Brahmā 6298:Poetry 6244:Mantra 6234:Kasaya 6106:Pagoda 6086:Kyaung 6081:Vihāra 6076:Temple 6018:Ethics 5861:Ashoka 5811:Sweden 5806:Poland 5801:Norway 5791:Mexico 5776:France 5761:Canada 5756:Brazil 5695:Africa 5675:Taiwan 5638:Russia 5563:Bhutan 5523:Vinaya 5403:Naropa 5393:Saraha 5328:Asanga 5084:Prajñā 4993:Refuge 4956:Nianfo 4917:Tertön 4912:Tantra 4897:Ganana 4887:Tukdam 4813:Dhyāna 4781:Mudita 4776:Karuṇā 4669:Risshū 4664:Huayan 4597:Naraka 4537:Anattā 4532:Dukkha 4527:Anicca 4432:Dharma 4384:Channa 4319:Ānanda 4304:Assaji 4271:Skanda 4174:(wife) 4143:Family 4123:Relics 4048:Sangha 4043:Dharma 4038:Buddha 3895:Tulasi 3859:Peepal 3839:Banyan 3834:Ashoka 3733:Pujari 3728:Pandit 3702:Temple 3677:Ashram 3670:Places 3614:Lingam 3556:Dholak 3530:Tulasi 3404:Pandal 3389:Paduka 3349:Ghanta 3339:Cāmara 3309:Biruda 3225:Stotra 3205:Kirtan 3180:Bhajan 3159:Prayer 3132:Śrauta 3107:Ngejot 2923:Utsava 2918:Tilaka 2908:Mantra 2903:Kirtan 2873:Bhajan 2761: 2735: 2705: 2639: 2629: 2615:: 15. 2583: 2541: 2499: 2161: 2136: 2109: 1915:Mantra 1910:Prayer 1877:Rosary 1695:ISKCON 1641:Jaipur 1578:, and 1564:nianfo 1546:sadhvi 1476:Kannon 1418:Sangha 1414:Dharma 1410:Buddha 1383:. The 1355:Sumeru 1353:bead, 1351:Buddha 1336:factor 1312:, and 1271:Tulasi 1125:Tendai 1098:onenju 925:rattan 759:Saivas 751:tree ( 701:Shaiva 606:tulasi 577:. 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