239:
370:
1568:
914:
38:
1518:. This speed chime was first mandated on November 21, 1974, according to Article 1 of the "Ministerial Ordinance for Partial Revision of Safety Standards for Road Transport Vehicles". Under pressure from the United States and other foreign producers, this requirement was removed in 1986 with "Ministerial Ordinance for Partial Revision of Safety Standards for Road Transport Vehicles" (Ministry of Transport Ordinance No. 3 of 1986) as being a
176:, and "BLMVZ" which designates a set of features incorporated in the vehicle. The Emissions Code refers to the vehicle's designated emission standard at the time, usually being placed before the vehicle's model number, and with the five most commonly used designations being E, GF, GH, ABA, and CBA. These codes are only seen on JDM models and are not present on exported models of the same type. Examples would include E-EK9 or GF-EK9 from the
1843:. It is also to be noted that, even with such modifications, it is impossible to recreate the running performance of the original car, as there are many engineering aspects which cannot be replicated by means of "conversion" alone. A good example would be body strengthening methods using spot welding and extra reinforcement on strut mounting points, stress areas in joints, etc. as found in the
2650:
2640:
1503:
1752:
1576:
1560:
1387:
this law is punished by imprisonment for a period from two years, four months, and one day, up to four years and two months, plus a fine of 50,000 pesos (approx. $ 1,000). And most of the used buses from Japan in Manila, Philippines are mostly operating within the city and intercity travel which are at least 10 years of age after being phased out in Japan.
1416:. These trucks are also proven much reliable and durable since domestic trucks in Japan has no exception for the 10 to 15 year phased out due to the compliance of Japan's existing traffic & environmental regulations and also to avoid any taxes once any domestic truck unit surpassed the age limit to be phasing out.
1386:
which is in compliance with the
Philippine traffic law called Republic Act No. 8506 entitled "An act banning the registration and operation of vehicles with right-hand steering wheel in any private or public street, road or highway, providing penalties therefor and for other purposes." A violation of
256:
are also very common in New
Zealand where 59% of vehicles registered on New Zealand roads originated from overseas markets as opposed to 41% of which were delivered NZ-New. Of this, 94% originate from Japan. New Zealand imported an average of 134,834 JDM vehicles per year in the period 2015–2019, the
1378:
Like in the
Philippines, direct importers near ports in Subic, Zambales & Cagayan Valley have started their auction business to import quality vehicles preferably from Japan. And then so, most of the clients who are mostly operating bus companies based in Manila, Philippines began their interest
1345:
Outside of Japan, there are various shops which they sell various kinds of used items from Japan. Philippines is one of the known countries outside Japan to set up a retail outlet called, "Japan
Surplus Shop" which is found in most towns of the country. They used to sell used appliances, furnitures,
167:
as is common overseas. Instead, they use either a frame number, chassis number, or vehicle ID number and also a model code as well as an emissions code to identify their vehicles. The frame number identifies the vehicles model and serial number. For example, frame number SV30-0169266 breaks down as
1447:
which is about thrice as expensive as an ordinary used
Japanese domestic truck units. Auctioneers in the Philippines also started importing trucks in the 1990s and it had been a staple for every small to medium business enterprise owner particularly in the logistics industry to support and to grow
365:
to acquire used trains from Japan rather than procuring brand-new rolling stocks, there are some cases that the management from each respective railway companies in Japan such as Japan
Railways are decided to donate them to the oversea country, instead of scrapping them ahead in no time, which is
216:
Combining these factors with a virtually non-existent second-hand market made it economic to export the nearly new bikes abroad where they were eagerly bought and a number of import specialists sprung up to cater for this "grey import" market of relatively inexpensive but interesting motorcycles.
1733:
Enacted in 1967, this obligatory speed indicator light has proved a non-tariff barrier for
European and American manufacturers. Imported heavy-duty trucks had to be modified to meet this certification requirement. Additionally, most people on Japanese roads never knew how to interpret the speed
79:
Japanese domestic market vehicles may differ greatly from the cars that
Japanese manufacturers build for export and vehicles derived from the same platforms built in other countries. The Japanese car owner looks more toward innovation than long-term ownership which forces Japanese carmakers to
366:
really needed for a major upgrade and sign their agreement that the recipient of the oversea country will pay for its freight expenses and the rest will be free. Here are different categories of used rolling stocks listed which were mostly shipped and operated overseas in different countries.
209:
In the '90s the JDM power restrictions along with license restrictions that made it difficult to be licensed on larger motorcycles resulted in a number of models that were not offered anywhere else in the world, with 250cc and 400cc miniature replicas of the bigger 750cc & 900cc bikes.
1379:
to grow their transport business thru buying Japan surplus buses from all cities in Japan which are definitely cheaper than buying brand-new ones which are mostly imported from other countries and some are locally assembled coach bodies but still at an expensive price.
1346:
gadgets, accessories, and even bicycles designed for women, are still much more preferred by local buyers because of being more affordable than buying those newly locally made home furnitures, or even new gadgets which is becoming more dominating mostly coming from
336:
Ex-Japan import rolling stocks in all kinds is no exception on this list, although it can be considered as JDM but in special case since this was also intended for
Japanese market which were mostly acquired by leading private railway companies across Japan such as
309:). Due to the popularity of used imports from Japan, and their relatively poor crash-test ratings, the New Zealand Ministry of Transport is currently investigating tougher restrictions on imported vehicles, most notably on the importation of the Toyota Corolla,
220:
In the later '90s as Japan's economy fell into recession it became less profitable to export and
Japanese owners held on to their bikes for longer. The last global crash all but ended the "grey import" industry with the big specialist importers closing down.
1594:
The speed indicator light is only mandated for large trucks and is not necessary for small and medium-sized trucks and large buses, but installation on these vehicles are not prohibited. Speed indicator is installed in front of the cab, or up in the roof.
1210:
Remodeled from KiHa 28 & KiHa 58s by JR East in 1989 which were originally introduced in the 1960s to be converted as chartered trains. Also made the first Chartered Diesel Trainset to be shipped overseas other than chartered passenger coaches.
1395:
As early also in the 1990s, there is no exception that there will be a Japanese domestic market trucks to be called as "Japan Surplus Trucks" for auction & export to any of the developing cities in Asia and even including
1603:
The speed indicator device shall be of a structure that automatically turns on the following number of lights (thereinafter referred to as "speed indicator lights") when traveling at the speeds listed in the table below.
1591:) was mandated to have speed indicator installed from August 1967, according to Article 48 of the Ministerial Ordinance "Safety Standards for Road Vehicles" based on the provisions of Chapter 3 of the Road Vehicle Law.
88:. However, the 2003 Honda Accord V6, which was the same basic vehicle, primarily intended for the North American market, did not feature VCM, which had a poor reputation after Cadillac's attempt in the 1980s with the
1598:
Article 48 of the Ministerial Ordinance "Safety Standards for Road Vehicles" based on the provisions of Chapter 3 of the Road Vehicle Law for speed indicator light is as following (modified and also translated):
65:
and grey markets. JDM is also used as a term colloquially to refer to cars produced in Japan but sold in other countries. JDM does not necessarily refer to the market that the vehicle is destined for.
1478:
which is being used for daily commercial use or can be for private use who often they don't have enough budget than buying a brand-new AUVs offered in the Philippine market during those times such as
213:
At the same time, Japan had particularly tough laws regarding road licensing and sales regulations. Any motorcycle more powerful than 250cc had to take an extensively stringent test every two years.
172:
and "0169266" being the serial number of the vehicle. The model code designates the vehicle's model number and features. As an example, ST205-BLMVZ breaks down as "ST205", which means it is a
1630:
The speed display device shall be equipped with a light or other device that enables the driver to confirm its operating state from the driver's seat (usually they are located on speedometer).
1470:
since the 1980s. Popular truck engines being supplied are Isuzu & Mitsubishi Fuso Canter, sometimes, depending from the local clients, they often requested to supply diesel engines from
2556:
2536:
2334:
1618:
The speed indicator lamp shall not be equipped with a manual switch or the like that can easily turn off the speed indicator lamp, except for the power switch of the vehicle.
1463:
since they are lighter, more economical, more environmentally friendly than the conventional Philippine jeepneys which are mostly powered by used diesel engines from Japan.
1537:
Several manufacturers continued to offer speed chimes as an option until the early 2000s. The last vehicle to come with the speed chime as standard factory fitment was the
73:
238:
2086:
1466:
Truck engines from Japan also became a boom hit among small workshops and mostly being supplied by local manufacturers in the Philippines which they made Philippine
2684:
1859:. Hence, replicas or conversions would be similar from a visual standpoint only, as they lack the same level of structural rigidity as the original counterpart.
76:, a car in Japan travels a yearly average of over only 9,300 kilometres (5,800 mi), less than half the U.S. average of 19,200 kilometres (11,900 mi).
1944:
2700:
2778:
2306:
1808:
Some car enthusiasts like to build replicas of JDM vehicles from locally available cars. For example, enthusiasts in the USA will often take a US-market
100:
2773:
1405:
2597:
2541:
1922:
369:
2804:
99:(276 hp; 206 kW) and a top speed of 180 km/h (112 mph), limits imposed by the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (
2860:
2364:
2679:
2643:
2390:
557:
1419:
Japanese domestic market trucks, or 'surplus trucks' after being phased-out in Japan, are extremely popular in the Philippines such as
2674:
2339:
1443:
since they are popularly cheaper than buying a brand-new Japanese trucks which are locally distributed and even brand-new trucks from
1448:
their respective businesses as well aside from being cheap than buying new ones, but also really proven that they are built to last.
2819:
2531:
1795:
1762:
2135:
611:
No specific info since there are other variations such as 300, 400 & 900 series which belong to the 500 series classification
62:
1812:, convert it from left-hand-drive to right-hand-drive and source the required parts such as the engine and gearbox from the JDM
2824:
2669:
2653:
1522:. An additional problem was that the repetitive sound could induce sleep in drowsy drivers. Some models used electromechanical
253:
188:. Another useful example to help differentiate between pure JDM models and export examples is the code JHMEEG6 on the European
1567:
552:
Over 100 sets in total were shipped to Indonesia from 2013 to 2020, making it the most number of units ever shipped overseas.
2717:
2299:
2172:
1852:
1809:
193:
189:
1363:
In the early 1990s, Ex-Japanese buses had been rising popular and been common in the developing cities across Asia such as
2727:
2521:
2426:
1840:
1506:
Nissan Skyline R32 series early model, the speed chime is on the back of the instrument panel (metal part near the center)
886:
475:
The last batch of Japanese EMU rolling stock to be donated from Japan in 2010-2011 aside from donation to the Philippines
164:
2747:
2705:
1868:
1519:
1383:
1001:
491:
85:
2865:
2834:
2799:
2742:
2577:
2546:
2493:
2354:
2014:
1734:
indicator lights. Therefore, this requirement was abolished in 2001. Instead, truck manufacturers now have to install
1548:
1436:
773:
2 units of Preserved railcars for educational training purposes for Railway Engineering programs currently offered by
759:
196:
trims. Correct identification of the chassis code using these markers would help prove the authenticity of the model.
1777:
1514:) which rings when a driver exceeds 105 km/h (65 mph) for standard cars and 85 km/h (53 mph) for
1951:
103:) for safety. The horsepower limit was lifted in 2004 but the speed limit of 180 km/h (112 mph) remains.
2395:
2269:
2062:
1773:
2783:
2722:
2582:
2526:
2516:
2498:
2451:
2349:
2329:
2292:
1312:
324:
into the United States is much more difficult. To avoid regulatory problems, most private individuals wait until
2153:
2809:
2441:
2231:
573:
1888:
715:
680:
648:
1627:
The display of the speed indicator lamp must be free of significant error when driving on flat paved roads.
1511:
2814:
2732:
2488:
882:
871:
793:
662:
69:
235:
Cars manufactured for the Japanese domestic market have been growing in popularity since the late 1990s.
111:
For many years Japan had severe restrictions on the maximum power and speed that motorcycles could have.
2592:
2587:
2400:
782:
748:
173:
1914:
1175:
They are also used KiHa 58s which were shipped overseas to Russia & China by the early 1990s-2000s
2633:
2483:
2344:
1820:- in order to make an 'exact' copy. Other forms of "JDM Conversions" include converting a USDM model
353:
and so forth which was in demand for modernizing railway system in most developing countries such as
913:
2572:
2551:
321:
317:
247:
181:
68:
The average age of JDM cars is 8.7 years, ranking 9th in a survey of 30 of the top 50 countries by
2001:
316:
In 2004, importing JDM cars became popular in Canada as highly sought after vehicles, such as the
114:
All motorcycles for the Japanese domestic market were restricted to 180 km/h (112 mph).
2752:
2225:
1839:
However, cars such as this would not be authentic JDM cars as they would possess a United States
1813:
89:
2602:
1621:
The number of speed indicator lights that are on must be visible from a distance of 100m ahead.
328:
restrictions no longer apply to the desired vehicle, which is done on a rolling 25-year cycle.
2508:
2405:
1856:
1829:
1483:
1432:
846:
841:
816:
811:
346:
243:
96:
2757:
2446:
2315:
1976:
1844:
1833:
1061:
774:
616:
568:
95:
In 1988, JDM cars were limited by voluntary self-restraints among manufacturers to 280
37:
1832:
and swap out the necessary parts, right down to the cutting of the floor pan, and create a
1510:
For a couple of decades, JDM specification model of vehicles often included a speed chime (
373:
8-car 205 series set 44 (formerly JR East Musashino Line set M3, also formerly operated in
2737:
2628:
1526:-type systems, while other models used a buzzer. Due to that, nickname for speed chime is
1459:" which are often reconditioned & converted to any public transportation vehicle like
1246:
1216:
726:
597:
540:(before remodeling into 205–5000 series to be transferred to Musashino Line by 2002–2008)
277:(Demio). Other models popular for importation in previous years include exotic vehicles (
2478:
1821:
1588:
1180:
730:
531:
428:
338:
282:
270:
185:
80:
refine new technologies and designs first in domestic vehicles. For instance, the 2003
42:
2854:
2421:
1735:
1487:
1479:
1424:
1413:
536:
523:
374:
302:
286:
81:
61:'s home market for vehicles and vehicle parts. Japanese owners contend with a strict
17:
2607:
2436:
2359:
2216:"大型車の速度表示灯廃止へ" [Elimination of speed indicator lights for large vehicles].
1817:
1531:
1523:
1195:
1191:
979:
Myanmar Railway's latest used rolling stock from Japan based on manufacturing year
700:
691:
464:
298:
278:
266:
262:
230:
169:
92:
engine. VCM was successfully introduced to the Accord V6 in its redesign for 2008.
31:
2111:"JDMVIP - The Web's Unbiased Authority On The Japanese Used JDM Cars Import Scene"
1455:, they are also extremely popular in the Philippines once again to be called as "
1440:
1409:
1221:
1028:
654:
621:
519:
350:
342:
320:, became eligible to import under Canada's 15-year rule. In contrast, importing
1502:
1451:
Another category for Japanese trucks are the smallest ones, or to be called as
643:
It was their first Japanese EMU rolling stock to be donated from Japan in 2000
2473:
2431:
1538:
1428:
959:
695:
527:
507:
459:
447:
417:
2087:"Government considering banning three of NZ's five favourite used car models"
2839:
2829:
2612:
1575:
1559:
1544:
1452:
1420:
996:
629:
354:
306:
154:
over 750cc: allowed, but restricted to 100 hp (101 PS; 75 kW)
2038:
1563:
The three green lights on cabin of Fuso The Great is speed indicator light
1400:. Most of the Japanese domestic market trucks that have been exported are
1012:
Served as push-pull passenger cars hauled by a diesel-electric locomotive
502:
Served as push-pull passenger cars hauled by a diesel-electric locomotive
2374:
2369:
2245:
1580:
1467:
1456:
1273:
358:
290:
1828:
model. In Southeast Asia, it is common practice to convert a base model
2465:
1825:
1515:
1475:
1460:
1368:
1076:
1047:
1017:
984:
954:
918:
362:
310:
294:
274:
258:
1587:
JDM specification model of trucks (over 5 ton loading capacity, 8 ton
2136:"Here's Everything You Need to Know About Shipping a Car to the U.S."
1474:
and Nissan to install them not just for jeepneys, but also called as
1397:
1372:
1364:
2191:
1780:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2284:
1624:
The light color of the speed indicator lamp shall be yellow-green.
1574:
1566:
1558:
1501:
1471:
1444:
1401:
1347:
912:
368:
237:
58:
36:
1382:
Used buses like in the Philippines also requires to convert from
2461:
1824:
and fitting JDM STi parts to make it seem as if it is a genuine
2288:
2173:"Is it against the law to use right-hand-drive cars in the PH?"
30:
For the subculture centered around modified Japanese cars, see
1848:
1745:
1350:
and so forth. Most of these items depending on the condition.
325:
177:
1241:
Remodeled from 50 series locomotive-hauled passenger coaches
1851:
models. These reinforcements are not present on base model
1915:"Ageing fleets: the average age of cars around the world"
866:
Still active in other private railway companies in Japan
2557:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
1769:
2246:"How Does the Green Light Work on the Front of Cabin?"
1583:(first generation). Note added speed indicator lights.
1738:
which activate at around 90 km/h (56 mph).
1042:
Remodeled from aging KiHa 35 railcars by JNR in 1986
992:
1961–2012 (JR), 1986–2010 (Kanto Railway)
2335:
Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan
2154:"How to Import a Car from Japan: The Ultimate Guide"
2110:
1571:
Speed indicator installed on Isuzu TX (HTS12G) truck
2792:
2766:
2693:
2662:
2621:
2565:
2507:
2460:
2414:
2383:
2322:
2004:superstreetonline.com. 2007. Retrieved Nov 3, 2014
442:103–0 series still active in JR West as of 2023
151:750cc class: 77 hp (78 PS; 57 kW)
148:400cc class: 53 hp (54 PS; 40 kW)
145:250cc class: 40 hp (41 PS; 30 kW)
132:750cc class: 77 hp (78 PS; 57 kW)
129:400cc class: 60 hp (61 PS; 45 kW)
126:250cc class: 45 hp (46 PS; 34 kW)
2537:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2270:"Wekfest LA 2012 Coverage…Part 2: The Morning…"
2194:[ Why did the speed chime disappear?].
2015:"Buyers' Guide: NZ's most popular used imports"
1889:"JDM Meaning Guide - What Does JDM Truly Mean?"
1547:anime features this speed chime prominently on
900:Remodeled from Tokyo Metro 5000 series in 1995
2192:"【速度警告音】速度警告音ってなぜ無くなってしまったの？|教えてMJブロンディ【MOTA】"
1634:Patterns for speed indicator is as following:
1610:Over 40 km/h up to 60 km/h: 2 lights
2300:
8:
2779:Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
2649:
2639:
2307:
2293:
2285:
246:Star Wagon 2.5l Turbo Diesel 4WD - JDM US
84:featured the first application of Honda's
2774:Japan Association of Corporate Executives
2063:"New Zealand's most popular used imports"
1796:Learn how and when to remove this message
74:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
2598:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
1636:
924:
836:Still active in Izukyu Railway in Japan
387:
2542:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
1880:
1670:40 to 60 km/h (25 to 37 mph)
591:Eidan (now becomes Tokyo Metro in 2004)
107:Motorcycle power and speed restrictions
2805:Government-business relations in Japan
2223:
1651:60 km/h (37 mph) and beyond
174:third generation Toyota Celica GT-FOUR
1925:from the original on 25 December 2022
27:Japanese domestic market for vehicles
7:
2152:Christopher Weydert (24 June 2019).
1099:Served as a rescue train since 2021
921:series train in Myanmar in July 2016
117:Power restrictions were as follows
2644:List of Japan natural gas companies
2391:Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan
1207:2012–2014; 2019–present
558:Nagoya Municipal Subway 5000 series
2701:Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
2340:Agriculture in the Empire of Japan
25:
2820:Research and development in Japan
2532:Japan External Trade Organization
1689:Below 40 km/h (25 mph)
1607:40 km/h or less (*): 1 light
1172:2005–unknown end of service
1147:1997–unknown end of service
192:models and E-EG6 on the Japanese
2648:
2638:
2134:Doug DeMuro (18 February 2015).
1750:
168:"SV30" identifying the model as
163:Japanese carmakers do not use a
2825:Science and technology in Japan
2670:International rankings of Japan
2654:List of power stations in Japan
2365:Japan–South Korea trade dispute
2171:Robby Consuji (25 March 2017).
1913:Gibbs, Jamie (10 August 2021).
1822:first generation Subaru Impreza
1810:Honda Civic (sixth generation)
1486:, Mitsubishi L300 van or even
1:
2685:Prefectures by GDP per capita
2427:Banknotes of the Japanese yen
1841:vehicle identification number
1816:- which is based on the same
1643:Amount of light(s) turned on
377:from 1986 to 2003), May 2018.
178:first generation Civic Type R
165:vehicle identification number
2861:Automotive industry in Japan
1945:"The Automobile and Society"
1869:Automotive industry in Japan
1201:Philippine National Railways
1090:Philippine National Railways
1002:Philippine National Railways
937:Former Railway Line in Japan
492:Philippine National Railways
400:Former Railway Line in Japan
86:Variable Cylinder Management
2835:Standard of living in Japan
2800:Economic relations of Japan
2578:Japanese management culture
2494:Financial services in Japan
2355:Japanese asset price bubble
1776:the claims made and adding
1613:Over 60 km/h: 3 lights
1437:Mitsubishi Fuso Super Great
760:Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line
2882:
2396:Industrial policy of Japan
2220:. January 1999. p. 3.
2002:Top JDM Trends Of All Time
1977:"Suzuki Model information"
313:(Demio) and Suzuki Swift.
228:
194:fifth generation Civic SiR
29:
2784:Japan Business Federation
2675:List of largest companies
2583:Japanese work environment
2527:Financial Services Agency
2517:Development Bank of Japan
2499:Japanese financial system
2452:Scrip of Edo period Japan
2350:Japanese economic miracle
2330:Economic history of Japan
2039:"2019 Vehicle Statistics"
1313:State Railway of Thailand
1141:State Railway of Thailand
934:Years of Service in Japan
397:Years of Service in Japan
2810:List of exports of Japan
2442:National Printing Bureau
602:Buenos Aires Underground
574:Buenos Aires Underground
318:1989 Nissan Skyline GT-R
186:eight generation Mark II
63:motor vehicle inspection
51:Japanese domestic market
1729:Abolishment and decline
1371:, Indonesia & even
989:JNR / JR, Kanto Railway
887:Tōyō Rapid Railway Line
777:in Manila, Philippines
716:Tokyo Metro 7000 series
681:Tokyo Metro 6000 series
649:Tokyo Metro 5000 series
562:Nagoya Municipal Subway
341:, even subways such as
257:majority of which were
135:over 750cc: not allowed
2815:National debt of Japan
2489:Capital flows in Japan
1584:
1572:
1564:
1534:for a clanging sound.
1507:
1493:JDM-related components
922:
891:KRL Commuter Indonesia
883:Tokyo Metro Tozai Line
872:Toyo Rapid 1000 series
794:Tokyo Metro Tozai Line
667:KRL Commuter Indonesia
663:Tokyo Metro Tozai Line
383:Electric Multiple Unit
378:
250:
70:gross domestic product
46:
2522:Fair Trade Commission
2401:Trade policy of Japan
1950:. FIA. Archived from
1742:JDM-inspired vehicles
1579:JDM specification of
1578:
1570:
1562:
1555:Speed indicator light
1505:
1384:RHD to LHD conversion
995:Various lines in JR,
916:
783:Tokyo Metro 05 series
749:Tokyo Metro 02 series
372:
241:
40:
18:Japan Domestic Market
2634:Solar power in Japan
2484:Tokyo Stock Exchange
2345:Income Doubling Plan
2230:: CS1 maint: year (
2218:交通新聞 (Kotsu Shimbun)
1589:gross vehicle weight
1484:Mitsubishi Adventure
1025:1986–2012 (JR)
917:A former JR Central
908:Diesel Multiple Unit
322:grey market vehicles
200:Worldwide popularity
184:, E-JZX100 from the
2748:Public corporations
2573:Japanese labour law
2552:National Tax Agency
2547:Ministry of Finance
2509:Government agencies
1354:Commercial vehicles
1309:Various lines in JR
1284:Various lines in JR
1257:Various lines in JR
1229:Various lines in JR
1163:Various lines in JR
1138:Various lines in JR
1113:Various lines in JR
1087:Various lines in JR
1058:Various lines in JR
967:Various lines in JR
943:Country in Overseas
787:Eidan / Tokyo Metro
753:Eidan / Tokyo Metro
720:Eidan / Tokyo Metro
685:Eidan / Tokyo Metro
406:Country in Overseas
248:Grey import vehicle
180:, E-BNR32 from the
72:. According to the
2866:Retailing in Japan
2743:Private enterprise
2680:Prefectures by GDP
1957:on 26 October 2010
1857:Mitsubishi Lancers
1761:possibly contains
1585:
1573:
1565:
1539:Honda City GA1/GA2
1520:non-tariff barrier
1508:
1320:2021–present
1306:1980–present
1281:1980–present
1266:2013–present
1238:2012–present
1226:1990–present
1122:2007–present
1096:2012–present
1069:2016–present
1055:1977–present
1039:2014–present
1009:2015–present
976:2015–present
964:1989–present
923:
876:Toyo Rapid Railway
863:2006–present
833:2005–present
804:2011–present
790:1988–present
756:1988–present
741:2010–present
708:2011–present
608:1996–present
581:2015–present
549:2013–present
499:2012–present
472:2011–present
379:
251:
170:Toyota Camry/Vista
47:
2848:
2847:
2190:Shimizu, Sōichi.
2000:Tsuneishi, Scott
1830:Mitsubishi Lancer
1806:
1805:
1798:
1763:original research
1726:
1725:
1549:Takumi Fujiwara's
1433:Mitsubishi Canter
1326:
1325:
904:
903:
847:Tokyu Corporation
842:Tokyu 8500 series
817:Tokyu Corporation
812:Tokyu 8000 series
510:, 205–5000 series
347:Tokyu Corporation
244:Mitsubishi Delica
41:Fender mirror of
16:(Redirected from
2873:
2652:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2447:Tokugawa coinage
2316:Economy of Japan
2309:
2302:
2295:
2286:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1981:suzukicycles.org
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1885:
1853:sixth generation
1845:Lancer Evolution
1834:Lancer Evolution
1801:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:inline citations
1754:
1753:
1746:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1708:Vehicle stopped
1703:
1700:
1697:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1637:
1287:Myanmar Railways
1260:Myanmar Railways
1232:Myanmar Railways
1166:Myanmar Railways
1116:Myanmar Railways
1062:Myanmar Railways
1033:Myanmar Railways
970:Myanmar Railways
940:Current Operator
925:
775:FEATI University
617:Toei 6000 series
588:Eidan 500 series
569:Higashiyama Line
403:Current Operator
388:
254:Ex-Japan Imports
182:R32 Skyline GT-R
21:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2788:
2762:
2711:domestic market
2689:
2658:
2629:Energy in Japan
2617:
2561:
2503:
2456:
2410:
2379:
2318:
2313:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2268:
2267:
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2254:
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2239:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1865:
1855:hatchbacks and
1802:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1767:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1731:
1721: OFF
1720:
1718: OFF
1717:
1715: OFF
1714:
1701:
1699: OFF
1698:
1696: OFF
1695:
1682:
1680: OFF
1679:
1676:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1557:
1500:
1495:
1488:Isuzu Crosswind
1406:Mitsubishi Fuso
1393:
1367:, Philippines,
1361:
1356:
1343:
1293:2009–2012
1254:1968–2010
1247:KiHa 181 series
1217:KiHa 141 series
1188:1989–2010
1160:1961–2018
1135:1961–2018
1110:1958–2010
1084:1958–2010
946:Year of Service
931:Former Operator
897:2007–2019
879:1995–2007
851:1975–2023
821:1969–2008
727:Fukutoshin Line
723:1974–2022
688:1971–2018
673:2007–2020
659:1964–2007
640:2000–2016
634:KRL Jabodetabek
626:1969–1999
598:Marunouchi Line
594:1954–1996
565:1980–2015
516:1985–2020
486:1982–2011
455:1982–2011
439:2004–2016
433:KRL Jabodetabek
425:1980–2005
409:Year of Service
394:Former Operator
334:
233:
227:
207:
202:
161:
142:
123:
109:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2879:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:Osaka Exchange
2476:
2470:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2282:
2281:External links
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:. 6 June 2012.
2261:
2237:
2208:
2196:MOTA（旧オートックワン）
2182:
2177:topgear.com.ph
2163:
2158:jdmbuysell.com
2144:
2126:
2102:
2078:
2054:
2030:
2006:
1993:
1968:
1936:
1905:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1804:
1803:
1758:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1736:speed limiters
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1702: ON
1693:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683: ON
1677: ON
1674:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1664: ON
1661: ON
1658: ON
1655:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1556:
1553:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1392:
1389:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1330:Passenger Cars
1324:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1181:KiHa 59 series
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
999:
993:
990:
987:
981:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
957:
951:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
911:
910:
902:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
880:
877:
874:
868:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
844:
838:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
814:
808:
807:
805:
802:
799:
796:
791:
788:
785:
779:
778:
771:
768:
765:
762:
757:
754:
751:
745:
744:
742:
739:
736:
733:
731:Yurakucho Line
724:
721:
718:
712:
711:
709:
706:
703:
698:
689:
686:
683:
677:
676:
674:
671:
668:
665:
660:
657:
651:
645:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
627:
624:
619:
613:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
595:
592:
589:
585:
584:
582:
579:
576:
571:
566:
563:
560:
554:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
532:Musashino Line
517:
514:
511:
504:
503:
500:
497:
494:
489:
487:
484:
481:
477:
476:
473:
470:
467:
462:
458:Chiyoda Line,
456:
453:
450:
444:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
429:Musashino Line
426:
423:
420:
414:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
386:
385:
339:Japan Railways
333:
330:
291:Toyota Altezza
283:Nissan Skyline
271:Toyota Corolla
226:
223:
206:
203:
201:
198:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
122:
119:
108:
105:
43:Toyota Celsior
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2878:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Manufacturing
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:Bank of Japan
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2198:(in Japanese)
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1894:
1893:Garage Dreams
1890:
1884:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1800:
1797:
1789:
1786:December 2021
1779:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1759:This section
1757:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:Toyota Kijang
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:Isuzu Forward
1422:
1417:
1415:
1414:Nissan Diesel
1412:and some are
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
928:Rolling Stock
927:
926:
920:
915:
909:
906:
905:
899:
896:
893:
890:
888:
884:
881:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
795:
792:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
772:
769:
766:
763:
761:
758:
755:
752:
750:
747:
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734:
732:
728:
725:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
710:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
693:
690:
687:
684:
682:
679:
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2793:Other topics
2767:Associations
2718:Construction
2710:
2608:Nenko System
2603:Shūshin koyō
2593:Labor unions
2588:Labor market
2566:Labor market
2437:Japanese yen
2360:Lost Decades
2264:
2253:. Retrieved
2250:yamada-co.jp
2249:
2240:
2217:
2211:
2200:. Retrieved
2195:
2185:
2176:
2166:
2157:
2147:
2139:jalopnik.com
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2129:
2118:. Retrieved
2114:
2105:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:
2081:
2070:. Retrieved
2066:
2057:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:
2033:
2022:. Retrieved
2019:driven.co.nz
2018:
2009:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1952:the original
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1919:Confused.com
1918:
1908:
1897:. Retrieved
1895:. 2020-03-14
1892:
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1838:
1807:
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1760:
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1532:onomatopoeia
1527:
1524:glockenspiel
1509:
1465:
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1418:
1394:
1381:
1377:
1362:
1344:
1341:Retail Shops
1334:
1329:
907:
857:KAI Commuter
827:KAI Commuter
798:KAI Commuter
735:KAI Commuter
701:KAI Commuter
692:Chiyoda Line
543:KAI Commuter
535:
465:KAI Commuter
382:
335:
315:
299:Suzuki Carry
279:Honda Torneo
267:Nissan Tiida
263:Suzuki Swift
252:
234:
231:Import scene
219:
215:
212:
208:
162:
116:
113:
110:
94:
78:
67:
54:
50:
48:
32:Import scene
2728:Electronics
1929:25 December
1530:(キンコン), an
1498:Speed chime
1441:Hino Profia
1375:, Myanmar.
1335:Locomotives
1222:JR Hokkaido
1204:Philippines
1093:Philippines
1029:Kururi Line
1006:Philippines
767:Philippines
655:Tokyo Metro
622:Toei Subway
520:Saikyo Line
496:Philippines
351:Toei Subway
343:Tokyo Metro
205:Motorcycles
45:(UCF20 JDM)
2855:Categories
2706:Automotive
2474:Nikkei 225
2432:Japan Mint
2255:2022-09-27
2202:2022-08-29
2120:2016-04-12
2115:jdmvip.com
2096:2019-10-15
2072:2019-10-15
2048:2019-10-15
2024:2019-10-10
1961:7 December
1899:2022-06-21
1875:References
1849:EK9 Type R
1814:EK9 Type R
1770:improve it
1581:Volvo FH16
1429:Isuzu Giga
960:JR Central
696:Joban Line
528:Nambu Line
508:205 series
480:203 series
460:Joban Line
448:203 series
418:103 series
229:See also:
49:The term "
2840:Amakudari
2830:Nemawashi
2753:Transport
2613:Salaryman
2226:cite news
1774:verifying
1545:Initial D
1453:kei truck
1421:Isuzu Elf
997:Joso Line
894:Indonesia
860:Indonesia
830:Indonesia
801:Indonesia
738:Indonesia
705:Indonesia
670:Indonesia
637:Indonesia
630:Mita Line
605:Argentina
578:Argentina
546:Indonesia
469:Indonesia
436:Indonesia
355:Indonesia
307:Subaru R2
261:(Axela),
190:Civic VTi
140:Post-1993
2694:Industry
2663:Rankings
2415:Currency
2406:Taxation
2375:Keiretsu
2370:Zaibatsu
2067:aa.co.nz
2043:mmnz.biz
1923:Archived
1863:See also
1818:platform
1646:Pattern
1516:kei cars
1512:ja:速度警告音
1468:Jeepneys
1457:multicab
1317:Thailand
1303:JNR / JR
1300:KiHa 183
1278:JNR / JR
1274:KiHa 183
1251:JNR / JR
1198:services
1157:JNR / JR
1144:Thailand
1132:JNR / JR
1107:JNR / JR
1081:JNR / JR
1052:JNR / JR
1022:JNR / JR
949:Remarks
653:Eidan /
412:Remarks
359:Thailand
332:Railways
295:kei cars
121:Pre-1993
2758:Whaling
2723:Defense
2466:finance
2462:Banking
2323:History
2091:Newshub
1826:WRX STi
1768:Please
1461:jeepney
1369:Jakarta
1290:Myanmar
1263:Myanmar
1235:Myanmar
1185:JR East
1169:Myanmar
1154:KiHa 58
1129:KiHa 58
1119:Myanmar
1104:KiHa 52
1077:KiHa 52
1066:Myanmar
1048:KiHa 40
1036:Myanmar
1018:KiHa 38
985:KiHa 35
973:Myanmar
955:KiHa 11
919:KiHa 40
854:Various
824:Various
363:Myanmar
311:Mazda 2
293:), and
275:Mazda 2
259:Mazda 3
2738:Mining
2622:Energy
2384:Policy
1986:May 4,
1836:copy.
1640:Speed
1551:AE86.
1528:kinkon
1439:&
1398:Russia
1391:Trucks
1373:Yangon
1365:Manila
1196:Kogane
1192:Gracia
361:, and
90:V8-6-4
1955:(PDF)
1948:(PDF)
1711:none
1472:Mazda
1445:China
1402:Isuzu
1359:Buses
1348:China
242:1990
59:Japan
2464:and
2232:link
1988:2020
1963:2012
1931:2022
1847:and
1410:Hino
770:None
764:None
289:and
273:and
225:Cars
101:JAMA
53:" ("
1772:by
1476:AUV
326:EPA
159:VIN
55:JDM
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2228:}}
2224:{{
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2141:.
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2075:.
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1965:.
1933:.
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1788:)
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