482:, Japan was able to recover from the trauma of WWII, and managed to become the third-largest economic entity of the world (after the United States and the Soviet Union) by the 1960s. However, after three decades, Japan had experienced the so-called "recession in growth", as the value of the Japanese yen was raised. In an attempt to prevent further slowing of growth, Japan greatly improved its technological advances and raised the value of the yen, since devaluing the yen would have brought further risk and a possible depressing effect on trade. The appreciation of the yen led to a significant economic recession in the 1980s. To alleviate the influence of the recession, Japan imposed a series of economical and financial policies to stimulate domestic demand. Nevertheless,
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caused a further loss of 20 percent of spinning and 14 percent of weaving capacity". Moreover, by 1946, Japan was on the verge of a nationwide famine that was averted only by
American shipments of food. The virtual destruction of the Japanese standard of living, combined with the military threat presented by the Soviet Union, compelled the United States to support a wide-reaching economic recovery. Every country experienced some industrial growth in the post-war period, but those countries that achieved a heavy drop in industrial output due to war damage such as Japan, West Germany and Italy, achieved the most rapid recovery. In the case of Japan, industrial production decreased in 1946 to 27.6% of the pre-war level, but recovered in 1951 and reached 350% in 1960.
943:(MITI) was instrumental in Japan's post-war economic recovery. According to some scholars, no other governmental regulation or organization had more economic impact than MITI. "The particular speed, form, and consequences of Japanese economic growth," Chalmers Johnson writes, "are not intelligible without reference to the contributions of MITI" (Johnson, vii). Established in 1949, MITI's role began with the "Policy Concerning Industrial Rationalization" (1950) that coordinated efforts by industries to counteract the effects of SCAP's deflationary regulations. In this way, MITI formalized cooperation between the Japanese government and private industry. The extent of the policy was such that if MITI wished to "double steel production, the neo-
728:, Japan managed to complete its industrialization process, gaining significant improvement in living standards and witnessing a significant increase in consumption. The average monthly consumption of urban family households doubled from 1955 to 1970. Moreover, the proportions of consumption in Japan was also changing. The consumption in daily necessities, such as food and clothing and footwear, was decreasing. Contrastingly, the consumption in recreational, entertainment activities and goods increased, including furniture, transportation, communications, and reading. The great increase in consumption stimulated the growth in GDP as it incentivized production.
529:. The "Inclined Production Mode" refers to the inclined production that primarily focuses on the production of raw materials including steel, coal and cotton. Textile production occupied more than 23.9% of the total industrial production. Moreover, to further stimulate growth, the Japanese government encouraged women to enter the labor market. The legislation on recruitment contains three components: the restriction placed on regional recruitment and relocation of workers, the banning of the direct recruitment of new school leavers, and the direct recruitment of non-school leavers under explicitly detailed regulations issued by the Ministry of Labour.
553:
from 1967 to 1971 witnessed a significant increase. In 1967, the yearbook said: the
Japanese economy in 1966 thus made an advance more rapidly than previously expected. In 1968, the yearbook said that the Japanese economy continued to make a sound growth after it had a bottom in the autumn of 1965. The words "increase", "growth" and "upswing" filled the summaries of the yearbooks from 1967 to 1971. The reasons for Japan to complete industrialization are also complicated, and the major characteristic of this time is the influence of governmental policies of the
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540:(朝鮮) that the Empire of Japan had annexed. As the United States was participating in the conflict on the Korean Peninsula, it turned to the Japanese economy for procurement of equipment and supplies because the logistics of shipping from the United States soon became a significant problem for the military. Japan's industry was soon providing the required munitions and logistics to the American forces fighting in Korea. The demand stimulated the Japanese economy enabling it to recover quickly from the
758:. The plan called for doubling the size of Japan's economy in ten years through a combination of tax breaks, targeted investment, an expanded social safety net, and incentives to increase exports and industrial development. To achieve the goal of doubling of the economy in ten years, the plan called for an average annual economic growth rate of 7.2%. In fact, Japan's annual growth averaged more than 10% over the course of the Plan, and the economy doubled in size in less than seven years.
819:. By April 1960, trade imports had been 41 percent liberalized (compared to 22 percent in 1956). Ikeda planned to liberalize trade to 80 percent within three years. However, his liberalization goals met with severe opposition from both industries who had thrived on over-loaning and the nationalist public who feared foreign enterprise takeovers. The Japanese press likened liberalization to "the second coming of the
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1066:" by raising complaints about unfair and illegal Japanese trade practices, which the administration believed contributed to the bilateral trade deficit with Japan. In 1980s, the United States portrayed Japan as an economic threat, and accused Japan of intellectual property theft, currency manipulation, state-sponsored industrial policy, and weakening of US manufacturing. At the conclusion of the
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823:," in reference to the black ships Commodore Matthew C. Perry had sailed into Tokyo Bay in 1853 to open Japan to international trade via a show of military force. Accordingly, Ikeda moved toward liberalization of trade only after securing a protected market through internal regulations that favored Japanese products and firms, and never achieved his ambitious 80 percent goal.
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consumption. The biggest factor that invited industrial changes after the oil crises was the increase in energy prices including crude oil. As a result, Japan converted to a technology-concentrating program, ensuring the steady increase of its economy, and standing out beyond other capitalist countries that had been significantly wounded during the oil crises.
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592:. Since there was a shortage of capital in Japan at the time, industrial conglomerates borrowed beyond their capacity to repay, often beyond their net worth, causing city banks in turn to over-borrow from the Bank of Japan. This gave the national Bank of Japan complete control over dependent local banks.
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In 1978, Japan's
Ministry of International Trade and Industry provided subsidies, which was illegal under international law, to help Japanese semiconductor companies sell their chips at artificially low prices in the United States while keeping prices high in Japan, a trade practice known as dumping.
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The Income
Doubling Plan was widely viewed as a success in achieving both its political and economic objectives. According to historian Nick Kapur, the plan "enshrined 'economic growthism' as a sort of secular religion of both the Japanese people and their government, bringing about a circumstance in
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also instituted the
Foreign Exchange Allocation Policy, a system of import controls designed to prevent the flooding of Japan's markets by foreign goods. MITI used the foreign exchange allocation to stimulate the economy by promoting exports, managing investment and monitoring production capacity. In
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After gaining support from the United States and achieving domestic economic reform, Japan's economy was able to soar from the 1950s to the 1970s. Furthermore, Japan also completed its process toward industrialization and became the first developed nation in East Asia. The
Japanese Economic Yearbooks
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The
Japanese economy was in ruins following the end of World War II. For example, "the Japanese cotton industry was brought to its knees by the end of the Second World War. Two-thirds of its prewar cotton spindles were scrapped by wartime administrators, and bombing and destruction of urban areas had
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However, some scholars argue that Japan's postwar growth spurt would not have been possible without Japan's alliance with the United States, since the United States absorbed
Japanese exports, tolerated controversial Japanese trade practices, subsidized the Japanese economy, and transferred technology
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also provided the private sector with low-cost capital for long-term growth. The Japan
Development Bank introduced access to the Fiscal Investment and Loan Plan, a massive pooling of individual and national savings. At the time FILP controlled four times the savings of the world's largest commercial
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Ikeda also set up numerous allied foreign aid distribution agencies to demonstrate Japan's willingness to participate in the international order and to promote exports. The creation of these agencies not only acted as a small concession to international organizations, but also dissipated some public
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The period of rapid economic growth between 1955 and 1961 paved the way for the Golden
Sixties, the second decade that is generally associated with the Japanese economic miracle. In 1965, Japan's nominal GDP was estimated at just over $ 91 billion. Fifteen years later, in 1980, the nominal GDP had
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increased from 3 dollars per barrel to over 13 dollars per barrel. During this time, Japan's industrial production decreased by 20%, as the supply capacity could not respond effectively to the rapid expansion of demand, and increased investments in equipment often invited unwanted results—tighter
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abated. The Japanese economy survived from the deep recession caused by a loss of the U.S. payments for military procurement and continued to make gains. By the late 1960s, Japan had risen from the ashes of World War II to achieve an astoundingly rapid and complete economic recovery. According to
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and transport those documents to Japan. In 1983, Hitachi and IBM announced that a settlement had been reached between the two parties. The terms of the agreement states that "Hitachi has not used the stolen secrets, that any secrets it has will be returned to IBM, and that the names, address and
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from the imports of other goods. MITI's Foreign Capital Law granted the ministry power to negotiate the price and conditions of technology imports. This element of technological control allowed it to promote industries it deemed promising. The low cost of imported technology allowed for rapid
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The transformation was, in fact, a product of the oil crises and United States intervention. Since the oil price rose tenfold, the cost of production also soared. After the oil crises, to save costs, Japan had to produce products in a more environmentally friendly manner, and with less oil
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between the end of World War II and the beginning of the 1990s. The economical miracle can be divided into four stages: the recovery (1946–1954), the high increase (1955–1972), the steady increase (1972–1992), and the low increase (1992–2017).
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illegally sold propeller-milling equipment to the Soviet Union, which was used to make it easier for Soviet submarines to avoid American surveillance. The sale prompted a threat to ban Toshiba imports into the US, and a rebuke from both former Prime Minister
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1953, MITIs revised the Foreign Exchange Allocation Policy to promote domestic industries and increase the incentive for exports by revising the export-link system. A later revision-based production capacity on foreign exchange allocation to prevent foreign
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from 13 dollars per barrel to 39.5 dollars per barrel. Despite being seriously impacted by the two oil crises, Japan was able to withstand the impact and managed to transfer from a product-concentrating to a technology-concentrating production form.
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that took place in the late 1980s and early 1990s and the subsequent deflationary policy destroyed the Japanese economy. After the deflationary policy, the Japanese economy has been through a time of low increase period which has lasted until today.
769:, as part of an effort to shift Japan's national dialogue away from contentious political struggles toward building a consensus around pursuit of rapid economic growth. However, Ikeda and his brain trust, which most notably included the economist
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influence in the Pacific. The U.S. was also concerned with the growth of the economy of Japan because there was a risk that an unhappy and poor Japanese population would turn to communism and by doing so, ensure Soviet control over the Pacific.
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804:. Ikeda's government also expanded government investment in the previously neglected communications sector of the Japanese economy. Each of these acts continued the Japanese trend towards a managed economy that epitomized the
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already has the capital, the construction assets, the makers of production machinery, and most of the other necessary factors already available in-house". The Ministry coordinated various industries, including the emerging
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had close relations with MITI and each other through the cross-placement of shares, providing protection from foreign take-overs. For example, 83% of Japan's Development Bank's finances went toward strategic industries:
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bank. With this financial power, FILP was able to maintain an abnormally high number of Japanese construction firms (more than twice the number of construction firms of any other nation with a similar GDP).
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in 1952, the United States had successfully reintegrated Japan into the global economy and rebuilt the economic infrastructure that would later form the launching pad for the Japanese economic miracle.
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imports with the abolition of the Economic Stabilization Board and the Foreign Exchange Control Board in August 1952. Although the Economic Stabilization Board was already dominated by MITI, the
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One reason for Japan's quick recovery from war trauma was the successful economic reform by the government. The government body principally concerned with industrial policy in Japan was the
356:, making political, economic and civic changes. It occurred chiefly due to the economic interventionism of the Japanese government and partly due to the aid and assistance of the U.S.
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and patent infringements. Many cases resulted in Japanese companies paying large settlements and court-ordered payments to American companies and individuals.
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and Soviet Union). By the 1970s, Japan was no longer expanding as quickly as it had in the previous decades despite per-worker productivity remaining high.
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which both the effectiveness of the government and the worth of the populace came to be measured above all by the annual percentage change in GDP."
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growth, first by instituting regulations and protectionism that effectively managed economic crises and later by concentrating on trade expansion.
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said, "When governments permit counterfeiting or copying of American products, it is stealing our future, and it is no longer free trade."
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fears about liberalization of trade. Ikeda furthered Japan's global economic integration by negotiating for Japan's entry into the
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conglomerates' success lay city banks, which lent generously, formalizing cross-share holdings in diverse industries. The
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Japanese coal- and metal-related industry experienced an annual growth rate of 25% in the 1960s, with the steel plant of
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Under the Income Doubling Plan, Ikeda lowered interest rates and rapidly expanded government investment in Japan's
372:" years included: the cooperation of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and banks in close-knit groups called
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Although the United States’ so-called trade problem was attributed to the country's own economic policies, the
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427:'s misbehaviour." The Japanese government contributed to the post-war Japanese economic miracle by stimulating
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industrial growth. Productivity was greatly improved through new equipment, management, and standardization.
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calls "the single most important individual architect of the Japanese economic miracle," pursued a policy of
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2227:———. "Foreign Exchange Allocation and Productivity Growth in Postwar Japan: A Case of the Wool Industry" in
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Besides Ikeda's adherence to government intervention and regulation of the economy, his government pushed
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managers to plan for the long-term and maximize market shares instead of focusing on short-term profits.
419:, the period leading up to the late 1960s saw "the greatest years of prosperity Japan had seen since the
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Okazaki, Tetsuji and Takafumi Korenaga. "The Foreign Exchange Allocation Policy in Postwar Japan" in
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360:. After World War II, the U.S. established a significant presence in Japan to slow the expansion of
584:. This policy led to the emergence of 'over-loaning' (a practice that continues today) in which the
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Women, work and the Japanese economic miracle: the case of the cotton textile industry, 1945–1975
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business affiliations of all individuals who offered to sell secrets to Hitachi be disclosed."
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Aldous, Chris (2010). "Contesting Famine: Hunger and Nutrition in Occupied Japan, 1945-1952".
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The second reason that accounts for Japan's rapid recovery from WWII was the outbreak of the
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laws (a remnant of SCAP control) also led to the re-emergence of conglomerate groups called
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1218:(book). Translated by Jacqueline Kaninski. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. p. 56.
384:; good relations with government bureaucrats, and the guarantee of lifetime employment (
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Industrial dualism in Japan : a problem of economic growth and structural change
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Japan's economic miracle ended in 1973, when the first oil-price shock struck Japan (
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and Japan's Minister of Internal Trade and Industry on Toshiba's business behavior.
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Planning for Change: Industrial Policy and Japanese Economic Development, 1945–1990
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to Japanese firms; thereby magnifying the effectiveness of Japanese trade policy.
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patents to make autofocus cameras. The jury awarded Honeywell with $ 96 million.
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proved crucial to protectionist measures that shielded Japan's sapling economy.
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Hane, Mikiso. Eastern Phoenix: Japan Since 1945. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996.
511:. One of the major economic reforms was to adopt the "Inclined Production Mode"
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The system of over-loaning, combined with the government's relaxation of anti-
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744:, former minister of MITI, the Japanese government undertook an ambitious "
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also fostered an attitude shift among Japanese managers that tolerated low
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MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975
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MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975
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MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975
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Winning the Peace: An American Strategy for Post-Conflict Reconstruction
1169:"Political and Economic Changes during the American Occupation of Japan"
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efficiently allocated resources and became competitive internationally.
324:(1955-1973). During the economic boom, Japan rapidly became the world's
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had cultivated from 1949 to 1953 came into full effect. Prime Minister
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The distinguishing characteristics of the Japanese economy during the "
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Ikeda introduced the Income Doubling Plan in response to the massive
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MITI also boosted the industrial security by untying the imports of
536:. The Korean War was fought in territory that had been, until 1945,
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and provide the basis for the rapid expansion that was to follow.
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390:) in big corporations and highly unionized blue-collar factories.
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The United States' role in the postwar economic recovery of Japan
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issues loans to city banks who in turn issue loans to industrial
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352:. The American government reformed Japanese society during the
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Period of rapid economic growth in Japan from the 1950s to 1990s
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1972).
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You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
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1921:"Judge Rules Japanese Firm Infringed on Corning Glass Patents"
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transformed it into the Economic Deliberation Agency, a mere "
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Zaibatsu Dissolution, Reparations and Administrative Guidance
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Michael Beckley; Yusaku Horiuchi; Jennifer M. Miller (2018).
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Influence of governmental policies: Ikeda administration and
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Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
1844:"Japanese Fight Back as U.S. Companies Press Patent Claims"
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Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
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Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
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Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
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Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
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The Postwar Japanese Economy: Its Development and Structure
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shut herself up behind a stone door to protest her brother
1756:"Japan and the Asian Economies: A "Miracle" in Transition"
1231:"America's Role in the Making of Japan's Economic Miracle"
646:, locking out foreign companies from Japanese industries.
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became a symbol of the Japanese middle class in the 1960s.
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The foundations of the aviation industry survived the war.
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Changes in Exchange Rates in Rapidly Developing Countries
1273:"日德战后经济奇迹(Japanese and Germany Postwar Economic Miracle)"
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to charges that it conspired to steal trade secrets from
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Role of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry
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Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
1324:. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 258.
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supply and higher prices of commodities. Moreover, the
1942:"HONEYWELL WINS $ 96 MILLION JUDGMENT AGAINST MINOLTA"
1452:. Chicago: Alpine Publication Corporation. p. 39.
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Vast export: Golden Sixties and shift to export trade
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The Japanese financial recovery continued even after
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Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan
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Ashes to Awesome: Japan's 6,000-Day Economic Miracle
1609:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 102.
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Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II
557:administration, vast consumption, and vast export.
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2018:"Japan then, China Now | by Stephen S. Roach"
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856:in 1978 and 1979 exacerbated the situation as the
835:was growing at a phenomenal rate of 13.9 percent.
1865:(Kindle ed.). Harper Business. p. 307.
724:During the time of reconstruction and before the
2296:Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture
1193:. Washington D.C.: The CSIS Press. p. 183.
406:departed and the economic boom propelled by the
2586:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
1558:(second ed.). Michael H.hunt. p. 211.
1024:infringed on two optical fiber patents held by
993:American companies sued Japanese companies for
839:The end of the Japanese economic miracle (1973)
773:, had been developing the plan since mid-1959.
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2257:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
2255:Japan's Capitalism: Creative Defeat and Beyond
1975:
1973:
1465:"Reinterpreting the Japanese Economic Miracle"
1214:Nakamura, Takafusa (1981). "3: Rapid Growth".
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1035:In 1992, an American federal court ruled that
1020:In 1987, an American federal judge ruled that
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252:Japanese-made TV sets during the economic boom
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2325:Japan Must Shake Off U.S.–Style Globalization
720:Vast consumption: from survival to recreation
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941:Ministry of International Trade and Industry
831:in 1964. By the time Ikeda left office, the
605:that mirrored the wartime conglomerates, or
509:Ministry of International Trade and Industry
907:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2828:Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
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1772:Business Intercommunications Inc. (1973).
1433:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1404:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2823:Japan Association of Corporate Executives
2075:Learn how and when to remove this message
1982:"Japan Ponders the Price of Soviet Trade"
1807:Business Intercommunications Inc (1978).
1556:the world transformed 1945 to the present
1342:. New York: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 11.
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701:against market fluctuations and allowing
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2647:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
1365:Journal of American-East Asian Relations
454:The Japanese economic miracle refers to
340:This economic miracle was the result of
203:of all important aspects of the article.
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1774:White Papers on Japanese Economy, 1973
1463:Crawford, Robert J. (1 January 1998).
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611:. Led by the economic improvements of
199:Please consider expanding the lead to
1903:"Hitachi LTD. And I.b.m. Settle Case"
1809:White Paper on Japanese Economy, 1978
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1598:
1577:. Stanford University Press. p.
1529:. Stanford University Press. p.
737:soared to a record $ 1.065 trillion.
693:and profits and more concerned about
378:; the powerful enterprise unions and
7:
1842:Pollack, Andrew (5 September 1992).
1333:
1331:
965:MITI gained the ability to regulate
905:adding citations to reliable sources
689:were less concerned with increasing
320:era and the beginning of the global
99:adding citations to reliable sources
2693:List of Japan natural gas companies
2440:Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan
1940:Stuart Auerbach (8 February 1992).
2750:Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
2389:Agriculture in the Empire of Japan
2132:University of North Carolina Press
25:
2869:Research and development in Japan
2581:Japan External Trade Organization
2139:Eastern Phoenix: Japan Since 1945
1554:Thomas, Vladimir (5 March 2017).
548:High increasing stage (1954–1972)
45:This article has multiple issues.
3218:Post–World War II economic booms
2697:
2687:
2264:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1993.
2152:. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994.
2128:America and the Japanese Miracle
2037:
877:
466:Although heavily damaged by the
177:
75:
34:
2874:Science and technology in Japan
2719:International rankings of Japan
2703:List of power stations in Japan
2414:Japan–South Korea trade dispute
1885:"Hitachi Guilty in I.b.m. Case"
1506:The Oriental Economist (1968).
1491:The Oriental Economist (1967).
191:may be too short to adequately
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2123:. New York: W.W. Norton, 1999.
1607:The Political Economy of Japan
1421:The industrial policy of Japan
542:destruction of the Pacific War
201:provide an accessible overview
1:
2734:Prefectures by GDP per capita
2476:Banknotes of the Japanese yen
1980:Chira, Susan (19 July 1987).
1448:Seymour, Broadbridge (1966).
1320:Nanto, Dick Kazuyuki (1976).
1235:Journal of East Asian Studies
568:In 1954, the economic system
2273:The Enigma of Japanese Power
1729:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1698:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1667:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1636:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1010:United States District Court
980:MITI's establishment of the
2884:Standard of living in Japan
2849:Economic relations of Japan
2627:Japanese management culture
2543:Financial services in Japan
2404:Japanese asset price bubble
2288:Yoshikawa, Hiroshi (2021).
2230:Japan and the World Economy
2222:University of Chicago Press
1508:Japanese Economic Year Book
1338:Macnaughtan, Helen (2005).
995:intellectual property theft
521:
499:By the end of the American
304:
110:"Japanese economic miracle"
3234:
2445:Industrial policy of Japan
2241:The Making of Modern Japan
2160:The Making of Modern Japan
2150:Strategic Economy in Japan
1861:Michael S. Malone (2014).
1569:Johnson, Chalmers (1982).
1521:Johnson, Chalmers (1982).
1392:Industrialization of Japan
491:Recovery stage (1946–1954)
443:
398:Governmental contributions
3213:Cold War history of Japan
3208:Economic history of Japan
3168:1990s in economic history
3163:1980s in economic history
3158:1970s in economic history
3153:1960s in economic history
3148:1950s in economic history
3143:1940s in economic history
2833:Japan Business Federation
2724:List of largest companies
2632:Japanese work environment
2576:Financial Services Agency
2566:Development Bank of Japan
2548:Japanese financial system
2501:Scrip of Edo period Japan
2399:Japanese economic miracle
2379:Economic history of Japan
2182:Stanford University Press
2092:Japan's Economic Recovery
1390:Ichiro, Nakayama (1964).
1095:Economic history of Japan
858:oil price again increased
752:
515:
446:Economic history of Japan
293:
286:Japanese economic miracle
18:Japanese Economic Miracle
2859:List of exports of Japan
2491:National Printing Bureau
2216:. Ed. Takatoshi Ito and
2196:Harvard University Press
2109:Cornell University Press
1731:Harvard University Press
1700:Harvard University Press
1671:. pp. 70, 100–101.
1669:Harvard University Press
1638:Harvard University Press
1493:Japan Economic Year Book
1377:10.1163/187656110X548639
1120:Miracle on the Han River
1115:Italian economic miracle
767:US-Japan Security Treaty
740:Under the leadership of
709:The Ikeda administration
262:Nippon Steel Corporation
2105:Japan's Postwar History
2096:Oxford University Press
2046:This section cites its
2000:"Japan Then, China Now"
1470:Harvard Business Review
582:heavy industrialization
342:post-World War II Japan
2864:National debt of Japan
2538:Capital flows in Japan
2245:D.C. Heath and Company
1379:– via Brill.com.
1125:Post-war economic boom
1070:, former US President
1008:pleaded guilty in the
982:Japan Development Bank
281:
269:
253:
245:
3101:United Arab Emirates
2571:Fair Trade Commission
2450:Trade policy of Japan
2243:, 2nd ed. Lexington:
1060:Reagan administration
522:keisha seisan hoshiki
444:Further information:
348:benefitting from the
326:third-largest economy
275:
259:
251:
243:
2683:Solar power in Japan
2533:Tokyo Stock Exchange
2394:Income Doubling Plan
2188:Kapur, Nick (2018).
1733:. pp. 106–107.
1723:Kapur, Nick (2018).
1692:Kapur, Nick (2018).
1661:Kapur, Nick (2018).
1630:Kapur, Nick (2018).
1423:. Paris. p. 45.
1189:Orr, Robert (2004).
1110:Income Doubling Plan
1022:Sumitomo Corporation
901:improve this section
817:trade liberalization
806:mixed economic model
765:in 1960 against the
746:Income Doubling Plan
742:Prime Minister Ikeda
644:vertical integration
630:At the heart of the
458:'s record period of
312:'s record period of
268:being a notable one.
95:improve this article
2797:Public corporations
2622:Japanese labour law
2601:National Tax Agency
2596:Ministry of Finance
2558:Government agencies
2268:Van Wolferen, Karel
1950:. Washington, D.C.
1947:The Washington Post
1702:. pp. 99–100.
1640:. pp. 98–105.
1394:. Tokyo. p. 7.
1248:10.1017/jea.2017.24
1173:Columbia University
1085:Developmental state
971:Yoshida Governments
501:occupation of Japan
478:, and other Allied
468:nuclear bombardment
450:Lost Decade (Japan)
354:occupation of Japan
2792:Private enterprise
2729:Prefectures by GDP
2233:11 (1999): 267–285
1986:The New York Times
1907:The New York Times
1891:. 9 February 1983.
1889:The New York Times
1848:The New York Times
1827:has generic name (
1792:has generic name (
484:the bubble economy
480:air raids on Japan
305:Kōdo keizai seichō
282:
270:
254:
246:
3130:
3129:
2943:Post-World War II
2897:
2896:
2276:. Vintage, 1990 (
2194:. Cambridge, MA:
2174:Johnson, Chalmers
2162:. Belknap, 2000 (
2126:Forsberg, Aaron.
2085:
2084:
2077:
2052:does not provide
2004:Project Syndicate
1909:. 7 October 1983.
1605:Yamamura (1987).
1145:Wirtschaftswunder
1140:Trente Glorieuses
1100:Four Asian Tigers
1053:Yasuhiro Nakasone
937:
936:
929:
695:interest payments
316:between the post-
302:
236:
235:
228:
218:
217:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
3225:
2931:Economic miracle
2924:
2917:
2910:
2901:
2701:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2496:Tokugawa coinage
2365:Economy of Japan
2358:
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2014:
2008:
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1926:Associated Press
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1297:. Archived from
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854:Second Oil Shock
800:facilities, and
757:
755:
754:
578:Chalmers Johnson
528:
527:
524:
518:
517:
370:economic miracle
307:
297:
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266:Chiba Prefecture
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2760:domestic market
2738:
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2678:Energy in Japan
2666:
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2316:
2306:
2287:
2260:Vestal, James.
2206:
2187:
2148:Huber, Thomas.
2130:. Chapel Hill:
2102:Allinson, Gary.
2081:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2054:page references
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:Further reading
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845:1973 oil crisis
841:
771:Osamu Shimomura
749:
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726:1973 oil crisis
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691:stock dividends
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550:
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512:
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460:economic growth
452:
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400:
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314:economic growth
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186:This article's
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3203:Economic booms
3200:
3198:1990s in Japan
3195:
3193:1980s in Japan
3190:
3188:1970s in Japan
3185:
3183:1960s in Japan
3180:
3178:1950s in Japan
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3173:1940s in Japan
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2329:Yukio Hatoyama
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2156:Jansen, Marius
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2143:Westview Press
2137:Hane, Mikiso.
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2065:September 2010
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2020:. 27 May 2019.
2009:
2006:. 27 May 2019.
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1754:Takashi, Ito.
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1301:on 29 May 2020
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1271:Liu, Haoyuan.
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3016:West Germany
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2816:Associations
2767:Construction
2657:Nenko System
2652:Shūshin koyō
2642:Labor unions
2637:Labor market
2615:Labor market
2486:Japanese yen
2409:Lost Decades
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917:January 2024
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899:Please help
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413:Knox College
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387:shūshin koyō
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346:West Germany
339:
318:World War II
308:) refers to
285:
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278:Nissan Sunny
237:
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188:lead section
157:
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131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
3082:Philippines
3025:Later years
2996:South Korea
2777:Electronics
2220:. Chicago:
2141:. Boulder:
2115:Dower, John
2089:Allen, G.C.
1825:|last=
1790:|last=
1241:(1): 1–21.
989:Controversy
821:black ships
780:, building
621:Akio Morita
421:Sun Goddess
417:Mikiso Hane
358:aid to Asia
328:(after the
3137:Categories
2755:Automotive
2523:Nikkei 225
2481:Japan Mint
2107:. Ithaca:
2094:. Oxford:
1964:1330888409
1871:B00G2A7WL2
1616:0804713804
1349:0415328055
1305:8 December
1152:References
1090:Dodge Line
975:think tank
959:technology
640:horizontal
534:Korean War
415:Professor
408:Korean War
336:Background
322:Oil Crisis
121:newspapers
50:improve it
3072:Lithuania
3057:Indonesia
2991:Singapore
2971:Hong Kong
2889:Amakudari
2879:Nemawashi
2802:Transport
2662:Salaryman
2294:. Tokyo:
1956:0190-8286
1817:cite book
1782:cite book
1476:18 August
1429:cite book
1400:cite book
1041:Honeywell
1004:In 1982,
888:does not
683:short-run
472:Hiroshima
299:romanized
209:June 2022
193:summarize
56:talk page
3092:Thailand
3087:Slovakia
3077:Malaysia
2743:Industry
2712:Rankings
2464:Currency
2455:Taxation
2424:Keiretsu
2419:Zaibatsu
1078:See also
1039:pirated
952:keiretsu
946:zaibatsu
794:airports
786:railways
782:highways
703:keiretsu
699:keiretsu
687:keiretsu
685:because
675:Keiretsu
669:Keiretsu
648:Keiretsu
636:keiretsu
632:keiretsu
625:keiretsu
608:zaibatsu
602:keiretsu
597:monopoly
563:keiretsu
476:Nagasaki
440:Overview
425:Susano-o
375:keiretsu
350:Cold War
290:Japanese
3122:Vietnam
3062:Ireland
3047:Estonia
2956:Belgium
2951:Austria
2807:Whaling
2772:Defense
2515:finance
2511:Banking
2372:History
2247:, 1996.
2224:, 1999.
2184:, 1982.
2145:, 1996.
2134:, 2000.
2111:, 1997.
2098:, 1958.
2048:sources
1048:Toshiba
1037:Minolta
1006:Hitachi
909:removed
894:sources
847:). The
790:subways
714:dumping
681:in the
679:profits
576:, whom
435:History
301::
135:scholar
3097:Turkey
3067:Latvia
3032:Brazil
3011:Taiwan
3006:Sweden
2986:Mexico
2966:Greece
2961:France
2787:Mining
2671:Energy
2433:Policy
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753:所得倍増計画
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516:傾斜生産方式
381:shuntō
362:Soviet
294:高度経済成長
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130:
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3105:Dubai
3052:India
3042:China
3037:Chile
3001:Spain
2981:Japan
2976:Italy
1759:(PDF)
665:steel
456:Japan
310:Japan
142:JSTOR
128:books
2933:and
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1960:OCLC
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