Japamala - Knowledge (XXG)

1716: 1617: 446: 33: 1255: 1039: 1418: 630: 705: 618: 1728: 1243: 653:(562–645). Images of monks with malas began to appear in China in the 7th century CE and the mala seems to have been regarded as a common piece of monastic equipment by around this era. While there are relatively few pre-Song Dynasty depictions or references to the mala, this may be due to its use in private religious practice rather than public ceremony. Chinese authors criticized monks who recited mantras on their malas in public, as monks were generally expected to remain silent while on public alms rounds. 1527: 777: 1701: 868: 1235: 6576: 1593:. They are also often consecrated with a fragrant substance like sandalwood oil. Some lamas teach that before using a new mala, the practitioner should wash the mala (and his hands as well) and then scent it with oil. A practitioner can then consecrate the mala by holding it and practicing a tantric visualization and reciting a mantra. This is believed to empower the mala and multiply one's mantra recitations. 6587: 1836: 3985: 1715: 3972: 1270: 3962: 697: 673: 660:-era, malas increasingly began to be valued for their aesthetic qualities as much or more than their spiritual use and were often worn by royals and high officials. Malas of expensive or rare materials became common as gifts given among the wealthy, and the materials allowed to different grades of wives and concubines was regulated by sumptuary laws. Depictions of 1822: 1058: 1736: 1047: 1663:, mala bracelets are worn by monks and laypeople as a symbol of the Buddha. Malas are often given to laypersons during refuge ceremonies and they are instructed to wear them at all times, as a representation of the Buddha which is present in one's life at all times (except when bathing or using the toilet). 1436:

To aid this, some Buddhist malas can be made with additional functional beads over and above the 108 main beads. These beads take two main forms serving two different purposes: three marker beads inline with the 108 beads; two short cords of ten beads each hanging from the main loop which are used as

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Mala beads have traditionally been made of a variety of materials such as wood, stone, gems, seeds, bone and precious metals—with various religions often favouring certain materials—and strung with natural fibres such as cotton, silk, or animal hair. In the modern era, synthetic materials can also be

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Tibetan Buddhists generally teach the use of the left hand for counting mantras. Different methods of holding it and moving the beads are taught in Tibetan Buddhism, depending on the type of practice. For example, for peaceful deity practices, one moves the beads towards the body over the forefinger

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In Hinduism, the loop is draped over the index finger of the right hand and held in place by the right thumb of the first bead next to the guru bead. As each recitation is completed the loop is advanced by one bead. Some practitioners will hold their other three fingers next to their index finger so

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In some more complex malas, three distinctive, often smaller, beads are placed so that, with the guru bead, they divide the regular beads into four sections of 27 beads each. They allow quick estimation of the fraction of a round completed. Their presence raises the number of beads (not counting the

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No mention of this text occurs in standard bibliographies before the 6th century, but an independent translation in the 8th century suggests an origin as a Sanskrit text transmitted from Central Asia, rather than a Chinese composition. According to this text, a king asks the Buddha for "an essential

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Malas purchased from temples and monasteries may have been blessed by the residents of that institution. Mala may also be blessed after purchase. Popular folk tales may describe malas as becoming imbued with the power of the many recitations it has been used for, or a mala given by a respected monk

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During devotional services, the beads may be rubbed together with both hands to create a soft grinding noise, which is considered to have a purifying and reverential effect. A notable feature of Tendai school's prayer beads is the use of flat beads called "soroban beads" for the main beads (while

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tradition and some Buddhist traditions, practitioners who undertake more than one round at a time will, rather than moving their fingers across the guru bead, turn the mala around so that the same bead which was used at the end of the previous round becomes the first bead use for the next round.

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After a single round of chanting, the user will slide up one bead on the cord with the dorje which represents 108 (or 111) recitations. After ten rounds all ten dorje beads have been moved up, one bead on the bell cord is raised representing 1080 (or 1110) recitations and the dorje beads are all

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The short cords may either be permanently attached to the mala or they may be obtained separately; they do not need to match the main beads. These short cords may either be attached individually to the main loop or they may be joined at their common top. The cords end in small charms, usually a

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Japanese malas may also contain a set of four inline marker beads which often differ in size, color, or material. These are called four points beads (shiten 四天) or “Four Heavenly Kings” (四天王, shitennō). These are usually located after the seventh and the twenty-first beads on either side of the

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Buddha): one ring contains single beads used to count a single recitation while the other ring is used to count full revolutions of the first ring. Additionally, other beads hang from the strings, which can count full revolutions of the second ring (flat beads), or full revolutions of the first

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Malas may appear in early Hindu art as part of the garb of deities or worshippers, but are difficult to distinguish from decorative necklaces or garlands. The earliest clear depiction of a mala being used as a tool for recitation, rather than as a (possible) decorative necklace, comes from a

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Mala may have extra beads hanging from the guru/mother bead or middle bead. These may be decorative elements, especially when unable to move along the cord because knots hold them in place. They may or may not have religious symbolism (for example, three beads representing the Buddhist

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In addition to their practical use as an aide in recitation, malas have traditionally been ascribed to have additional spiritual qualities. Different materials may be ascribed the power to help with different practical or spiritual problems, and the mala itself may be ascribed

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In Buddhism, there are numerous ways of holding a mala and using it during recitation. This differs across traditions. It is commonly taught that the left hand is used to hold a mala. However, sometimes both hands are involved in the recitation and counting process. In

724:'s elastic, may be used and have the advantage that they can stretch to fit over the wearer's hand if worn on the wrist whereas other material may not wrap a sufficient number of times to prevent the mala from slipping off. Beads may also be joined by metal chains. 1428:

Buddhism can require that a practitioner complete a particular number of repetitions of an activity as a foundational practice or to become eligible for initiation into an esoteric teaching, for example, one may need to complete 100,000 recitations of

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generally use longer prayer beads (108 beads) with counter strands on both ends for recording multiple rounds of recitation (Tendai malas have 2 recorder bead strands, Shingon malas have four). These recorder strands usually end in decorative tassels.

1331:. The 54, whether in a 54 bead mala or the first 54 beads in a full 108 bead mala, is often interpreted as signifying the first 54 stages of the bodhisattva path (as understood in East Asian Buddhism). One source even mentions a mala with 1080 beads. 1350:

bead. It is often larger, more elaborate, or of a distinctive material or colour. Some malas also have a secondary larger or more ornate bead halfway through the mala, marking the halfway point. These are sometimes called middle beads (Japanese:

1555:). Mantras are typically repeated hundreds or even thousands of times. The mala is used so that those who are trying to achieve an exact number of repetitions can focus on the meaning or sound of the mantra rather than counting its repetitions. 719:

Strings may be made from practically any fibre, traditionally silk or wool or cotton though synthetic monofilaments or cords such as nylon can now be found and are favoured for their low cost and good wear resistance. Elastic cords, such as

1686:, may carry their malas in larger pouches which hang from the back of the hand and allow the mala to be manipulated while it is being used without it being significantly exposed to public view or risking contact with the ground. 424:

The specific origin of the mala is unknown, with the use of beads for counting being a widespread practice in ancient cultures. No references to malas occur in Chinese literature before the introduction of Buddhism during the

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While the earliest Buddhist story about the mala is associated with lay practice, in China it was initially primarily associated with monastic practice. The first Chinese Buddhist author to promote the use of malas was the

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Furthermore, wearing a distinctive mala can also serve as a symbol of religious identification, marking its wearer as a member of a specific religious community and as "physical evidence of faith, devotion, and practice."

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beads of roughly the same size and material as each other, although smaller versions, often factors of 108 such as 54 or 27, exist. A distinctive 109th "guru bead" or mother bead, which is not counted, is very common.

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is preferred for subjugating malicious spirits or for the tantric transformation of powerful afflictions like anger (this is sometimes called "wrathful practice"). For these types of practices, black is the preferred

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Some practitioners will drape the loop over their second finger (with their third and fourth fingers also inside) and use their index finger to move the beads towards the thumb. This is said to be symbolic of the

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It is common to find prayer beads in Japan that contain a small image inside the guru bead, usually something associated with the particular temple or sect. When held up to the light the image is clearly visible.

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Some Tibetan Buddhist teachers teach that it is a root samaya (tantric commitment) that a consecrated and blessed mala should always be kept on one's person. For Tibetan Buddhists, the mala is a symbol of their

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method that will allow me during the day or night to engage easily in a practice for freeing us from all sufferings in the world in the future." The Buddha instructs the king to make a mala from the seeds of a

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while passing the mala through his fingers. The text also states the mala should be worn at all times, and that if a million recitations were completed, the king would end the one hundred and eight passions.

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it is common for monks to wear it around their necks when not in use. In other traditions, the mala is left on one's altar or placed in a pouch when not in use. In Tibetan Buddhism, malas used for esoteric

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that all four fingers are inside the loop. Other practitioners will have only their index finger inside the loop, separating this finger from the other three (for similar reasons as in the next paragraph).

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plants). The bead itself is very hard and dense, ivory-coloured (which gradually turns a deep golden brown with long use), and has small holes (moons) and tiny black dots (stars) covering its surface.

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state that wearing a mala can purify bad karma and ward off evil spirits. In East Asian Buddhism, some malas are made specifically to be worn for warding off evil and for attracting good fortune.

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The Government of Nepal's Ministry of Forestry has established a committee and begun to distribute seedlings of these plant so as to uplift the economic status of the people living in this area.

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counter starts next to the guru bead and is attached to the main string by a clip or a slip knot. When the tenth bell bead has been raised (10 800 or 11 100 recitations), the chanter moves the

605:(Vishnu) will always be with the devotee. It also states that wearing a tulasi mala will multiply the benefit of doing good karmic deeds, as well as providing magical protection from harm. The 760:. It is believed that the Rudraksha Japa Mala epitomizes ancient wisdom and mystical energies, offering seekers a conduit to inner peace and spiritual harmony. Beads made from the wood of the 1211:. 108 beads are strung on a garland, with the beads typically made of fragrant wood like sandalwood, and series of brightly coloured strings at the end of the garland. It is commonly used in 2388:"Vajrasattva, the Great Purifier, among the most powerful and profound healing and purification techniques in Vajrayana Buddhism - Buddha Weekly: Buddhist Practices, Mindfulness, Meditation" 437:, generally regarded as the oldest Buddhist literature, and it is unclear if their use originated with Buddhists or with Brahmins, Jains, or some other Indian religious community. 4726: 1788:

While there are typically 108 regular beads, some practitioners will count a round as only 100 repetitions to allow for an accidentally skipped bead or an imperfect recitation.

922:). These beads are called "moon and stars" by Tibetans, and variously called "lotus root", "lotus seed" and "linden nut" by various retailers (though it does not come from any 935:

malas made of wood (sandalwood or bodhi tree wood), bodhi seeds, various jewels, or ivory are all purpose malas and are said to be good for all kinds of mantras and practices

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most of the other sects use spherical beads). For the Shingon school, they use a red string as the main string for the 108 beads and white tassels for the counter beads.

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In recent years, it has become common for non-religious individuals to wear such beads as a fashion accessory with the beads having no religious connotation whatsoever.

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Japanese malas may also contain tassels (房, fusa) with counter beads, also known as recorder beads (記子珠, kishi- or kisu-dama). They are seen as symbolizing the ten

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and a bell shape being common. Their cord is thicker than normal so that the beads on them will not slide under their own weight but can be moved by the chanter.

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Tibetan Buddhist malas may have three extra beads as the guru beads, instead of just one. These symbolize the three vajras (the Buddha's body, speech and mind).

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is that the guru bead is not used for counting repetitions; counting for each round begins and ends with either of the beads next to the guru bead. In the

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and one holds the mala at the heart. For increasing practices meanwhile, one moves the beads over the middle finger and holds the mala at the navel.

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used, such as plastic or glass beads, and nylon cords. Malas are similar to other forms of prayer beads used in various world religions, such as the

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Opinion is divided as to whether a mala that is worn as decoration can also be used for the practise of japa or if two separate malas are required.

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Practitioners who have an altar or shrine in their homes may additionally choose to keep their malas on the altar when not being used or carried.

5645: 6612: 6116: 4096: 574:, and as such, they should always be worn by devotees of Shiva. It discusses various ways of wearing them, and which mantras to use with them. 1417: 2695: 2151: 2126: 2099: 1320:

Mandala. Despite the varying explanations for the use of this number, the number itself has been kept consistent over centuries of practice.

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There are numerous explanations why there are typically 108 beads, with the number 108 bearing special religious significance in a number of

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string of beads. In all, it is possible to count up to 120,000 recitations using these beads. The design is credited to a follower of

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In the home, mala may be stored in a pouch or not. Some practitioners may store their malas in jewelry boxes or similar containers.

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practices and for purification practices. For these types of practices, white colored beads and a white colored thread is preferred.

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beads made of precious metals like gold or silver may be used for increasing practices, such as increasing lifespan, knowledge, or

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states that the mother bead is Amitabha, the string is Avalokiteshvara and the other beads are the fruits of the bodhisattva path

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Tibetan Buddhists also teach that certain types of malas can enhance specific practices or bring specific benefits. For example:

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says one should always wear the tulasi mala, whether one is pure or impure, even while bathing, eating or going to the toilet.

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Various types of malas (Tibetan: trengwa) are used in Tibetan Buddhism, including "Bodhi seed" (commonly made from seeds of a

807:(these seeds are tiny and cannot be strung on a mala). Instead, "bodhi seed" beads are made from various species belonging to 6468: 6121: 5923: 5814: 5759: 4332: 2751: 2573: 161: 664:

court officials often include malas, intended to show their status and wealth rather than as an indication of spirituality.

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In some traditions, malas are consecrated before use in a manner similar to images of deities, through the use of mantras,

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of 108 beads (such as 54, 42, 27, 21, 18 and 14), and may be worn on the wrist or used to more conveniently keep count of

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One type of wooden mala bead has a shallow trench engraved around their equator into which tiny pieces of red coral and

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is for magnetizing / power practices, and red color is used for the threads. The colour red is also associated with the

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or phenomena. In East Asian Buddhism, 108 can also represent 108 meditations, or the Buddhist 108 deities in the

889:. Tibetan Buddhists generally consider malas made from precious stones as the best kind. Some popular stones are 855: 792: 756: 562: 4749: 6556: 5908: 5722: 5700: 5693: 5596: 5129: 4565: 4510: 4131: 3937: 3842: 1727: 1016: 248: 1678:

Mala may be carried in small pouches from which they are removed before use. Some practitioners, such as the

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Chaudhary, Sanjib (2015-08-06). "Buddha's Beads Fetch Millions for Farmers in Central Nepal". Global Voices.

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However they are worn the wearer is supposed to keep the mala from making contact with the floor or ground.

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counter to the next space between beads (and resets the beads on the bell cord). By consistently moving the

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or other sacred phrases. It is also worn to ward off evil, to count repetitions within some other form of

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Tanabe, George Joji (2012). "Telling Beads: The Forms and Functions of the Buddhist Rosary in Japan".

949:, wood, seeds, or other clear or white in colour beads may be used to count mantras used for peaceful 6531: 6498: 6483: 6371: 6001: 5898: 5844: 5729: 5668: 5636: 5631: 5616: 5601: 5591: 5556: 5469: 5161: 5084: 4986: 4855: 4657: 4395: 4387: 4327: 4076: 4043: 3993: 3832: 2557:

Beads of Faith: Pathways to Meditation and Spirituality Using Rosaries, Prayer Beads and Sacred Words

2519: 1564: 918: 839: 742: 4312: 4239: 6622: 6338: 6217: 6051: 6026: 6016: 5976: 5953: 5836: 5809: 5769: 5688: 5678: 5606: 5533: 4964: 4821: 4602: 4580: 4532: 4352: 4152: 4008: 3988: 2842: 1749: 1189: 990: 825: 430: 6200: 3627: 2670: 1105:. Different Buddhist sects in Japan have different shaped prayer beads, and use them differently. 525:

Another Mahayana Buddhist source which teaches the use of a mala is found in the Chinese canon in

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may be said to have the power to cure illnesses or to restore fertility to barren individuals.

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The first literary reference to the use of a mala for the recitation of mantras comes from the

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For example, in traditional Buddhist thought, people are said to have 108 afflictions or

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mother bead. In the Shingon school, these four symbolize four bodhisattvas: Fugen (Skt.

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dynasty (4th - 6th century) in China; the mala is held in the hand, rather than worn.

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schools generally use long 108 bead nenjus with five counter strands with ornamental

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To keep track of more recitations, the chanter may use a small metal charm called a

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are affixed. Due to the cost of already harvested or fossilized red coral and its

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tree, along with the seeds of various trees, and precious or semiprecious stones.

6376: 6366: 6205: 5346: 5331: 5114: 4922: 4850: 4630: 4460: 4362: 4209: 4081: 3908: 3817: 3680: 3493: 3387: 3322: 3292: 3049: 2981: 2961: 1891: 1872: 1679: 1430: 1328: 1263: 942: 578: 537: 534: 510: 502: 463: 426: 376: 6586: 4520: 2789: 1835: 1506:, approximately pronounced "boom", is Tibetan for "one hundred thousand".) The 1151:

is somewhat unusual because of the use of a double-ringed prayer beads, called

960:; For these types of practices, yellow colors and colored thread are preferred. 6321: 6279: 6155: 5961: 5886: 5500: 5484: 5446: 5426: 5341: 5321: 5296: 5204: 5139: 5119: 4865: 4796: 4667: 4550: 4455: 4405: 4337: 4063: 4053: 4026: 3617: 3597: 3549: 3503: 3448: 3342: 3277: 3163: 3090: 3075: 3029: 3014: 3004: 2971: 2484:(Fourth revised and enlarged ed.), Delhi: Motilal anarsidass Publishers, 1817: 1753: 1671:

meditation deity and a reminder of their main mantra and tantric commitments (

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tree, known locally as Buddhacita, which are endemic to the Timal region of

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Jones, Charles B. Stages in the Religious Life of Lay Buddhists in Thaiwan.

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counter in the same direction about 1.2 million recitations can be counted.

1468: 1425: 1226:, a class of esoteric traditions within Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism. 1185: 986: 977: 973: 902: 808: 737: 721: 696: 543: 490: 255: 154: 6069: 4905: 4759: 4525: 4307: 4176: 4168: 3120: 2629: 672: 4831: 1138:

schools use long 108 bead nenjus without counter / recorder bead strands.

993:, as well as the cost of turquoise, plastic or glass may be used instead. 322: 259: 6426: 6381: 6326: 6195: 5854: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5401: 5386: 5366: 5301: 5219: 5209: 5184: 5179: 5079: 4840: 4711: 4699: 4610: 4347: 4269: 3966: 3741: 3726: 3637: 3523: 3443: 3372: 3357: 3307: 3178: 3130: 3080: 3070: 3065: 3019: 2744:

Traversing the Pure Land Path: A Lifetime of Encounters with Honen Shonin

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The Art of Awakening: A User's Guide to Tibetan Buddhist Art and Practice

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Li, Feifei; Li, Jianqin; Liu, Bo; Zhuo, Jingxian; Long, Chunlin (2014).

6331: 6274: 6259: 5406: 5396: 5371: 5246: 5241: 5199: 5169: 5101: 5067: 5018: 4954: 4895: 4890: 4786: 4744: 4647: 4485: 4435: 4222: 4048: 3794: 3751: 3564: 3528: 3508: 3488: 3478: 3473: 3453: 3422: 3412: 3407: 3347: 3332: 3302: 3125: 2976: 2094:(4th ed.). Mumbai, India: Jaico Publishing House. pp. 64–65. 1877: 1860: 1649:

As a necklace, especially if made from large, consequently heavy, beads

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Mantra recitation with malas is also common in the various forms of

912:

Some common general-purpose malas in Tibetan Buddhism are made from

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Untracht, O (2008). "Rosaries of India". In Whelchel, H. (ed.).

2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 1908: 1590: 1335: 1334:

Many malas will have a 109th bead which is variously called the

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text purported to have been translated into Chinese during the

6079: 4615: 2319: 2317: 2500:"A new species of Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae) from Nepal Himalayas" 2443:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies,

383:. They are also used as symbols of religious identification. 201: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 1807:

regulated the materials of malas in Qing Dynasty-era China.

1604:

A mala used by a particular holy figure may then serve as a

1042:

Making juzu in Japan, a photo taken by Elstner Hilton (1914)

3612: 3251: 3198: 1548:

or other important religious phrases and prayers (like the

1246:

A large mother bead containing an image of Shingon founder

2526:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 520. 780:

Polished Calamus jenkinsianus seeds on a "Moon and Stars"

2546:

Dubin, L.S. (2009). "Prayer Beads". In Kenney, C. (ed.).

517:, the Indian soapberry tree) and recite an homage to the 180: 166: 1409:) but are not used for counting recitations in any way. 2763:

A String and a Prayer: How to Make and Use Prayer Beads

1582:, or the application of some substance or pigment like 1273:"Bodhi seed" mala made using the polished seeds of the 37:

Different types of Japa mala (prayer beads) selling in

2711:. Santa Barbara: University of California. p. 99. 2548:

The History of Beads: From 100,000 B.C. to the Present

2271: 2269: 1360:

In some Buddhist traditions, the guru bead represents

1312:. In another reckoning, 108 is the number of possible 253: 2737:. New York: Thames & Hudson, Inc. pp. 69–73. 2406: 2404: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1642:

A Mala may be worn by practitioners in several ways:

142: 128: 114: 100: 2020: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 6522: 6437: 6352: 6050: 5952: 5835: 5532: 5460: 5287: 5160: 5100: 4735: 4601: 4541: 4386: 4278: 4208: 4062: 4007: 3901: 3861: 3810: 3803: 3777: 3704: 3658: 3588: 3537: 3436: 3270: 3232: 3143: 3058: 2990: 2937: 2930: 2849: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1323:Smaller malas are also known, most commonly with a 640:, who brought some malas back to Japan from China. 533:, Taisho 789) which was translated by the Buddhist 303: 277: 272: 247: 242: 218: 213: 195: 188: 174: 160: 153: 136: 122: 108: 94: 87: 82: 70: 54: 49: 21: 2566:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture 2358: 2356: 527:The Sutra on the Yoga Rosaries of the Diamond Peak 2718:Beiträge des Arbeitskreises Japanische Religionen 1752:(represented by the index finger) moving towards 1338:bead, mother bead (Japanese: boju), parent bead, 684:; Shiva is frequently depicted wearing a pair of 2690:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 7–40. 1589:In Tibetan Buddhism, malas are often blessed by 1005:, mala beads are made from the natural seeds of 593:both teach the use and wear of a mala made from 556:(9th-14th century) which explains how to make a 2498:Bhattarai, Khem Raj; Pathak, Mitra Lal (2015). 2429: 2323: 2308: 2260: 1719:Illustration of the Japanese Pure Land teacher 1421:Tibetan style mala with two counter attachments 621:The official imperial portrait of Qing Dynasty 1731:A Korean Buddhist using a mala with both hands 1571:characteristics. Buddhist sources such as the 1157: 1091: 1078: 853:"King Kong" beads (i.e. Rudraksha), made from 283: 224: 3945: 2827: 2248: 1197: 484: 478: 60: 8: 4727:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 2742:Watts, Jonathan; Tomatsu, Yoshiharu (2005). 2583:Lhadrepa, Konchog; Davis, Charlotte (2017). 2374: 2347: 1799:Similar practices have been noted since the 1374:Sūtra on the Rosary of the Vajraśekhara Yoga 1168:recitations (i.e. recitation of the name of 386:The main body of a mala usually consists of 2677:Rinpoche, Gyatrul; Khandro, Sangye (1996). 2223: 1215:meditation, to keep track of the number of 791:Buddhists are those made of the so called " 505:era, sometime in the 4th - 5th century CE. 3952: 3938: 3930: 3807: 2934: 2834: 2820: 2812: 2077: 815:. The most common bead types in China and 239: 79: 31: 2671:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190469290.003.0005 2619: 2609: 2335: 2121:. Jaico Publishing House. pp. 222–. 1646:Wrapped several times to fit on the wrist 570:states that the rudrakshas are tears of 531:Chin-kang-ting yü-ch’ieh nien-chu ch’ing 5914:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 2275: 2208: 2115:Kamal Narayan Seetha (1 January 2008). 1925: 355:. It is used for counting recitations ( 6117:List of Buddhist architecture in China 2410: 1991: 1573:Sutra of Mañjuśrï’s Fundamental Ritual 144: 18: 2777:. Buddha Dharma Education Association 2660:Prayer beads in Japanese Sōtō Zen in 2594:"Seeds used for Bodhi beads in China" 2287: 2024: 1202: 1072:, Buddhist prayer beads are known as 7: 2165: 2163: 1932: 1544:The main use of a mala is to repeat 1238:Chinese Buddhist 18-bead wooden mala 601:explains that by wearing this mala, 2362: 2171:"Importance of Wearing Tulasi Mala" 1624:counting beads on a pearl and ruby 712:Common materials are wood from the 5904:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 2142:Shantha N. Nair (1 January 2008). 970:(who are highly revered in Tibet). 837:"Moon and Stars" beads, made from 787:A very popular type of mala among 14: 2771:"Buddhist studies: Malas (beads)" 2761:Wiley, E.; Shannon, M.O. (2002). 2482:The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary 560:garland, and in the late tantric 6585: 6575: 6574: 6132:Thai temple art and architecture 5877:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 4117:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 3983: 3970: 3960: 2796:. Japa Mala Beads. 15 April 2010 2524:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 2504:Indian Journal of Plant Sciences 2146:. Pustak Mahal. pp. 224–6. 1834: 1820: 1487:different charm on each, with a 546:japamalas are discussed in some 3984: 2688:Plants of life, plants of death 2555:Henry, G.; Marriott, S (2008). 2144:Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom 823:"Phoenix eye" beads, made from 754:, and its use is taught in the 636:(774–835), founder of Japanese 597:wood (tulasi kanthi mala). The 202: 181: 167: 6122:Japanese Buddhist architecture 5924:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 5004:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 4195:Places where the Buddha stayed 2686:Simoons, Frederick J. (1998). 2646:. California: . Archived from 2090:Seetha, Kamal Narayan (2008). 1723:holding a mala with both hands 1164:, which are used for counting 901:. Semiprecious stones such as 845:"Bodhi root" beads, made from 764:plant are used and revered by 700:Various Indian rudraksha malas 254: 143: 129: 115: 101: 61: 1: 6613:Objects used in Hindu worship 6137:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 2640:Myanmar Buddhist Prayer Beads 2430:Rinpoche & Khandro (1996) 2324:Bhattarai & Pathak (2015) 2309:Rinpoche & Khandro (1996) 2261:Rinpoche & Khandro (1996) 2194:Kunwar, Amit (18 June 2023). 1633: 1495:reset to their low position. 375:(spiritual practice) such as 5894:Buddhism and the Roman world 5870:Decline of Buddhism in India 5865:History of Buddhism in India 3965: Topics in 2790:"How to Use a Mala (5 Ways)" 2735:Traditional Jewelry of India 2708:Botanical Beads of the World 708:A polished Chinese seed mala 5092:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 4832: 2249:Lhadrepa & Davis (2017) 1739:A Hindu sage holding a mala 1219:chanted during meditation. 746:) are considered sacred by 323: 304: 6654: 6633:Buddhist ritual implements 6042:The unanswerable questions 2375:Buswell & Lopez (2013) 2348:Watts & Tomatsu (2005) 1413:Counting markers and cords 1224:Southern Esoteric Buddhism 497:volume 17, number 786), a 6570: 6127:Buddhist temples in Korea 4690:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 4593:Three planes of existence 4200:Buddha in world religions 3979: 2681:. Snow Lion Publications. 2587:. Shambhala Publications. 2564:Kieschnick, John (2003). 1198: 1158: 1092: 1079: 856:Elaeocarpus angustifolius 757:Rudrakshajabala Upanishad 493:Seed Scripture/Classic", 485: 479: 466:image created during the 453:is shown depicted with a 318: 291: 284: 238: 225: 78: 30: 26: 16:Indian prayer bead string 5909:Persecution of Buddhists 5130:Four stages of awakening 4511:Three marks of existence 4097:Physical characteristics 2765:. Red Wheel/Weiser, LLC. 2662:Zen and Material Culture 2658:Mross, Michaela (2017), 2559:. Fons Vitae Publishing. 1192:use prayer beads called 1011:, a plant in the family 976:, bone, iron, steel and 550:sources, such as in the 5272:Ten principal disciples 4155:(aunt, adoptive mother) 3862:Fruits and other plants 2705:Smith, Ruth J. (2005). 2611:10.1186/1746-4269-10-15 1482:Beads on separate cords 1098:, where the "o" is the 968:Padma family of buddhas 768:, followers of Vishnu. 568:Rudrakṣajābāla upaniṣad 563:Rudrakṣajābāla upaniṣad 258:("mindfulness beads"), 5982:Buddhism and democracy 5495:Tibetan Buddhist canon 5490:Chinese Buddhist canon 4722:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 4717:Early Buddhist schools 2118:The Power Of Rudraksha 1740: 1732: 1724: 1712: 1639: 1541: 1422: 1290: 1266: 1251: 1239: 1065: 1054: 1043: 909:may be used, as well. 872: 871:Women praying in Nepal 784: 709: 701: 693: 641: 626: 458: 5992:Eight Consciousnesses 4102:Life of Buddha in art 1738: 1730: 1718: 1703: 1652:Suspended from a belt 1619: 1529: 1420: 1272: 1257: 1245: 1237: 1060: 1049: 1041: 881:tree), wood (such as 870: 848:Corypha umbraculifera 779: 707: 699: 675: 632: 623:Empress Xiaozhuangwen 620: 553:Devi-Bhagavata Purana 448: 6469:East Asian religions 5899:Buddhism in the West 5470:Early Buddhist texts 5085:Four Right Exertions 4551:Ten spiritual realms 4044:Noble Eightfold Path 2679:Generating the Deity 2598:J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2520:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. 1612:Carrying and storing 1471:), and Miroku (Skt. 919:Calamus jenkinsianus 840:Calamus jenkinsianus 743:Elaeocarpus ganitrus 732:Beads made from the 6592:Religion portal 6339:Temple of the Tooth 6218:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 5257:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 4750:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 4533:Two truths doctrine 4353:Mahapajapati Gotamī 4153:Mahapajapati Gotamī 2843:Worship in Hinduism 2665:, Oxford Academic, 2637:Paw, Maung (2004). 2480:Apte, V.S. (1965), 2226:, pp. 118–138. 2080:, pp. 118–138. 1608:after their death. 1455:guru bead) to 111. 1450:Inline marker beads 1250:flanked by mantras. 1186:Theravada Buddhists 991:conservation status 826:Ziziphus abyssinica 6514:Western philosophy 6112:Dzong architecture 5934:Vipassana movement 5929:Buddhist modernism 5357:Emperor Wen of Sui 5125:Pratyekabuddhayāna 5058:Threefold Training 4860:Vipassana movement 4576:Hungry Ghost realm 4396:Avidyā (Ignorance) 4343:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 4092:Great Renunciation 4087:Eight Great Events 3969: 3262:Om Namo Narayanaya 2746:. Jodo Shu Press. 2516:Buswell, Robert Jr 2092:Power of Rudraksha 1741: 1733: 1725: 1713: 1640: 1550:Pure Land Buddhist 1542: 1423: 1291: 1275:Ziziphus budhensis 1267: 1262:wood mala used in 1252: 1240: 1204:[seɪʔbədí] 1181:Theravada Buddhism 1066: 1055: 1044: 1008:Ziziphus budhensis 916:seeds (especially 873: 785: 710: 702: 694: 642: 627: 459: 441:Early attestations 262:("counting beads") 6600: 6599: 6238:Om mani padme hum 5944:Women in Buddhism 5860:Buddhist councils 5730:Western countries 5518:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 5279:Shaolin Monastery 4856:Samatha-vipassanā 4466:Pratītyasamutpāda 4270:Metteyya/Maitreya 4188: 4180: 4172: 4164: 4156: 4148: 4140: 4017:Four Noble Truths 3927: 3926: 3897: 3896: 3888:Tulasi Vrindavana 3139: 3138: 3101:Panchayatana puja 2794:japamalabeads.com 2775:www.buddhanet.net 2697:978-0-299-15904-7 2432:, p. 99-102. 2311:, p. 99-100. 2153:978-81-223-1020-7 2128:978-81-7992-844-8 2101:978-81-7992-844-8 2078:Kieschnick (2003) 1704:Hindu holy man - 1622:Sawai Madho Singh 1177:named Awanosuke. 1108:For example, the 1083:, counting beads) 1070:Buddhism in Japan 1034:Japanese Buddhism 795:seeds", which do 772:Mahayana Buddhism 692:Hindu iconography 513:tree (likely the 499:Mahayana Buddhist 335:commonly used in 295: 294: 268: 267: 209: 208: 162:Yale Romanization 89:Standard Mandarin 6645: 6628:Buddhist symbols 6590: 6589: 6578: 6577: 6417:Sacred languages 6265:Maya Devi Temple 6228:Mahabodhi Temple 6032:Secular Buddhism 5997:Engaged Buddhism 4837: 4685:Tibetan Buddhism 4636:Vietnamese Thiền 4235:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 4186: 4178: 4170: 4162: 4154: 4146: 4138: 3987: 3986: 3974: 3964: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3931: 3808: 3696:Pilgrimage sites 3257:Om Namah Shivaya 3106:Prana Pratishtha 3086:Kumbhabhishekham 2935: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2766: 2757: 2738: 2729: 2712: 2701: 2682: 2673: 2654: 2653:on 4 March 2016. 2652: 2645: 2633: 2623: 2613: 2588: 2579: 2560: 2551: 2542: 2537: 2511: 2494: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2452: 2446: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2414: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2336:Chaudhary (2015) 2333: 2327: 2321: 2312: 2306: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2227: 2224:Li et al. (2014) 2221: 2212: 2211:, pp. 7–40. 2206: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2181: 2167: 2158: 2157: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2028: 2022: 1995: 1989: 1936: 1930: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1762:Chinese Buddhism 1661:Chinese Buddhism 1638: 1635: 1388:Additional beads 1207:), shortened to 1206: 1201: 1200: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1097: 1096:, thought beads) 1095: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1025:Bagmati Province 863:Tibetan Buddhism 529:(金剛頂瑜伽念珠経, Ch.: 495:Taishō Tripiṭaka 488: 487: 482: 481: 337:Indian religions 331:') is a loop of 326: 320: 307: 287: 286: 264: 263: 240: 234: 233: 205: 204: 184: 183: 170: 169: 149: 148: 147: 132: 131: 118: 117: 104: 103: 80: 66: 65: 35: 19: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6584: 6566: 6518: 6433: 6348: 6085:Ordination hall 6046: 5948: 5919:Buddhist crisis 5831: 5528: 5480:Mahayana sutras 5456: 5452:Thích Nhất Hạnh 5283: 5156: 5096: 5046:Bodhisattva vow 4731: 4597: 4537: 4496:Taṇhā (Craving) 4431:Five hindrances 4382: 4274: 4204: 4058: 4003: 3975: 3958: 3928: 3923: 3893: 3857: 3799: 3773: 3700: 3654: 3584: 3533: 3432: 3266: 3228: 3204:Sandhyavandanam 3157: 3135: 3111:Sandhyavandanam 3054: 2986: 2926: 2845: 2840: 2809: 2807: 2799: 2797: 2788: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2754: 2741: 2732: 2715: 2704: 2698: 2685: 2676: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2636: 2591: 2582: 2576: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2540: 2534: 2522:, eds. (2013). 2514: 2497: 2492: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2417: 2409: 2402: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2230: 2222: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2177: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2154: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2031: 2023: 1998: 1990: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1842:Religion portal 1840: 1833: 1828:Hinduism portal 1826: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1794: 1792:Aesthetic usage 1698: 1636: 1614: 1530:Sculpture of a 1524: 1522:Religious usage 1484: 1452: 1415: 1390: 1232: 1230:Number of beads 1183: 1155: 1089: 1076: 1036: 1015:endemic to the 999: 887:precious stones 865: 832:Ziziphus jujuba 805:ficus religiosa 799:come from the " 774: 730: 670: 615: 443: 422: 417: 110:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 74:"Buddha pearls" 71:Literal meaning 45: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6651: 6649: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6605: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6582: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6358: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6149:Greco-Buddhist 6141: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6100:Burmese pagoda 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6056: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5882:Greco-Buddhism 5879: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5841: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5815:United Kingdom 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5760:Czech Republic 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5639: 5634: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5524:Abhidharmadīpa 5521: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5442:B. R. Ambedkar 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5362:Songtsen Gampo 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5106: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5041:Eight precepts 5038: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4920: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4829: 4819: 4814: 4812:Five Strengths 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4607: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4553: 4547: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4451:Mental factors 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4303:Mahamoggallāna 4300: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4218:Avalokiteśvara 4214: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4182: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4150: 4142: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3781: 3779: 3778:Sacred animals 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3671:Dhvajastambham 3668: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3628:Pillaiyar Suḻi 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3594: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3242:Gayatri Mantra 3238: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2806: 2805: 2786: 2767: 2758: 2752: 2739: 2730: 2713: 2702: 2696: 2683: 2674: 2655: 2634: 2589: 2580: 2574: 2561: 2552: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2512: 2495: 2490: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2458:. Art of Tibet 2447: 2434: 2415: 2400: 2379: 2377:, p. 520. 2367: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2313: 2292: 2280: 2276:BDEA (c. 2008) 2265: 2253: 2228: 2213: 2209:Simoons (1998) 2201: 2186: 2175:www.radha.name 2159: 2152: 2134: 2127: 2107: 2100: 2082: 2029: 1996: 1937: 1935:, p. 758. 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1875: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1831: 1815: 1812: 1805:Sumptuary laws 1793: 1790: 1697: 1694: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1613: 1610: 1523: 1520: 1483: 1480: 1467:, Monju (Skt. 1451: 1448: 1414: 1411: 1389: 1386: 1370:Avalokitesvara 1231: 1228: 1182: 1179: 1141:Meanwhile, in 1035: 1032: 1021:Kavrepalanchok 998: 995: 983: 982: 971: 961: 954: 936: 864: 861: 860: 859: 851: 843: 835: 773: 770: 750:, devotees of 729: 726: 669: 666: 614: 611: 475:Mu Huanzi Jing 449:The Hindu god 442: 439: 421: 418: 416: 413: 379:before a holy 293: 292: 289: 288: 281: 275: 274: 270: 269: 266: 265: 251: 245: 244: 243:Transcriptions 236: 235: 222: 216: 215: 211: 210: 207: 206: 199: 193: 192: 186: 185: 178: 172: 171: 164: 158: 157: 155:Yue: Cantonese 151: 150: 140: 134: 133: 126: 120: 119: 112: 106: 105: 98: 92: 91: 85: 84: 83:Transcriptions 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 58: 52: 51: 47: 46: 36: 28: 27: 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6650: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6581: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6354:Miscellaneous 6351: 6345: 6344:Vegetarianism 6342: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6166:Buddha in art 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5820:United States 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5377:Padmasambhava 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5289:Major figures 5286: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5235:Western tulku 5233: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5036:Five precepts 5034: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5014:Dhamma vicaya 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782:Buddhābhiṣeka 4780: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4426:Enlightenment 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4416:Dhamma theory 4414: 4412: 4411:Buddha-nature 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4250:Samantabhadra 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3943: 3941: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3853:Sacred groves 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3804:Sacred plants 3802: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3174:Brahmamuhurta 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3045:Putrakameshti 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2978: 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3838:Kalpavriksha 3766: 3647: 3428:Yajnopavitam 3403:Prayer beads 3402: 3247:Hare Krishna 3184:Jai Shri Ram 3040:Purushamedha 2957:Panchamakara 2808: 2798:. Retrieved 2793: 2779:. Retrieved 2774: 2762: 2743: 2734: 2717: 2707: 2687: 2678: 2663: 2659: 2648:the original 2639: 2601: 2597: 2584: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2523: 2507: 2503: 2481: 2473:Bibliography 2460:. Retrieved 2456:"Mala Beads" 2450: 2442: 2437: 2392:. Retrieved 2390:. 2021-03-17 2382: 2370: 2343: 2331: 2288:Smith (2005) 2283: 2256: 2204: 2189: 2178:. Retrieved 2174: 2143: 2137: 2117: 2110: 2091: 2085: 2025:Mross (2017) 1928: 1887:Phuang malai 1851:Prayer beads 1809: 1801:Ming Dynasty 1798: 1795: 1787: 1775: 1771: 1758: 1746: 1742: 1691: 1688: 1677: 1665: 1658: 1655: 1641: 1625: 1620:Portrait of 1603: 1599: 1595: 1588: 1577: 1572: 1557: 1543: 1538: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1485: 1476: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1439: 1435: 1424: 1391: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1333: 1329:prostrations 1322: 1307: 1305:traditions. 1292: 1221: 1208: 1193: 1184: 1152: 1147: 1143:Jōdo Shinshū 1140: 1136:Japanese Zen 1133: 1123: 1119: 1107: 1101: 1086: 1073: 1067: 1029: 1017:Temal region 1006: 1000: 984: 930: 923: 917: 911: 899:lapis lazuli 885:), bone and 876: 874: 854: 846: 838: 830: 824: 796: 786: 755: 741: 731: 718: 711: 685: 682:Murudeshwara 662:Qing Dynasty 658:Ming Dynasty 655: 643: 607:Padma Purana 606: 598: 590:Padma Purana 588: 582: 576: 567: 561: 557: 551: 542: 530: 526: 524: 519:three jewels 507: 489:, "Aristaka/ 474: 472: 468:Northern Wei 460: 457:in his hand. 454: 423: 409:Christianity 393: 385: 377:prostrations 370: 356: 333:prayer beads 310: 309:, or simply 302: 298: 296: 249:Romanization 190:Southern Min 96:Hanyu Pinyin 50:Chinese name 6377:Dharma talk 6206:Asalha Puja 6002:Eschatology 5805:Switzerland 5785:New Zealand 5713:Middle East 5622:Philippines 5542:Afghanistan 5347:Bodhidharma 5332:Buddhaghosa 5252:Householder 5162:Monasticism 5115:Bodhisattva 4970:Prostration 4923:Mindfulness 4851:Anapanasati 4834:Kammaṭṭhāna 4631:Korean Seon 4571:Asura realm 4566:Human realm 4506:Ten Fetters 4461:Parinirvana 4363:Uppalavanna 4328:Mahākaccana 4313:Mahākassapa 4245:Kṣitigarbha 4240:Ākāśagarbha 4137:Suddhodāna 4082:Four sights 4009:Foundations 3909:Firewalking 3874:Kusha grass 3818:Akshayavata 3681:Temple tank 3590:Iconography 3538:Instruments 3494:Panchagavya 3388:Panchamrita 3293:Banana leaf 3050:Viraja Homa 2982:Pushpanjali 2962:Panchamrita 2850:Main topics 2350:, p. . 2196:"Japa Mala" 1933:Apte (1965) 1892:Worry beads 1873:Prayer rope 1682:members of 1637: 1750 1431:Vajrasattva 1285:in Central 1264:Vaishnavism 1064:style nenju 1053:style nenju 734:fruitstones 625:with a mala 538:Amoghavajra 503:Eastern Jin 464:bodhisattva 427:Han dynasty 327:, meaning ' 285:mālā (माला) 6623:Meditation 6607:Categories 6494:Psychology 6474:Gnosticism 6462:Comparison 6457:Influences 6439:Comparison 6322:Bhavacakra 6280:Kushinagar 6255:Pilgrimage 6201:Māgha Pūjā 6156:Bodhi Tree 5972:Buddhology 5962:Abhidharma 5954:Philosophy 5887:Menander I 5755:Costa Rica 5706:Uzbekistan 5547:Bangladesh 5501:Dhammapada 5485:Pali Canon 5447:Ajahn Chah 5427:Dalai Lama 5327:Kumārajīva 5322:Vasubandhu 5297:The Buddha 5205:Zen master 5140:Sakadagami 5120:Buddhahood 5051:Pratimokṣa 4866:Shikantaza 4822:Meditation 4797:Deity yoga 4668:Madhyamaka 4561:Deva realm 4456:Mindstream 4406:Bodhicitta 4318:Aṅgulimāla 4185:Devadatta 4161:Yaśodharā 4064:The Buddha 4054:Middle Way 3618:Panchaloha 3598:Ashtadhatu 3343:Agarabattī 3278:Puja thali 3164:Ajapa japa 3153:Meditation 3091:Nityakarma 3081:Karmakāṇḍa 3076:Ashvamedha 3030:Kamyakarma 3015:Agnikaryam 3005:Agnicayana 2800:2019-11-16 2781:2009-02-05 2753:488363342X 2575:0691096767 2462:2022-05-22 2394:2022-11-21 2363:Paw (2004) 2180:2023-11-20 1921:References 1767:mantrayana 1680:Vaishanava 1569:apotropaic 1561:talismanic 1502:counter. ( 1437:counters. 1395:Triple Gem 1362:The Buddha 1283:Namobuddha 1153:nikka juzu 1100:honorific 1013:Rhamnaceae 951:deity yoga 883:sandalwood 801:bodhi tree 766:Vaishnavas 714:sandalwood 676:Statue of 649:patriarch 577:Regarding 535:vajracarya 491:Soap-Berry 305:jaap maala 124:Wade–Giles 6638:Necklaces 6562:Festivals 6542:Buddhists 6504:Theosophy 6307:Symbolism 6297:Hama yumi 6270:Bodh Gaya 6037:Socialism 6012:Evolution 5987:Economics 5825:Venezuela 5740:Australia 5735:Argentina 5659:Sri Lanka 5654:Singapore 5572:Indonesia 5534:Countries 5475:Tripiṭaka 5437:Ajahn Mun 5312:Nagarjuna 5307:Aśvaghoṣa 5190:Anagārika 5185:Śrāmaṇerī 5180:Śrāmaṇera 5175:Bhikkhunī 5135:Sotāpanna 5024:Passaddhi 4965:Offerings 4940:Nekkhamma 4817:Iddhipada 4737:Practices 4707:Theravada 4680:Vajrayana 4673:Yogachara 4643:Pure Land 4556:Six Paths 4543:Cosmology 4323:Anuruddha 4298:Sāriputta 4288:Kaundinya 4280:Disciples 4255:Vajrapāṇi 4107:Footprint 4072:Tathāgata 3633:Shaligram 3570:Mridangam 3555:Karatalas 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3126:Tarpana 3116:Shuddhi 2977:Prasada 2972:Pranāma 2931:Rituals 2884: ( 2872:Deities 2867:Darshan 2621:3914368 1861:Misbaha 1673:samayas 1586:water. 1584:saffron 1580:dharani 1565:magical 1546:mantras 1537:hold a 1314:dharmas 1310:kleshas 1281:and at 1217:mantras 1213:samatha 1190:Myanmar 1129:tassels 1110:Shingon 981:colour. 939:crystal 925:Nelumbo 803:" i.e. 736:of the 656:By the 651:Daochuo 638:Shingon 435:Nikayas 415:History 397:misbaha 372:sadhana 367:prayers 363:mantras 353:Sikhism 349:Jainism 329:garland 182:Fat-zyu 56:Chinese 6552:Sutras 6547:Suttas 6412:Siddhi 6397:Koliya 6372:Brahmā 6287:Poetry 6233:Mantra 6223:Kasaya 6095:Pagoda 6075:Kyaung 6070:Vihāra 6065:Temple 6007:Ethics 5850:Ashoka 5800:Sweden 5795:Poland 5790:Norway 5780:Mexico 5765:France 5750:Canada 5745:Brazil 5684:Africa 5664:Taiwan 5627:Russia 5552:Bhutan 5512:Vinaya 5392:Naropa 5382:Saraha 5317:Asanga 5073:Prajñā 4982:Refuge 4945:Nianfo 4906:Tertön 4901:Tantra 4886:Ganana 4876:Tukdam 4802:Dhyāna 4770:Mudita 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