Imperial Japanese Army - Knowledge (XXG)

377: 1328:, on July 14, and occupied the city. The allies then consolidated and awaited the remainder of the 5th Division and other coalition reinforcements. In early August, the expedition pushed towards the capital where on August 14, it lifted the Boxer siege. By that time, the 13,000-strong Japanese force was the largest single contingent, making up about 40 percent of the approximately 33,000 strong allied expeditionary force. Japanese troops involved in the fighting had acquitted themselves well, although a British military observer felt their aggressiveness, densely packed formations, and over-willingness to attack cost them excessive casualties. For example, during the Tianjin fighting, the Japanese, while comprising less than one quarter (3,800) of the total allied force of 17,000, suffered more than half of the casualties, 400 out of 730. Similarly at Beijing, the Japanese, constituting slightly less than half of the assault force, accounted for almost two-thirds of the losses, 280 of 453. 1903: 2186: 754:) to deal with peasant uprisings or samurai insurrections. The Imperial Guard formed the Tokyo garrison, whereas troops from the former domains filled the ranks of the Osaka, Kumamoto, and Sendai garrisons. The four garrisons had a total of about 8,000 troops – mostly infantry, but also a few hundred artillerymen and engineers. Smaller detachments of troops also guarded outposts at Kagoshima, Fushimi, Nagoya, Hiroshima, and elsewhere. By late December 1871, the army set modernization and coastal defense as priorities; long-term plans were devised for an armed force to maintain internal security, defend strategic coastal areas, train and educate military and naval officers, and build arsenals and supply depots. Despite previous rhetoric about the foreign menace, little substantive planning was directed against Russia. In February 1872, the military ministry was abolished and separate 2202: 1879: 1393: 1795: 2171:(JMY), an unsupported currency that could not be redeemed for the regular Japanese yen. In territories under Japanese occupation, the military yen – or "Japanese invasion money", as it came to be known by the locals – was the only legal tender in circulation. The Japanese authorities seized or ordered surrendered all other bank notes in territories under their occupation and provided compensation at an "exchange rate" as they saw fit, in the form of JMYs. This had the effect of affording Japanese soldiers in many occupied territories a higher degree of return for their low pay than they otherwise would have received. However, at the end of the war, the Imperial Japanese ministry of finance cancelled all military bank notes, rendering the military yen worthless. 603:, which was the only national institution in a still unformed nation-state. The army continually emphasized its link with the imperial court: firstly, to legitimize its cause; secondly, to brand enemies of the imperial government as enemies of the court and traitors; and, lastly, to gain popular support. To supply food, weapons, and other supplies for the campaign, the imperial government established logistical relay stations along three major highways. These small depots held stockpiled material supplied by local pro-government domains, or confiscated from the bakufu and others opposing the imperial government. Local villagers were routinely impressed as porters to move and deliver supplies between the depots and frontline units. 2563: 2397: 104: 500: 1502: 629:) integrated samurai and commoners from various domains into its ranks. As the war continued, the military affairs directorate expected to raise troops from the wealthier domains and, in June, the organization of the army was fixed, where each domain was required to send ten men for each 10,000 koku of rice produced. However, this policy put the imperial government in direct competition with the domains for military recruitment, which was not rectified until April 1868, when the government banned the domains from enlisting troops. Consequently, the quota system never fully worked as intended and was abolished the following year. 710: 1891: 912: 1655:) himself, and not to the elected civilian government. In fact, Japanese civilian administrations needed the support of the Army in order to survive. The Army controlled the appointment of the War Minister, and in 1936 a law was passed that stipulated that only an active duty general or lieutenant-general could hold the post. As a result, military spending as a proportion of the national budget rose disproportionately in the 1920s and 1930s, and various factions within the military exerted disproportionate influence on Japanese foreign policy. 2370: 642: 2440: 734:

of infantry, two squadrons of cavalry, and two artillery batteries. For the first time, the Meiji government was able to organize a large body of soldiers under a consistent rank and pay scheme with uniforms, which were loyal to the government rather than the domains. The Imperial Guard's principal mission was to protect the throne by suppressing domestic samurai revolts, peasant uprisings and anti-government demonstrations. The possession of this military force was a factor in the government's

819:) should anything happen to any of the active duty soldiers; the rest were dismissed. One of the primary differences between the samurai and the peasant class was the right to bear arms; this ancient privilege was suddenly extended to every male in the nation. There were several exemptions, including criminals, those who could show hardship, the physically unfit, heads of households or heirs, students, government bureaucrats, and teachers. A conscript could also purchase an exemption for 633:

direction in favor of unilateral action. The army lacked a strong central staff that was capable of enforcing orders. Consequently, military units were at the mercy of individual commanders' leadership and direction. This was not helped by the absence of a unified tactical doctrine, which left units to fight according to the tactics favored by their respective commanders. There was increased resentment by many lower ranked commanders as senior army positions were monopolized by the

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and about 25 times as much as an Imperial Japanese soldier of the same rank. While disproportionate salary ranges were not uncommon between militaries during World War II, for example Australian enlistees could expect to receive roughly triple as much in pay as their counterparts fighting for the United Kingdom, by any standards, despite being widely considered a "first rate" or professional fighting force, men serving in the IJA were very poorly compensated.

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of the sea, Japanese forces in Korea would be ordered to hang on and fight a rearguard action while the bulk of the army would remain in Japan in preparation to repel a Chinese invasion. This worst-case scenario also foresaw attempts to rescue the beleaguered 5th Division in Korea while simultaneously strengthening homeland defenses. The army's contingency plans which were both offensive and defensive, depended on the outcome of the naval operations.

1689: 4974: 1347: 971: 1033: 815:), which would only see service in a severe national crisis, such as an attack or invasion of Japan. The conscription examination decided which group of recruits would enter the army, those who failed the exam were excused from all examinations except for the national guard. Recruits who passed entered the draft lottery, where some were selected for active duty. A smaller group would be selected for replacement duty ( 1172:

forces near Shanhaiguan. However, as the navy was unable to bring the Beiyang fleet into battle in mid-August, temporarily withdrew from the Yellow Sea to refit and replenish its ships. As a consequence, in late August the general staff ordered an advance overland to the Zhili plain via Korea in order to capture bases on the Liaodong Peninsula to prevent Chinese forces from interfering with the drive on Beijing. The

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ultimatum, Li, considered that Japanese were bluffing and were trying to probe the Chinese readiness to make concessions. He decided, therefore to reinforce Chinese forces in Asan with a further 2,500 troops, 1,300 of which arrived in Asan during the night of July 23–24. At the same time, in the early morning of July 23, the Japanese had taken control of the Royal Palace in Seoul and imprisoned King

1103: 1834: 659: 771: 1401: 1148: 36: 1077:, selected from the crews of the Japanese warships was immediately dispatched to Seoul, where they served temporarily as a counterbalance to the Chinese troops camped at Asan. Simultaneously, the Japanese decided to send a reinforced brigade of approximately 8,000 troops to Korea. The reinforced brigade, included auxiliary units, under the command of General 1855: 617:

ineffective while the latter lacked modern weaponry and equipment. To replace them, two new organizations were created. One was the military affairs directorate which was composed of two bureaus, one for the army and one for the navy. The directorate drafted an army from troop contributions from each domain proportional to each domain's annual

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calculated that the advantages of participating in an allied coalition were too attractive to ignore. Prime Minister Yamagata likewise concurred, but others in the cabinet demanded that there be guarantees from the British in return for the risks and costs of a major deployment of Japanese troops. On

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to underwrite the new unit, which was subordinate to the court. It was composed of members of the Satsuma, Chōshū and Tosa domains, who had led the restoration. Satsuma provided four battalions of infantry and four artillery batteries; Chōshū provided three battalions of infantry; Tosa two battalions

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For comparison, in 1942, an American private was paid approximately $ 50 per month (or 204 yen), meaning the lowest ranking soldier in the United States military was earning equivalent to the maximum salary of an Imperial Japanese major, or the base salary of an Imperial Japanese lieutenant colonel,

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was alerted for possible deployment to China, but without a timetable being set. Two days later, on July 8, with more ground troops urgently needed to lift the siege of the foreign legations at Beijing, the British ambassador offered the Japanese government one million British pounds in exchange for

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near Tianjin. Four days later, the Qing court declared war on the foreign powers. The British, in light of the precarious situation, were compelled to ask Japan for additional reinforcements, as the Japanese had the only readily available forces in the region. Britain at the time was heavily engaged

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plain in order to defeat the main Chinese forces and bring the war to a swift conclusion. If neither side gained control of the sea and supremacy, the army would concentrate on the occupation of Korea and exclude Chinese influence there. Lastly, if the navy was defeated and consequently lost command

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ordered local daimyos to disband their private armies and turn their weapons over to the government. Although the government played on the foreign threat, especially Russia's southward expansion, to justify a national army, the immediately perceived danger was domestic insurrection. Consequently, on

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After the defeat of the Tokugawa shogunate and operations in Northeastern Honshu and Hokkaido a true national army did not exist. Many in the restoration coalition had recognized the need for a strong centralized authority and although the imperial side was victorious, the early Meiji government was

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caused irreversible changes to Sino-Japanese relations and meant that a state of war now existed between the two countries. The two governments officially declared war on August 1. Initially, the general staff's objective was to secure the Korean peninsula before the arrival of winter and then land

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an ultimatum, threatening to take action if any further troops were sent to Korea. Consequently, General Oshima in Seoul and commanders of the Japanese warships in Korean waters received orders allowing them to initiate military operations if any more Chinese troops were sent to Korea. Despite this

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From the very outset the developments in Korea had been carefully observed in Tokyo. Japanese government had soon become convinced that the Donghak Peasant Revolution would lead to Chinese intervention in Korea. As a result, soon after learning word about the Korean government's request for Chinese

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and in Manchuria, as a result of the tense situation on the Korean peninsula. These actions were planned more as an armed demonstration intended to strengthen the Chinese position in Korea, rather than as a preparation for war with Japan. On June 3, the Chinese government accepted the requests from

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of 1877, which used the slogans, "oppose conscription", "oppose elementary schools", and "fight Korea". It took a year for the new army to crush the uprising, but the victories proved critical in creating and stabilizing the Imperial government and to realize sweeping social, economic and political

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270, which was an enormous sum for the time and which restricted this privilege to the wealthy. Under the new 1873 ordinance, the conscript army was composed mainly of second and third sons of impoverished farmers who manned the regional garrisons, while former samurai controlled the Imperial Guard

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together with samurai from Chōshū and Satsuma. The use of commoners within the new army created resentment among the samurai class. Although the nascent Meiji government achieved military success, the war left a residue of disgruntled warriors and marginalized commoners, together with a torn social

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from various domains. The imperial court told the domains to restrict the size of their local armies and to contribute to funding a national officers' training school in Kyoto. However, within a few months the government disbanded both the military branch and the imperial bodyguard: the former was

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Initially, the new army fought under makeshift arrangements, with unclear channels of command and control and no reliable recruiting base. Although fighting for the imperial cause, many of the units were loyal to their domains rather than the imperial court. In March 1869, the imperial government

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A small, hastily assembled, vanguard force of about 2,000 troops, under the command of British Admiral Edward Seymour, departed by rail, from Tianjin, for the legations in early June. On June 12, mixed Boxer and Chinese regular army forces halted the advance, some 30 miles from the capital. The

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Initially, because of the army's small size and numerous exemptions, relatively few young men were actually conscripted for a three-year term on active duty. In 1873, the army numbered approximately 17,900 from a population of 35 million at the time; it doubled to about 33,000 in 1875. The

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Top-ranking military leaders were given direct access to the Emperor and the authority to transmit his pronouncements directly to the troops. The sympathetic relationship between conscripts and officers, particularly junior officers who were drawn mostly from the peasantry, tended to draw the

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The Imperial forces encountered numerous difficulties during the war, especially during the campaign in Eastern Japan. Headquarters in faraway Kyoto often proposed plans at odds with the local conditions, which led to tensions with officers in the field, who in many cases ignored centralized

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Shortly afterward, advance units of the 5th Division departed for China, bringing Japanese strength to 3,800 personnel, of the then-17,000 allied force. The commander of the 5th Division, Lt. General Yamaguchi Motoomi, had taken operational control from Fukushima. A second, stronger allied

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Chōshū units during the Boshin War and was convinced of the merit of peasant soldiers. Although he himself was part of the samurai class, albeit of insignificant lower status, Yamagata distrusted the warrior class, several members of whom he regarded as clear dangers to the Meiji state.

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called for unquestioning loyalty to the Emperor by the new armed forces and asserted that commands from superior officers were equivalent to commands from the Emperor himself. Thenceforth, the military existed in an intimate and privileged relationship with the imperial institution.

889:, who worked at the Osaka foundry from 1884 to 1888, followed by Major Quaratezi from 1889 to 1890; and Captain Schermbeck from the Netherlands, who worked on improving coastal defenses from 1883 to 1886. Japan did not use foreign military advisors between 1890 and 1918, until the 954:

used this as an excuse to both assert sovereignty over the Ryukyu Kingdom, which was a tributary state of both Japan and Qing China at the time, and to attempt the same with Taiwan, a Qing territory. It marked the first overseas deployment of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy.

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created various administrative offices, including a military branch; and in the following month organized an imperial bodyguard of 400 to 500, which consisted of Satsuma and Chōshū troops strengthened by veterans of the encounter at Toba–Fushimi, as well as yeoman and

465:) in overall control, which had ruled Japan since 1603. The bakufu army, although a large force, was only one among others, and bakufu efforts to control the nation depended upon the cooperation of its vassals' armies. The opening of the country after two centuries of 1540:. The army general staff came to view the Tsarist collapse as an opportunity to free Japan from any future threat from Russia by detaching Siberia and forming an independent buffer state. The plan was scaled back considerably due to opposition from the United States. 1902: 1081:

was fully transported to Korea by June 27. The Japanese stated to the Chinese that they were willing to withdraw the brigade under General Oshima if the Chinese left Asan prior. However, when on 16 July, 8,000 Chinese troops landed near the entrance of the

2297:, the Public Security Force formed the basis of the newly created Ground Self-Defense Force. Although significantly smaller than the former Imperial Japanese Army and nominally for defensive purposes only, this force constitutes the modern army of Japan. 1001:

when compared with its European contemporaries. Artillery pieces, which were purchased from America and a variety of European nations, presented two problems: they were scarce, and the relatively small number that were available were of several different

542:, in effect making the pro-imperial forces officially an Imperial army. The bakufu forces eventually retreated to Osaka, with the remaining forces ordered to retreat to Edo. Yoshinobu and his closest advisors left for Edo by ship. The encounter at 1704:, as it became known in Japan, was a pretended sabotage of a local Japanese-owned railway, an attack staged by Japan but blamed on Chinese dissidents. Action by the military, largely independent of the civilian leadership, led to the invasion of 1673:

In 1923, the army consisted of 21 divisions, but in accordance with the 1924 reform it was reduced to 17 divisions. Two leaps in the development of the military industry (1906–1910 and 1931–1934) made it possible to re-equip the armed forces.

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weak and the leaders had to maintain their standing with their domains whose military forces was essential for whatever the government needed to achieve. The leaders of the restoration were divided over the future organization of the army.

1432:. The Japanese army inflicted severe losses against the Russians; however, they were not able to deal a decisive blow to the Russian armies. Over-reliance on infantry led to large casualties among Japanese forces, especially during the 1134:

in a decisive battle in order to secure control of the seas. If the navy defeated the Chinese fleet decisively and secured command of the seas, the larger part of the army would undertake immediate landings on the coast between

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between the imperial and shogunate forces marked the beginning of the conflict. With the court in Kyoto firmly behind the Satsuma-Chōshū-Tosa coalition, other domains that were sympathetic to the cause – such as

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The nascent Meiji state required a new military command for its operations against the shogunate. In 1868, the "Imperial Army" being just a loose amalgam of domain armies, the government created four military divisions: the

571: – emerged to take a more active role in military operations. Western domains that had either supported the shogunate or remained neutral also quickly announced their support of the restoration movement. 1806:, most of the Japanese Army (27 divisions) was stationed in China. A further 13 divisions defended the Mongolian border, due to concerns about a possible attack by the Soviet Union. From 1942, soldiers were sent to 798:

ordinance enacted on January 10, 1873, made universal military service compulsory for all male subjects in the country. The law called for a total of seven years of military service: three years in the regular army

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In the 1920s the Imperial Japanese Army expanded rapidly and by 1927 had a force of 300,000 men. Unlike western countries, the Army enjoyed a great deal of independence from government. Under the provisions of the

666:, a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army and twice Prime Minister of Japan. He was one of the main architects of the military foundations of early modern Japan. Yamagata Aritomo can be seen as the father of 3079: 1282:, having suffered more than 300 casualties. The army general staff in Tokyo became aware of the worsening conditions in China and had drafted ambitious contingency plans, but the government, in light of the 3074: 5983: 1872:. The lack of supplies caused large numbers of fighter aircraft to become unserviceable for lack of spare parts, and "as many as two-thirds of Japan's total military deaths from illness or starvation". 691:

preferred a small volunteer force consisting of former samurai. Ōmura's views for modernizing Japan's military led to his assassination in 1869 and his ideas were largely implemented after his death by

1878: 1630:. Subjected to intense diplomatic pressure by the United States and Great Britain, and facing increasing domestic opposition due to the economic and human cost, the administration of Prime Minister 6084: 3047: 2185: 878:, replaced in 1888 by von Wildenbrück and Captain von Blankenbourg) to assist in the training of the Japanese General Staff. In 1878, the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, based on the 5261: 5179: 1286:

refused to deploy large forces unless requested by the western powers. However, three days later, the general staff did dispatch a provisional force of 1,300 troops, commanded by Major General

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In 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army had 51 divisions and various special-purpose artillery, cavalry, anti-aircraft, and armored units with a total of 1,700,000 people. At the beginning of the

1061:, about 70 km from the capital Seoul. The troops arrived in Asan on June 9 and were additionally reinforced by 400 more on June 25, a total of about 2,900 Chinese soldiers were at Asan. 6089: 5978: 1290:, to northern China. Fukushima was chosen because his ability to speak fluent English which enabled him to communicate with the British commander. The force landed near Tianjin on July 5. 1192:

which controlled the entry to the Bohai Gulf, in mid-October. While, the First Army pursued the remaining Chinese forces from Korea across the Yalu River, Second Army occupied the city of

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Ford, Douglas. (2009) "Dismantling the ‘Lesser Men’and ‘Supermen’ myths: US intelligence on the imperial Japanese army after the fall of the Philippines, winter 1942 to spring 1943."

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who had sought a strong central government at the expense of the domains advocated for the creation of a standing national army along European lines under the control of the

201: 1603:, after the capture and execution of the White Army leader, Admiral Kolchak, by the Red Army. However, the Japanese decided to stay, primarily due to fears of the spread of 6013: 4948: 1730: 3089: 890: 867: 863: 3064: 1057:

the Korean government to send troops to help quell the rebellion, additionally they also informed the Japanese of the action. It was decided to send 2,500 men to

1155:, three times Prime Minister of Japan. Katsura was the Vice-Minister of War during the period. He commanded the IJA 3rd Division under his mentor, Field Marshal 2523: 1789: 1122:

During the almost two-month interval prior to the declaration of war, the two service staffs developed a two-stage operational plan against China. The army's

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just south of Kyoto, the two forces clashed. On the second day, an Imperial banner was given to the defending troops and a member of the Imperial Family, the

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agreed to send 12,000 troops, but under the command of Japan, rather than as part of an international coalition. Japan and the United States sent forces to

6018: 5404: 5335: 3042: 413: 342: 2168: 4799: 4170: 3021: 2348: 4268: 5733: 5348: 5230: 4858: 4627:

Ford, Douglas. (2008) "'The best equipped army in Asia'?: US military intelligence and the Imperial Japanese Army before the Pacific War, 1919–1941."

2562: 1890: 959: 4086: 57: 44: 6079: 6049: 5131: 5121: 2542: 1445: 967:

military closer to the people. In time, most people came to look more for guidance in national matters more to military than to political leaders.

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troops was eventually assembled to relieve the legations. The Japanese provided the largest contingent of troops, 20,840, as well as 18 warships.

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Japan Defense Army in 1945 had 55 divisions (53 Infantry and two armor) and 32 brigades (25 infantry and seven armor) with 2.35 million men.

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in 1871 the Japanese government switched to the victorious Germans as a model. From 1886 to April 1890, it hired German military advisors (Major

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In the early 1900s, the IJA consisted of 12 divisions, the Imperial Guard Division, and numerous other units. These contained the following:

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Independent brigades, Independent Mixed Brigades, Cavalry Brigades, Amphibious Brigades, Independent Mixed regiments, Independent Regiments.

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380,000 active duty and 1st Reserve personnel: former Class A and B(1) conscripts after two-year active tour with 17 and 1/2 year commitment

591:, each of which was named for a major highway. Overseeing these four armies was a new high command, the Eastern Expeditionary High Command ( 5464: 5340: 5240: 5225: 5136: 5096: 1865: 1552: 5718: 4597:

Coox, A.D. (1988) "The Effectiveness of the Japanese Military Establishment in the Second World War", in A.R. Millett and W. Murray, eds,

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reforms that enabled Japan to become a modern state that could stand comparison to France, Germany, and other Western European powers.

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military advisers. They were opposed by 5,000 troops from the Satsuma, Chōshū, and Tosa domains. At the two road junctions of Toba and

103: 6074: 5575: 5570: 5469: 5409: 5200: 5190: 4881: 4503: 3372: 3037: 2683: 2476: 2456: 906: 244: 219: 1864:

From 1943, Japanese troops suffered from a shortage of supplies, especially food, medicine, munitions, and armaments, largely due to

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The continued Japanese presence concerned the United States, which suspected that Japan had territorial designs on Siberia and the

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Russo-Japanese War: The number of total Japanese dead in combat is put at around 47,000, with around 80,000 if disease is included

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in December 1974, appear to have been the last holdouts but there are reports of other Japanese holdout later then December 1974.

1048:, itself. The Chinese, since the beginning of May had taken steps to prepare the mobilization of their forces in the provinces of 5910: 5895: 5890: 5605: 5364: 5297: 5086: 4906: 3921: 2413: 1612: 1496: 429: 3988: 2267:

against civilians, and the execution of prisoners of war. Such atrocities throughout the war caused tens of millions of deaths.

6039: 5598: 3094: 2878: 2281: 1780:, Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan; and on August 5, 1945, the Soviet Union voided their neutrality agreement with Japan. 1298: 1181: 5620: 2293:, which had led to conflict. However, in 1947 the Public Security Force was formed; later in 1954, in the early stages of the 6064: 5973: 5321: 5091: 4896: 4810: 4681: 4618: 4522: 4465: 4427: 4401: 4378: 4355: 4336: 4243: 4074: 2833: 2770:

Between 2,120,000 and 2,190,000 Imperial Armed Forces dead including non-combat deaths (includes 1,760,955 killed in action),

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Once the political decision had been reached, the Imperial Japanese Army took over full control under Chief of Staff General

1551:, asked the Japanese government to supply 7,000 troops as part of an international coalition of 24,000 troops to support the 1544: 409: 264: 1306:, and, consequently, a large part of the British army was tied down in South Africa. Deploying large numbers of troops from 4128: 5900: 5330: 5245: 5235: 5141: 4851: 2385: 1700:

In 1931, the Imperial Japanese Army had an overall strength of 198,880 officers and men, organized into 17 divisions. The

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became the third agency with oversight of the IJA. At its height, the IJA was one of the most influential factions in the

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renounced the right to use force as a means of resolving disputes. This was enacted by the Japanese in order to prevent

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in Manchuria brought the two countries into conflict. The war lasted on and off with the last battles of the 1930s (the

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on November 25. Farther north, the First army's offensive stalled and was beset by supply problems and winter weather.

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on the southwestern tip of Taiwan. 12 men were rescued by the local Chinese-speaking community and were transferred to

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1945: 5 million active in 145 divisions (includes three Imperial Guard), plus numerous individual units, with a large

1743: 1470:, ultimately among the few actions in which the Imperial Japanese Army was involved was the careful and well executed 1467: 911: 735: 725:) of six thousand men, consisting of nine infantry battalions, two artillery batteries and two cavalry squadrons. The 543: 2243:

and World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army had shown immense brutality and engaged in numerous atrocities against

5842: 5811: 4306: 1930:

in Japan was also cheaper than in most Western nations. The below table gives figures from December 1941, when one

1462:. Although tentative plans were made to send an expeditionary force of between 100,000 and 500,000 men to fight in 1177: 1041: 979: 4217: 1044:

broke out in southern Korea and had soon spread throughout the rest of the country, threatening the Korea capital

49: 6054: 5801: 5796: 5723: 5683: 5663: 5474: 5161: 4953: 4901: 4393: 3026: 2898: 2843: 2838: 2746: 1868:

interdiction of supplies, and losses to Japanese shipping, which was worsened by a longstanding rivalry with the

1858: 1227: 596: 1536:, the Imperial Japanese Army initially planned to send more than 70,000 troops to occupy Siberia as far west as 6059: 5915: 5698: 5645: 5593: 5215: 5043: 4844: 2923: 2903: 2676: 2240: 2190: 1709: 1683: 1648: 1592:; and by November 1918, more than 70,000 Japanese troops had occupied all ports and major towns in the Russian 1449: 1180:

and occupied the city, as the remaining Chinese troops retreated northward. The navy's stunning victory in the

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The early Imperial Japanese Army was developed with the assistance of advisors from France, through the second

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You Can't Fight Tanks with Bayonets: Psychological Warfare against the Japanese Army in the South West Pacific

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Gregg Huff and Shinobu Majima (December 2013). "Financing Japan's World War II Occupation of Southeast Asia".

599:, with two court nobles as senior staff officers. This connected the loose assembly of domain forces with the 839:

of 1877. Many of the rebels were incorporated into the Imperial Army after the failure of the armed uprising.

5615: 5545: 5354: 5106: 5033: 4576: 3770: 2848: 2578: 1765: 1712:, in 1937. As war approached, the Imperial Army's influence with the Emperor waned and the influence of the 1560: 1263: 1015: 882:, was established directly under the Emperor and was given broad powers for military planning and strategy. 641: 600: 234: 5384: 4040: 2938: 6069: 5455: 5419: 5292: 5277: 5126: 5038: 4639: 2445: 2315:

until at least the 1970s, with the last known Japanese soldier surrendering in 1974. Intelligence officer

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would take too much time and weaken internal security there. Overriding personal doubts, Foreign Minister

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with three divisions and one brigade to land unopposed on the Liaodong Peninsula about 100 miles north of

927: 787: 718: 535: 224: 4822: 745:) was reorganized in July 1871; on August 29, simultaneously with the decree abolishing the domains, the 5479: 4941: 2888: 2466: 1761: 1525: 1514: 1247: 1239: 1197: 1115: 935: 844:

conscription program slowly built up the numbers. Public unrest began in 1874, reaching the apex in the

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Army of the Land of the Rising Sun 100 years ago. Part 1. Leap from the Middle Ages into the XX century

3353:"Imperial Japanese Army Culture, 1918–1945: Duty Heavier than a Mountain, Death Lighter than a Feather" 1843: 1631: 1381: 4831: 942:, who are indigenous peoples of Taiwan, murdered 54 crewmembers of a wrecked merchant vessel from the 811:). All able-bodied males between the ages of 17 and 40 were considered members of the national guard ( 5610: 5434: 5424: 4936: 3153: 3110: 3031: 2958: 2948: 2883: 2255:

being the most well known example. Other war crimes committed by the Imperial Japanese Army included

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with two divisions was activated on September 1. In mid-September 17, the Chinese forces defeated at

879: 676: 576: 527: 4014: 5837: 5784: 5757: 5747: 5693: 5688: 5673: 5625: 5550: 5374: 5053: 5048: 4931: 3016: 2893: 2180: 2149: 1701: 1307: 1283: 1185: 1168: 1078: 931: 916: 871: 688: 667: 2566:

Disposition of the Imperial Japanese Army in Japan at the time of its capitulation, 18 August 1945

1377: 482: 449:

In the mid-19th century, Japan had no unified national army and the country was made up of feudal

5806: 5743: 5565: 5535: 5076: 3378: 3011: 2759: 2006: 1967: 1644: 1533: 1337: 1325: 1287: 1173: 1111: 894: 696:. Aritomo has been described as the father of the Imperial Japanese Army. Yamagata had commanded 646: 539: 519: 458: 425: 249: 4554: 2730:

Over the course of the Imperial Japanese Army's existence, millions of its soldiers were either

356: 4674:

Fighting Techniques of a Japanese Infantryman in World War II: Training, Techniques and Weapons

1110:, served as a cavalry regimental commander in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895. In the 5847: 5540: 5520: 4996: 4916: 4677: 4614: 4518: 4499: 4480: 4461: 4442: 4423: 4397: 4374: 4351: 4332: 4310: 4239: 4070: 3368: 3145: 2790: 2739: 2071: 1823: 1693: 1575: 1563: 1471: 1107: 989:

army in Asia: well-trained, well-equipped, and with good morale. However, it was basically an

845: 836: 832: 531: 470: 433: 302: 254: 229: 5988: 5963: 5708: 5429: 5101: 4791: 3360: 3125: 3052: 2908: 2312: 2306: 2252: 2045: 1777: 1769: 1688: 1627: 1259: 1255: 1164: 1156: 886: 750:

August 31, the country was divided into four military districts, each with its own chindai (

693: 680: 663: 556: 421: 350: 331: 289: 2167:

Complicating matters further was that, by 1942, most Japanese soldiers were paid using the

1666:

and also in the service of its political ambitions, it re-titled itself the Imperial Army (

1311: 6008: 5713: 5635: 5555: 5028: 4867: 4826: 4814: 3905: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2953: 2928: 2873: 2828: 2818: 2369: 2248: 2228: 2058: 1521: 1455: 1417: 1385: 1271: 1251: 1231: 1221: 1096: 951: 775: 518:

On 27 January 1868, tensions between the shogunate and imperial sides came to a head when

405: 401: 239: 136: 108: 5958: 5630: 1152: 831:

Marquis Jutoku Saigo, a general in the early Imperial Japanese Army. He is the nephew of

1830:(25th Army). By 1945, there were 6 million soldiers in the Imperial Japanese Army. 1520:

During 1917–18, Japan continued to extend its influence and privileges in China via the

970: 5993: 5968: 5852: 5678: 5668: 5525: 5489: 4911: 4732: 4566: 4324: 4298: 3901: 3058: 2993: 2988: 2943: 2707: 2328: 2136: 2084: 1927: 1926:, soldiers in the Imperial Japanese Army received a rather meagre salary; however, the 1847: 1827: 1593: 1571: 1548: 1529: 1459: 1413: 1032: 943: 783: 584: 548: 478: 1724: 1346: 17: 6033: 5585: 5484: 5287: 5205: 5195: 5023: 4988: 4660: 4416: 4411: 3771:"Warfare 1914–1918 (Japan) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)" 3382: 2963: 2918: 2863: 2813: 2808: 2794: 2320: 2256: 2220: 2210: 2097: 1980: 1837: 1556: 1479: 1405: 1267: 1243: 1208: 1131: 1083: 986: 975: 939: 920: 779: 726: 588: 417: 325: 317: 307: 297: 4238:

The Japanese Army 1931–1945 (2) Osprey Men-at-Arms 369 p. 3 by Phillip Jowett. 200.

580: 5081: 4958: 4804: 4370: 2913: 2868: 2823: 2227:, and suffered or died as a result of ill-treatment and starvation. Pictured is an 2194: 2019: 1931: 1803: 1748: 1739: 1091: 1025: 875: 795: 684: 274: 5655: 5272: 2596:

1st National Army: 37- to 40-year-old men from end of 1st Reserve to 40 years old.

4704:

Norman, E. Herbert. "Soldier and Peasant in Japan: The Origins of Conscription."

1297:

from Japanese ships had joined British, Russian, and German sailors to seize the

5728: 5282: 3099: 2722:

Total military in August 1945 was 6,095,000 including 676,863 Army Air Service.

2599:

2nd National Army: untrained 20-year-olds and over-40-year-old trained reserves.

2324: 2316: 2260: 1811: 1600: 1599:

In June 1920, the United States and its allied coalition partners withdrew from

1537: 1510: 1421: 1211:

was the standard infantry rifle of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1897 to 1905.

1136: 1102: 947: 564: 511: 1833: 658: 5530: 5439: 5146: 4771:; 384pp; highly detailed description of wartime IJA by U.S. Army Intelligence. 4327:(2003). "The Imperial Japanese Army (1868–1945): Origins, Evolution, Legacy". 3364: 2998: 2290: 2215: 1589: 1065:

military help, immediately ordered all warships in the vicinity to be sent to

1028:

is the first locally produced Japanese service rifle that was adopted in 1880.

770: 746: 494: 474: 450: 214: 1716:

increased. Nevertheless, by 1938 the Army had been expanded to 34 divisions.

1114:

of 1904–1905, he led his troops against the Cossack cavalry divisions of the

5857: 5832: 5827: 5640: 5511: 5444: 5116: 4699:

A Military History of Japan: From the Age of the Samurai to the 21st Century

3351:

Hunter-Chester, David (2019), Mansoor, Peter R.; Murray, Williamson (eds.),

2853: 2652: 2418: 2332: 2244: 1807: 1757: 1705: 1604: 1579: 1425: 1087: 998: 4768: 1746:. Japan had set its military sights on Soviet territory as a result of the 1400: 1189: 897:, was requested to assist in the development of the Japanese air services. 885:

Other known foreign military consultants were Major Pompeo Grillo from the

506:, depicting the retreat of shogunate forces in front of the Imperial Army ( 35: 2590:

50,000 Second line Reserve: Same as above but former Class B(2) conscripts

1505:

Commanding Officers and Chiefs of Staff of the Allied Military Mission to

1147: 827: 526:, accompanied by a 15,000-strong force, some of which had been trained by 5936: 5369: 5060: 5004: 4646:

Uneasy warriors: Gender, memory, and popular culture in the Japanese army

4439:

Samurai to Soldier: Remaking Military Service in Nineteenth-Century Japan

3917: 3897: 3115: 2933: 2714: 2294: 2264: 2123: 2110: 1815: 1652: 1582: 1303: 1127: 1070: 1053: 990: 697: 613: 4782:

Overview of Imperial Japanese Army weapons and armaments in World War II

5111: 2336: 2232: 2032: 1993: 1954: 1923: 1567: 1506: 1475: 1279: 1235: 1003: 994: 503: 2752:

First Sino-Japanese War: The IJA suffered 1,132 dead and 3,758 wounded

1854: 1412:

The Russo–Japanese War (1904–1905) was the result of tensions between

1130:

to prevent a Chinese advance in Korea while the navy would engage the

985:

By the 1890s, the Imperial Japanese Army had grown to become the most

5789: 4963: 4744:

Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?

2968: 2574:

1873: Seven divisions of c. 36,000 men (c. 46,250 including reserves)

1919: 1734:, the world's first landing craft carrier ship to be designed as such 1616: 1611:. The Japanese Army provided military support to the Japanese-backed 1463: 1193: 466: 4781: 4367:

Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army

1658:

The Imperial Japanese Army was originally known simply as the Army (

1278:

road-bound and badly outnumbered allies withdrew to the vicinity of

1203: 1020: 730: 4607:

In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army

3080:

List of Japanese government and military commanders of World War II

5156: 4836: 4547:

British intelligence and the Japanese challenge in Asia, 1914–1941

2858: 2735: 2731: 2658: 2628:

1940: 376,000 active with 2 million reserves in 31 divisions

2561: 2200: 2184: 1853: 1842: 1832: 1819: 1793: 1723: 1687: 1608: 1500: 1429: 1399: 1391: 1376: 1230:

attacks against foreigners in China intensified, resulting in the

1202: 1146: 1140: 1101: 1066: 1049: 1045: 1031: 1019: 969: 910: 826: 769: 708: 657: 640: 523: 498: 191: 3975:

US Army Field Manual 30-480: Handbook on Japanese Military Forces

3816: 3814: 3075:

List of Japanese Army military engineer vehicles of World War II

2700: 2693: 1058: 634: 618: 397: 146: 4840: 1850:, the most widely produced Japanese medium tank of World War II 1772:

for the Soviets. The conflicts stopped with the signing of the

1184:

on September 17, was crucial to the Japanese as it allowed the

649:

in Tokyo, inaugurated in 1871, soon after the Meiji restoration

4819: 4735:. (1956) "Fascism in Japan: The Army Mutiny of February 1936" 4713:

Japanese Army in World War II: Conquest of the Pacific 1941–42

4585:

Hold the Marianas: The Japanese Defense of the Mariana Islands

4515:

The Last Samurai : The Life and Battles of Saigō Takamori

4067:

The Japanese Occupation of Malaya (Singapore) and its Currency

2613: 1341: 820: 185: 29: 4629:

International journal of intelligence and counterintelligence

4390:

The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s

3048:

Japanese Army and Navy Strategies for South Seas areas (1942)

717:

In March 1871, the War Ministry announced the creation of an

705:

Establishment of the Imperial Guard and institutional reforms

4496:

Curse on This Country: The Rebellious Army of Imperial Japan

3989:"Here's how much US troops were paid in every American war" 3492: 3490: 3430: 3428: 3426: 4690:

Kublin, Hyman. "The 'Modern' Army of Early Meiji Japan".

4093:. Published June 7/14, 1999. Retrieved December 16, 2020. 3236: 3234: 1196:

on November 8 and then seized the fortress and harbor at

782:

in the early Imperial Japanese Army. He was appointed as

4751:

The Imperial Japanese Army: The Invincible Years 1941–42

4599:

Military Effectiveness, Volume III: the Second World War

4171:"Shoichi Yokoi, 82, Is Dead; Japan Soldier Hid 27 Years" 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 2311:

Separately, some soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army

1908:

IJA Taiwanese soldier in Philippines during World War II

978:, a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and the third 4820:

Imperial Japanese Army 3rd Platoon reenactor's resource

3253: 3251: 3249: 2758:

World War I: 1,455 Japanese were killed, mostly at the

1358: 4437:

Jaundrill, Colin D. (2016). Benjamin A. Haynes (ed.).

4258:, Kenkyusha Press, Foreign Association of Japan, Tokyo 3881: 3879: 3877: 3724: 807:), and an additional two years in the second reserve ( 687:

for commoners and the abolition of the samurai class.

485:

came to dominate the coalition against the shogunate.

93: 4087:"Japan urged to cash military notes for H.K. holders" 3741: 3739: 3737: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3691: 3689: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3310: 3308: 3306: 2604:

4,250,000 men available for service and mobilization.

919:(sitting at the center) pictured with leaders of the 6085:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

4765:

TM 30–480 Handbook On Japanese Military Forces, 1942

3293: 3291: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 2631:

2 divisions in Japan (Imperial Guard plus one other)

1798:

Army uniforms between 1941 and 1945 (US Army poster)

1662:) but after 1928, as part of the Army's turn toward 5951: 5924: 5866: 5820: 5777: 5770: 5654: 5584: 5509: 5502: 5453: 5393: 5319: 5312: 5259: 5177: 5170: 5069: 5016: 4981: 4874: 4350:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 4303:

Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1853–1945

3070:

List of Japanese military equipment of World War II

371: 366: 341: 316: 288: 283: 207: 197: 178: 168: 160: 152: 142: 132: 124: 116: 79: 4415: 1408:was adopted by the Imperial Japanese Army in 1905. 1036:Japanese troops during the First Sino-Japanese War 420:, both of which were nominally subordinate to the 6090:Military units and formations established in 1868 4832:Eastern menace: the story of Japanese imperialism 4720:Japanese Infantryman 1937–45: Sword of the Empire 3918:"Battlefield – Manchuria – The Forgotten Victory" 2577:1885: consisted of seven divisions including the 960:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors of 1882 853:Further development and modernization (1873–1894) 6014:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 3359:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 208–225, 2219:) for Japanese military projects, including the 5984:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 3177: 3157: 3090:List of Radars in use by Imperial Japanese Army 1478:in 1914 and the seizure of various other small 1396:Japanese riflemen during the Russo-Japanese War 1163:Clashes between Chinese and Japanese forces at 934:by Japanese military forces in response to the 4973: 4157: 4145: 4115: 3868: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3793: 3757: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3171: 3065:List of Bombs in use by Imperial Japanese Army 2749:: 543 (12 killed in battle and 531 by disease) 2313:continued to fight on isolated Pacific islands 1738:From 1932 to 1945 the Empire of Japan and the 1634:withdrew the Japanese forces in October 1922. 86: 4852: 4667:. Quantico, VA: The Marine Corps Association. 2543: 2524:Military History of Japan during World War II 1790:Imperial Japanese Army during the Pacific War 8: 4746:(Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007). 4441:. Melissa Haynes. Cornell University Press. 4129:"Sterling and Peggy Seagrave: Gold Warriors" 1293:On June 17, with tensions increasing, naval 5336:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 4727:The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned 4665:Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War 4041:"A Question for the Imperial Japanese Army" 3043:Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section 1099:, forcing him to renounce ties with China. 1006:, causing problems with ammunition supply. 414:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 5774: 5506: 5316: 5174: 4859: 4845: 4837: 4672:Kelman, Richard; Leo J. Daugherty (2002). 3061: – The Black Dragon Society 3022:Ethnic Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 2616:reductions to 16 divisions and 250,800 men 2550: 2536: 2356: 2349:Organization of the Imperial Japanese Army 1776:on April 13, 1941. However, later, at the 1651:was held accountable only to the Emperor ( 1607:so close to Japan and Japanese-controlled 1086:to reinforce Chinese troops garrisoned in 891:French military mission to Japan (1918–19) 868:French military mission to Japan (1884–89) 864:French military mission to Japan (1872–80) 5734:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 5349:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 4653:Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931–1945 4365:Harries, Meirion; Harries, Susie (1994). 4199:"Onoda Home; 'It Was 30 Years on Duty'", 4106:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 937–977 3805: 3496: 3434: 3338: 3240: 3225: 3055:("stragglers") who surrendered after 1945 713:Barrack of the Imperial Guard, circa 1940 654:Foundation of a national army (1871–1873) 5122:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 4601:(Allen & Unwin, 1988), pp. 1–44 1936: 1446:Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I 1024:Type 13 (top) and Type 22 (bottom). The 60:of all important aspects of the article. 4572:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 3958: 3649: 3608: 3596: 3575: 3563: 3194: 3162:, "Army of the Greater Japanese Empire" 3138: 2515: 2494: 2436: 2393: 2377: 2359: 1874: 5932:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 4587:(White Mane Publishing Company, 1997). 3933: 3885: 3394: 3326: 3257: 3201: 3121:Uniforms of the Imperial Japanese Army 2287:Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution 2193:being trained by Japanese officers as 1692:IJA artillery in Manchuria during the 76: 56:Please consider expanding the lead to 4460:. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 4186:"The Last PCS for Lieutenant Onoda", 3969: 3967: 3357:The Culture of Military Organizations 1159:, during the First Sino-Japanese War. 428:of IJAF. During the 20th century, an 7: 5341:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 5097:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 4592:Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939 3949:(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000). 3745: 3728: 3695: 3680: 3661: 3637: 3625: 3481: 3458: 3446: 3417: 3314: 3297: 3282: 3213: 2622:1934: army increased to 17 divisions 1615:, based in Vladivostok, against the 1553:American Expeditionary Force Siberia 607:Struggles to form a centralized army 6004:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 5251:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 4729:(Pickle Partners Publishing, 2015). 3106:Ranks of the Imperial Japanese Army 3085:List of Japanese Infantry divisions 2637:27 divisions in China and Manchuria 2353:Ranks of the Imperial Japanese Army 27:Ground force of the Empire of Japan 4636:Intelligence and National Security 4329:War in the Modern World Since 1815 4216:. February 1, 2009. Archived from 3038:Japanese army and diplomatic codes 2684:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 2609:1922: 21 divisions and 308,000 men 2457:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 2343:Growth and organization of the IJA 907:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874) 25: 4648:(Univ of California Press, 2007). 4540:Japanese Army Handbook, 1939–1945 4477:Sino-Japanese Naval War 1894–1895 3775:encyclopedia.1914–1918-online.net 1918:Compared to respective armies in 1232:siege of the diplomatic legations 1040:In the early months of 1894, the 595:), whose nominal head was prince 412:(IJAF), it was controlled by the 5704:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 4972: 4725:Sisemore, Major James D. (2015) 4273:Australia–Japan Research Project 3922:Battlefield (documentary series) 2642:In late 1941: 460,000 active in 2438: 2414:Imperial Japanese Army Air Force 2395: 2368: 1934:was worth approximately $ 0.23. 1901: 1889: 1877: 1613:Provisional Priamurye Government 1528:, following the collapse of the 1497:Japanese intervention in Siberia 1345: 1139:and Tianjin, and advance to the 1073:. On June 9, a formation of 420 430:Inspectorate General of Aviation 375: 102: 34: 6080:Military of the Empire of Japan 6050:1945 disestablishments in Japan 5719:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 4214:"The Last Last Soldier? – Time" 4104:The Journal of Economic History 3898:Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact 3095:Military Medal of Honor (Japan) 2879:Type 4 70 mm AT rocket launcher 2779:Navy: 473,800 KIA All Theaters. 2619:1925: Reduction to 12 divisions 2282:Japan Ground Self-Defense Force 1896:IJA Korean Volunteer army, 1943 1774:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 1555:. After a heated debate in the 48:may be too short to adequately 5974:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 5092:Imperial Rescript on Education 4763:United States War Department. 4753:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014). 4722:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012). 4715:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013). 4388:Humphreys, Leonard A. (1996). 3856: 2834:Type 97 heavy tank machine gun 2571:1870: consisted of 12,000 men. 2361:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 1720:Conflict with the Soviet Union 410:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 265:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 58:provide an accessible overview 1: 5425:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 5331:Imperial General Headquarters 4922:Foreign commerce and shipping 4694:, 9#1 (1949), pp. 20–41. 4458:The Japanese Army 1931–45 (1) 2665:plus 59 brigade equivalents. 2424:Railways and Shipping Section 2386:Imperial General Headquarters 1570:to bolster the armies of the 1420:, grown largely out of rival 803:), two years in the reserve ( 762:ministries were established. 111:of the Imperial Japanese Army 6045:1868 establishments in Japan 5752:Hirohito surrender broadcast 5152:Greater East Asia Conference 4708:16#1 (1943), pp. 47–64. 4611:University of Nebraska Press 4498:. Cornell University Press. 4422:. Harvard University Press. 4346:Gilmore, Allison B. (1998). 4015:"Recruitment – Anzac Voices" 2784:672,000 known civilian dead, 2462:Special Naval Landing Forces 2406:(Dai Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) 2257:rape and forced prostitution 1884:IJA Japanese officers, 1930s 1728:IJA amphibious assault ship 1474:on the German concession of 5137:Supreme Court of Judicature 4739:(Nov 1956) 6#11 pp 717–726. 4549:(Palgrave/Macmillan, 2002). 3178: 3158: 2776:Army 1931–1945: 1,569,661 2449:(Dai Nippon Teikoku Kaigun) 1708:in 1931 and, later, to the 950:in the Ryukyu Islands. The 736:abolition of the han system 514:is shown in the background. 94: 6106: 5843:Second Philippine Republic 5621:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 4718:Rottman, Gordon L. (2012) 4711:Rottman, Gordon L. (2013) 4644:Frühstück, Sabine. (2007) 4418:The Making of Modern Japan 4307:University Press of Kansas 4158:Harries & Harries 1994 4146:Harries & Harries 1994 4116:Harries & Harries 1994 3869:Harries & Harries 1994 3845:Harries & Harries 1994 3833:Harries & Harries 1994 3821:Harries & Harries 1994 3794:Harries & Harries 1994 3758:Harries & Harries 1994 3545:Harries & Harries 1994 3533:Harries & Harries 1994 3521:Harries & Harries 1994 3509:Harries & Harries 1994 3159:Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun 2773:KIA Breakdown by Theater: 2346: 2304: 2279: 2178: 1787: 1681: 1494: 1443: 1335: 1308:British garrisons in India 1219: 1042:Donghak Peasant Revolution 1013: 904: 492: 372:Infantry Regimental Colour 343:Chief of the General Staff 95:Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun 6075:Military history of Japan 5724:Japan during World War II 5684:Pacification of Manchukuo 5576:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 5571:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 5440:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 5162:Imperial Japanese Airways 4970: 4692:The Far Eastern Quarterly 4655:(Transaction Publishers). 4583:Denfeld, D. Colt. (1997) 4542:(London: Ian Allan, 1979) 4517:. John Wiley & Sons. 4394:Stanford University Press 4269:"Dispositions and deaths" 4256:Japan Year Book 1938–1939 4254:pp. 217–218, "The Army", 4201:Pacific Stars and Stripes 4188:Pacific Stars and Stripes 3365:10.1017/9781108622752.010 3172: 3149: 3027:Imperial Japanese rations 2899:Type 92 heavy machine gun 2844:Type 11 light machine gun 2839:Type 99 light machine gun 2747:Taiwan Expedition of 1874 2331:, who surrendered on the 2276:Ground Self-Defense Force 1859:Type 99 light machine gun 1090:, the Japanese delivered 926:The Japanese invasion of 245:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 220:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 101: 87: 84: 5699:Second Sino-Japanese War 5646:Racial Equality Proposal 5226:Agriculture and Commerce 4605:Drea, Edward J. (1998). 2924:Type 3 heavy machine gun 2904:Type 1 heavy machine gun 2677:Volunteer Fighting Corps 2241:Second Sino-Japanese War 1710:Second Sino-Japanese War 1684:Second Sino-Japanese War 1678:Second Sino-Japanese War 1450:Japan during World War I 1320:Japanese participation. 824:and the Tokyo garrison. 477:in 1868. The domains of 469:subsequently led to the 270:Second Sino-Japanese War 164:6,095,000 in August 1945 5616:Washington Naval Treaty 5561:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 5546:First Sino-Japanese War 5365:Nuclear weapons program 5107:Great Japan Youth Party 5034:National seals of Japan 4697:Kuehn, John T. (2014) 4638:24.4 (2009): 542–573. 4577:HarperCollinsPublishers 4475:Olender, Piotr (2014). 4456:Jowett, Philip (2002). 4019:Australian War Memorial 2849:Type 100 submachine gun 1766:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 1482:islands and colonies. 1458:entered the war on the 1016:First Sino-Japanese War 1010:First Sino-Japanese War 893:, headed by Commandant 741:The military ministry ( 625:. This conscript army ( 235:First Sino-Japanese War 6040:Imperial Japanese Army 5664:Shōwa financial crisis 5456:Imperial Japanese Navy 5396:Imperial Japanese Army 5127:Peace Preservation Law 4807:Victory in the Pacific 4742:Wood, James B. (2007) 4651:Gruhl, Werner. (2010) 4494:Orbach, Danny (2017). 4203:, March 14, 1974, p. 7 4190:, March 13, 1974, p. 6 2593:220,000 National Army 2567: 2446:Imperial Japanese Navy 2403:Imperial Japanese Army 2236: 2198: 1870:Imperial Japanese Navy 1861: 1851: 1840: 1799: 1754:Japanese establishment 1735: 1714:Imperial Japanese Navy 1697: 1517: 1409: 1397: 1389: 1212: 1160: 1119: 1037: 1029: 982: 938:of December 1871. The 928:Taiwan under Qing rule 923: 840: 791: 788:Imperial Guard (Japan) 714: 698:mixed commoner-samurai 683:, the introduction of 671: 650: 515: 390:Imperial Japanese Army 80:Imperial Japanese Army 18:Japanese Imperial Army 6065:Japan in World War II 5606:Siberian Intervention 5415:Railways and Shipping 5231:Commerce and Industry 4927:Industrial production 4559:World War II Database 4545:Best, Antony. (2002) 4513:Ravina, Mark (2004). 4177:. September 26, 1997. 4169:Kristof, Nicholas D. 3936:, pp. 15–16, 21. 3102:or Strike South Group 2889:Type 100 flamethrower 2625:1936: 250,000 active. 2565: 2319:, who surrendered on 2225:Saketi-Bayah railways 2204: 2188: 2169:Japanese military yen 1949:Monthly salary (USD) 1946:Monthly salary (yen) 1857: 1846: 1836: 1797: 1762:Battle of Lake Khasan 1727: 1691: 1596:and eastern Siberia. 1526:Siberian Intervention 1504: 1491:Siberian intervention 1403: 1395: 1380: 1317:5th Infantry Division 1206: 1150: 1116:Imperial Russian Army 1105: 1035: 1023: 973: 914: 830: 773: 712: 661: 644: 502: 404:. Forming one of the 173:Imperial Armed Forces 156:Military ground force 6019:Political dissidence 5868:Occupied territories 5611:General Election Law 5435:Taiwan Army of Japan 4800:Japanese war posters 4749:Yenne, Bill. (2014) 4631:21.1 (2008): 86–121. 4538:Barker, A.J. (1979) 4305:. Lawrence, Kansas: 3111:Rikugun Shikan Gakko 3032:Imperial Way Faction 2959:Type 99 sniper rifle 2949:Type 97 sniper rifle 2884:Type 93 flamethrower 2648:2 in Japan and Korea 2634:2 divisions in Korea 2301:Continued resistance 1664:romantic nationalism 1621:Far Eastern Republic 1559:, the government of 1534:Bolshevik Revolution 1434:siege of Port Arthur 880:German General Staff 538:, was named nominal 396:) was the principal 318:Minister of the Army 5838:Wang Jingwei regime 5748:Potsdam Declaration 5739:Soviet–Japanese War 5694:Anti-Comintern Pact 5689:January 28 incident 5674:London Naval Treaty 5551:Triple Intervention 5380:Supreme War Council 5264:deliberative bodies 4594:(Stanford UP, 1985) 4220:on February 1, 2009 4133:The Education Forum 4118:, pp. 475–476. 4091:Asian Economic News 3924:, 2001, 98 minutes. 3796:, pp. 110–111. 3017:Double Leaf Society 2894:Type 89 machine gun 2327:in March 1974, and 2209:were taken away as 2181:Japanese war crimes 2150:Private first class 1939: 1938:Basic rates of pay 1744:series of conflicts 1702:Manchurian incident 1515:Allied Intervention 1324:expeditionary army 1284:Triple Intervention 1240:international force 993:force deficient in 932:punitive expedition 915:Commander-in-chief 668:Japanese militarism 445:Origins (1868–1871) 225:Shinpūren Rebellion 5566:Russo-Japanese War 5536:Two Lords Incident 5191:Imperial Household 4825:2012-01-28 at the 4813:2010-03-26 at the 4676:. Zenith Imprint. 4590:Coox, A.D. (1985) 4175:The New York Times 4135:. 25 January 2007. 4069:(Singapore, 1996, 3977:. 1944. p. 8. 3012:Artillery of Japan 2939:Hino–Komuro pistol 2760:Battle of Tsingtao 2568: 2265:biological warfare 2237: 2205:Many thousands of 2199: 2007:Lieutenant colonel 1968:Lieutenant general 1937: 1862: 1852: 1841: 1800: 1752:doctrine, and the 1736: 1698: 1645:Meiji Constitution 1638:Rise of militarism 1594:Maritime Provinces 1543:In July 1918, the 1518: 1410: 1398: 1390: 1357:. You can help by 1338:Russo-Japanese War 1332:Russo-Japanese War 1288:Fukushima Yasumasa 1213: 1161: 1120: 1112:Russo-Japanese War 1038: 1030: 983: 980:governor of Taiwan 924: 895:Jacques-Paul Faure 858:Foreign assistance 841: 792: 715: 672: 651: 647:Koishikawa Arsenal 614:masterless samurai 593:Tōsei daisō tokufu 540:commander in chief 520:Tokugawa Yoshinobu 516: 459:Tokugawa shogunate 250:Russo-Japanese War 6027: 6026: 5999:Socialist thought 5947: 5946: 5886:Dutch East Indies 5848:Empire of Vietnam 5766: 5765: 5541:Satsuma Rebellion 5521:Meiji Restoration 5498: 5497: 5308: 5307: 5246:Greater East Asia 5132:Political parties 5087:Foreign relations 4701:(ABC-CLIO, 2014). 4659:Hayashi, Saburo; 4555:"Horii, Tomitaro" 4412:Jansen, Marius B. 4021:. 17 October 2019 3945:Bergerund, Eric. 3900:April 13, 1941. ( 3664:, pp. 82–83. 3523:, pp. 20–24. 3511:, pp. 22–29. 3053:Japanese holdouts 2791:missing in action 2740:missing in action 2682:includes 650,000 2560: 2559: 2508:IJN rank insignia 2503:IJA rank insignia 2271:Post-World War II 2161: 2160: 2072:Second lieutenant 1826:(16th Army), and 1824:Dutch East Indies 1810:(23rd Army), the 1694:Jinzhou Operation 1576:Aleksandr Kolchak 1564:Terauchi Masatake 1424:ambitions toward 1388:during the period 1375: 1374: 1108:Akiyama Yoshifuru 901:Taiwan Expedition 870:. However, after 846:Satsuma Rebellion 837:Satsuma Rebellion 619:rice production ( 597:Arisugawa-no-miya 471:Meiji Restoration 434:politics of Japan 426:supreme commander 406:military branches 383: 382: 260:Russian Civil War 230:Satsuma Rebellion 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 6097: 6055:Disbanded armies 5989:Shinmin no Michi 5979:Internment camps 5891:French Indochina 5775: 5626:Taishō Democracy 5507: 5430:Japanese holdout 5317: 5241:Colonial Affairs 5175: 5102:Yokusan Sonendan 5008: 5000: 4992: 4976: 4975: 4902:Economic history 4861: 4854: 4847: 4838: 4805:The PBS program 4795: 4687: 4668: 4624: 4580: 4562: 4528: 4509: 4490: 4471: 4452: 4433: 4421: 4407: 4384: 4361: 4342: 4320: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4265: 4259: 4252: 4246: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4210: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4184: 4178: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4100: 4094: 4084: 4078: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4047:. 4 January 2012 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3993:Business Insider 3985: 3979: 3978: 3971: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3915: 3909: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3732: 3726: 3699: 3693: 3684: 3678: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3485: 3479: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3421: 3415: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3301: 3295: 3286: 3280: 3261: 3255: 3244: 3238: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3151: 3143: 3126:Yokusan Sonendan 2909:Type 26 revolver 2552: 2545: 2538: 2482:List of aircraft 2444: 2442: 2441: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2373: 2372: 2357: 2307:Japanese holdout 2253:Nanjing Massacre 2249:prisoners of war 2211:forced labourers 2046:First lieutenant 1940: 1905: 1893: 1881: 1804:Second World War 1778:Yalta Conference 1770:decisive victory 1628:Russian Far East 1370: 1367: 1349: 1342: 1264:Austro-Hungarian 1157:Yamagata Aritomo 1079:Oshima Yoshimasa 917:Saigō Tsugumichi 887:Kingdom of Italy 866:, and the third 835:, the leader of 805:dai'ichi kōbigun 729:donated 100,000 694:Yamagata Aritomo 689:Ōkubo Toshimichi 664:Aritomo Yamagata 422:Emperor of Japan 379: 351:Yamagata Aritomo 332:Sadamu Shimomura 290:Emperor of Japan 190: 184: 106: 97: 91: 90: 89: 77: 70: 67: 61: 38: 30: 21: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6060:Empire of Japan 6030: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6009:Yasukuni Shrine 5943: 5920: 5862: 5816: 5762: 5714:Tripartite Pact 5709:Rape of Nanking 5650: 5636:Tapani incident 5580: 5556:Boxer Rebellion 5514: 5494: 5458: 5449: 5398: 5389: 5324: 5304: 5298:Representatives 5266: 5263: 5262:Legislative and 5255: 5221:Foreign Affairs 5184: 5181: 5166: 5065: 5044:Government Seal 5029:Rising Sun Flag 5012: 5006: 4998: 4990: 4977: 4968: 4870: 4868:Empire of Japan 4865: 4827:Wayback Machine 4815:Wayback Machine 4789: 4778: 4760: 4758:Primary sources 4733:Storry, Richard 4706:Pacific Affairs 4684: 4671: 4658: 4621: 4604: 4565: 4552: 4535: 4533:Further reading 4525: 4512: 4506: 4493: 4487: 4474: 4468: 4455: 4449: 4436: 4430: 4410: 4404: 4387: 4381: 4364: 4358: 4345: 4339: 4325:Drea, Edward J. 4323: 4317: 4299:Drea, Edward J. 4297: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4253: 4249: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4181: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4101: 4097: 4085: 4081: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3973: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3947:Fire in the Sky 3944: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3916: 3912: 3906:Yale University 3896: 3892: 3884: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3777: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3735: 3727: 3702: 3694: 3687: 3679: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3424: 3416: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3375: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3304: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3264: 3256: 3247: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3170: 3166: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3007: 2984:Type 99 grenade 2979:Type 98 grenade 2974:Type 10 grenade 2954:Type 38 carbine 2929:Type 30 bayonet 2874:Type 91 grenade 2829:Type 97 grenade 2819:Type 44 carbine 2805: 2728: 2556: 2448: 2439: 2437: 2405: 2396: 2394: 2367: 2355: 2347:Main articles: 2345: 2309: 2303: 2284: 2278: 2273: 2239:Throughout the 2229:internment camp 2183: 2177: 2059:Warrant officer 1916: 1909: 1906: 1897: 1894: 1885: 1882: 1792: 1786: 1722: 1686: 1680: 1640: 1632:Katō Tomosaburō 1574:leader Admiral 1522:Nishihara Loans 1499: 1493: 1488: 1486:Inter-war years 1456:Empire of Japan 1452: 1444:Main articles: 1442: 1386:Minister of War 1382:Ōshima Ken'ichi 1371: 1365: 1362: 1355:needs expansion 1340: 1334: 1326:stormed Tianjin 1224: 1222:Boxer Rebellion 1218: 1216:Boxer Rebellion 1018: 1012: 952:Empire of Japan 909: 903: 872:France's defeat 860: 855: 776:Nozu Michitsura 768: 707: 656: 609: 497: 491: 447: 442: 402:Empire of Japan 386: 362: 357:Yoshijirō Umezu 337: 312: 279: 240:Boxer Rebellion 188: 182: 137:Empire of Japan 112: 92: 85: 71: 65: 62: 55: 43:This article's 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6103: 6101: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6032: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5853:State of Burma 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5781: 5779: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5679:Musha Incident 5676: 5671: 5669:Jinan incident 5666: 5660: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5526:Beipu uprising 5523: 5517: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5490:Treaty Faction 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5420:Imperial Guard 5417: 5412: 5407: 5401: 5399: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5327: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5180:Administration 5178: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5002: 4994: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4817: 4802: 4797: 4784: 4777: 4776:External links 4774: 4773: 4772: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4682: 4669: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4632: 4625: 4619: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4563: 4550: 4543: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4523: 4510: 4505:978-1501708336 4504: 4491: 4485: 4472: 4466: 4453: 4447: 4434: 4428: 4408: 4402: 4385: 4379: 4362: 4356: 4343: 4337: 4321: 4315: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4260: 4247: 4231: 4205: 4192: 4179: 4162: 4160:, p. 487. 4150: 4148:, p. 471. 4138: 4120: 4108: 4095: 4079: 4065:Wong Hon Sum, 4058: 4045:HistoryNet.com 4032: 4006: 3995:. 7 March 2018 3980: 3963: 3961:, p. 150. 3951: 3938: 3926: 3910: 3902:Avalon Project 3890: 3873: 3871:, p. 197. 3861: 3849: 3847:, p. 193. 3837: 3835:, p. 124. 3825: 3823:, p. 123. 3810: 3806:Humphreys 1996 3798: 3786: 3762: 3760:, p. 109. 3750: 3733: 3700: 3685: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3613: 3601: 3580: 3568: 3549: 3537: 3535:, p. 363. 3525: 3513: 3501: 3499:, p. 107. 3497:Jaundrill 2016 3486: 3463: 3451: 3439: 3435:Jaundrill 2016 3422: 3399: 3397:, p. 397. 3387: 3374:978-1108485739 3373: 3343: 3339:Jaundrill 2016 3331: 3329:, p. 343. 3319: 3302: 3287: 3262: 3260:, p. 154. 3245: 3241:Jaundrill 2016 3230: 3226:Jaundrill 2016 3218: 3206: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3164: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2994:Type 4 grenade 2991: 2989:Type 3 grenade 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2944:Sugiura pistol 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2803:Equipment used 2801: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2764:World War II: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2711: 2710:Garrison Force 2704: 2697: 2690: 2687: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579:Imperial Guard 2575: 2572: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2451: 2450: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2408: 2407: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2380: 2379: 2378:Administration 2375: 2374: 2364: 2363: 2344: 2341: 2329:Teruo Nakamura 2305:Main article: 2302: 2299: 2280:Main article: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2191:child recruits 2179:Main article: 2176: 2173: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2137:Lance corporal 2133: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2085:Sergeant major 2081: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2066:$ 18.40–25.30 2064: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2053:$ 19.55–21.66 2051: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2040:$ 28.06–35.65 2038: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2027:$ 39.10–50.60 2025: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2014:$ 50.60–71.30 2012: 2009: 2003: 2002: 2001:$ 71.30–85.10 1999: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1928:cost of living 1915: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1876: 1848:Type 97 Chi-Ha 1788:Main article: 1785: 1782: 1768:) ending in a 1721: 1718: 1682:Main article: 1679: 1676: 1639: 1636: 1572:White movement 1561:Prime Minister 1549:Woodrow Wilson 1545:U.S. President 1530:Russian Empire 1495:Main article: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1441: 1438: 1373: 1372: 1352: 1350: 1336:Main article: 1333: 1330: 1242:consisting of 1226:In 1899–1900, 1220:Main article: 1217: 1214: 1126:would land at 1014:Main article: 1011: 1008: 944:Ryukyu Kingdom 936:Mudan Incident 930:in 1874 was a 905:Main article: 902: 899: 859: 856: 854: 851: 833:Saigō Takamori 784:chief of staff 767: 764: 719:Imperial Guard 706: 703: 677:Ōmura Masujirō 655: 652: 608: 605: 601:imperial court 536:Prince Ninnaji 493:Main article: 490: 487: 446: 443: 441: 438: 384: 381: 380: 373: 369: 368: 364: 363: 361: 360: 354: 347: 345: 339: 338: 336: 335: 329: 322: 320: 314: 313: 311: 310: 305: 300: 294: 292: 286: 285: 281: 280: 278: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 211: 209: 205: 204: 202:Army equipment 199: 195: 194: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 162: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 107: 99: 98: 82: 81: 73: 72: 52:the key points 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6102: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6070:Japanese Army 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5964:Fukoku kyōhei 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821:Puppet states 5819: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5485:Fleet Faction 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5465:General Staff 5463: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5405:General Staff 5403: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5358:military code 5357: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5288:Imperial Diet 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5278:Privy Council 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5196:Home Ministry 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5039:Imperial Seal 5037: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5024:Flag of Japan 5022: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4995: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796:(part 1 of 4) 4793: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4737:History Today 4734: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4661:Alvin D. Coox 4657: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4553:Chen, Peter. 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4486:9788363678302 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4448:9781501706646 4444: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4331:. Routledge. 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4316:9780803217089 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4007: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3808:, p. 25. 3807: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3751: 3748:, p. 99. 3747: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3731:, p. 98. 3730: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3698:, p. 97. 3697: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3683:, p. 83. 3682: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3655: 3652:, p. 56. 3651: 3646: 3643: 3640:, p. 80. 3639: 3634: 3631: 3628:, p. 79. 3627: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3611:, p. 45. 3610: 3605: 3602: 3599:, p. 44. 3598: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3578:, p. 43. 3577: 3572: 3569: 3566:, p. 42. 3565: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3547:, p. 28. 3546: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3484:, p. 24. 3483: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3461:, p. 23. 3460: 3455: 3452: 3449:, p. 76. 3448: 3443: 3440: 3437:, p. 95. 3436: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3420:, p. 29. 3419: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3341:, p. 96. 3340: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3320: 3317:, p. 20. 3316: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3300:, p. 19. 3299: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3285:, p. 10. 3284: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3243:, p. 87. 3242: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3228:, p. 86. 3227: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3207: 3204:, p. 60. 3203: 3198: 3195: 3188: 3180: 3168: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2964:Karabiner 98k 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2919:Type 35 rifle 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2864:Type 30 rifle 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2814:Type 99 rifle 2812: 2810: 2809:Type 38 rifle 2807: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2795:presumed dead 2792: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2738:or listed as 2737: 2733: 2725: 2723: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2692:2.25 million 2691: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2645:41 divisions 2644: 2643: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2495:Rank insignia 2493: 2488: 2487:Main admirals 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2477:List of ships 2475: 2473: 2472:Major battles 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2392: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2321:Lubang Island 2318: 2314: 2308: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2261:death marches 2258: 2254: 2250: 2247:, as well as 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2098:Officer Cadet 2096: 2095: 2092:$ 7.36–17.25 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1981:Major general 1979: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1913: 1904: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1838:Type 38 rifle 1835: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1822:(15th Army), 1821: 1818:(15th Army), 1817: 1814:(14th Army), 1813: 1809: 1805: 1796: 1791: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1524:. During the 1523: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468:Western Front 1465: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1407: 1406:Type 38 rifle 1402: 1394: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1369: 1360: 1356: 1353:This section 1351: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1215: 1210: 1209:Type 30 rifle 1205: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1132:Beiyang fleet 1129: 1125: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1084:Taedong River 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1034: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 981: 977: 976:Nogi Maresuke 972: 968: 964: 961: 956: 953: 949: 945: 941: 940:Paiwan people 937: 933: 929: 922: 918: 913: 908: 900: 898: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 857: 852: 850: 847: 838: 834: 829: 825: 822: 818: 814: 810: 809:daini kōbigun 806: 802: 797: 789: 785: 781: 780:field marshal 777: 772: 765: 763: 761: 757: 753: 748: 744: 739: 737: 732: 728: 724: 720: 711: 704: 702: 699: 695: 690: 686: 682: 678: 669: 665: 660: 653: 648: 643: 639: 636: 630: 628: 624: 622: 615: 606: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 572: 570: 568: 562: 560: 554: 552: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 513: 509: 505: 501: 496: 488: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 444: 439: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418:Army Ministry 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 385:Military unit 378: 374: 370: 365: 358: 355: 352: 349: 348: 346: 344: 340: 333: 330: 327: 324: 323: 321: 319: 315: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 293: 291: 287: 282: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 210: 206: 203: 200: 196: 193: 187: 181: 177: 174: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 148: 145: 141: 138: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 110: 105: 100: 96: 83: 78: 69: 59: 53: 51: 46: 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 5952:Other topics 5788: 5631:Taishō Roman 5395: 5385:Conscription 5355: 5347: 5322:Armed Forces 5182:(ministries) 5082:Charter Oath 5077:Constitution 4959:State Shinto 4942:Essentialism 4892:Demographics 4806: 4764: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4673: 4664: 4652: 4645: 4635: 4628: 4606: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4575:. New York: 4570: 4567:Bix, Herbert 4558: 4546: 4539: 4514: 4495: 4479:. MMPBooks. 4476: 4457: 4438: 4417: 4389: 4371:Random House 4369:. New York: 4366: 4347: 4328: 4302: 4292:Bibliography 4277:. Retrieved 4272: 4263: 4255: 4250: 4234: 4222:. Retrieved 4218:the original 4208: 4200: 4195: 4187: 4182: 4174: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4111: 4103: 4098: 4090: 4082: 4066: 4061: 4049:. Retrieved 4044: 4035: 4023:. Retrieved 4018: 4009: 3997:. Retrieved 3992: 3983: 3974: 3959:Gilmore 1998 3954: 3946: 3941: 3929: 3913: 3893: 3888:, p. 7. 3864: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3801: 3789: 3778:. Retrieved 3774: 3765: 3753: 3657: 3650:Olender 2014 3645: 3633: 3609:Olender 2014 3604: 3597:Olender 2014 3576:Olender 2014 3571: 3564:Olender 2014 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3454: 3442: 3390: 3356: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3221: 3216:, p. 8. 3209: 3197: 3167: 3141: 2914:Murata rifle 2869:Type I rifle 2824:Nambu pistol 2729: 2721: 2703:Labor Troops 2699:1.3 million 2696:Labor Troops 2402: 2310: 2285: 2238: 2214: 2195:human shield 2166: 2162: 2118:$ 5.29–6.90 2105:$ 5.75–9.20 1932:Japanese yen 1917: 1863: 1801: 1784:World War II 1758:puppet state 1749:Hokushin-ron 1747: 1740:Soviet Union 1737: 1731:Shinshū Maru 1729: 1699: 1672: 1667: 1659: 1657: 1649:War Minister 1641: 1625: 1598: 1587: 1578:against the 1542: 1519: 1460:Entente side 1453: 1411: 1366:January 2019 1363: 1359:adding to it 1354: 1322: 1315:July 6, the 1294: 1292: 1276: 1225: 1162: 1153:Katsura Tarō 1124:5th Division 1121: 1092:Li Hongzhang 1074: 1063: 1039: 1026:Murata rifle 984: 965: 957: 925: 921:Seqalu tribe 884: 876:Jakob Meckel 861: 842: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796:conscription 793: 766:Conscription 751: 742: 740: 722: 716: 685:conscription 673: 631: 626: 620: 610: 592: 573: 566: 558: 550: 544:Toba–Fushimi 517: 507: 462: 454: 448: 398:ground force 393: 389: 387: 275:World War II 169:Part of 63: 47: 45:lead section 5994:Shōwa Modan 5969:Hakkō ichiu 5906:Philippines 5793:after 1943) 5771:Territories 5729:Pacific War 5594:World War I 5470:Air Service 5410:Air Service 5283:Gozen Kaigi 4999:(Yoshihito) 4991:(Mutsuhito) 4937:Nationalism 4882:Agriculture 4279:29 December 4051:16 December 4025:16 December 3999:16 December 3934:Jowett 2002 3886:Jowett 2002 3395:Jansen 2002 3327:Jansen 2002 3258:Ravina 2004 3202:Jansen 2002 3100:Nanshin-ron 3059:Kokuryū-kai 2612:1924: Post- 2325:Philippines 2317:Hiroo Onoda 2251:– with the 2207:Indonesians 2189:Indonesian 1812:Philippines 1601:Vladivostok 1538:Lake Baikal 1513:during the 1511:Vladivostok 1440:World War I 1422:imperialist 1198:Port Arthur 1190:Port Arthur 1186:Second Army 1137:Shanhaiguan 948:Miyako-jima 522:marched on 512:Yodo Castle 457:) with the 255:World War I 208:Engagements 66:August 2024 6034:Categories 5758:Occupation 5586:Taishō era 5531:Boshin War 5375:War crimes 5171:Government 5147:Tonarigumi 5054:Privy Seal 5049:State Seal 5007:(Hirohito) 4932:Militarism 4887:Censorship 4683:0760311455 4620:0803217080 4524:0471089702 4467:1841763535 4429:0674003349 4403:0804723753 4380:0679753036 4357:0803221673 4338:0415251400 4244:1841763543 4075:9810081901 3780:2023-05-31 3189:References 3034:or Kodô-Ha 2999:Lunge mine 2726:Casualties 2335:island of 2333:Indonesian 2291:militarism 2235:, c. 1945. 2221:Burma-Siam 2175:War crimes 2050:¥85–94.16 1590:Yui Mitsue 1532:after the 1312:Aoki Shūzō 1299:Dagu forts 1295:Rikusentai 1174:First Army 1075:rikusentai 813:kokumingun 681:government 589:Hokurikudō 495:Boshin War 489:Boshin War 475:Boshin War 326:Ōyama Iwao 284:Commanders 215:Boshin War 109:The ensign 5959:Sonnō jōi 5911:Singapore 5896:Hong Kong 5858:Azad Hind 5833:Mengjiang 5828:Manchukuo 5802:Kantō-shū 5744:Surrender 5656:Shōwa era 5641:Truku War 5512:Meiji era 5480:Tokkeitai 5445:Kempeitai 5356:Senjinkun 5273:Daijō-kan 5236:Munitions 5117:Mokusatsu 4907:Education 3746:Drea 2009 3729:Drea 2009 3696:Drea 2009 3681:Drea 2009 3662:Drea 2009 3638:Drea 2009 3626:Drea 2009 3482:Drea 2009 3459:Drea 2009 3447:Drea 2003 3418:Drea 2009 3383:211662774 3315:Drea 2009 3298:Drea 2009 3283:Drea 2009 3214:Drea 2009 2854:MP 28 SMG 2653:Manchuria 2581:Division. 2467:Tokkeitai 2419:Kempeitai 2245:civilians 2037:¥122–155 2024:¥170–220 2011:¥220–310 1998:¥310–370 1975:$ 111.17 1962:$ 126.50 1866:submarine 1808:Hong Kong 1706:Manchuria 1605:communism 1580:Bolshevik 1426:Manchuria 1178:Pyongyang 1169:Seongwhan 1088:Pyongyang 999:artillery 723:Goshinpei 627:chōheigun 559:Hiroshima 549:Tottori ( 467:seclusion 198:Equipment 125:Disbanded 50:summarize 5937:Yen bloc 5925:Ideology 5916:Thailand 5785:Karafuto 5778:Colonies 5370:Kamikaze 5313:Military 5216:Treasury 5070:Policies 5061:Kimigayo 4982:Emperors 4949:Politics 4917:Eugenics 4875:Overview 4823:Archived 4811:Archived 4663:(1959). 4569:(2000). 4414:(2002). 4301:(2009). 4224:July 21, 3146:Japanese 3116:Tosei-Ha 3005:See also 2789:810,000 2715:Kempetai 2706:250,000 2429:Uniforms 2295:Cold War 2263:, using 2124:Corporal 2111:Sergeant 2079:$ 16.30 2063:¥80–110 1988:$ 95.83 1985:¥416.66 1972:¥483.33 1816:Thailand 1764:and the 1653:Hirohito 1619:-backed 1583:Red Army 1304:Boer War 1272:Japanese 1268:American 1128:Chemulpo 1071:Chemulpo 1054:Shandong 1004:calibers 991:infantry 817:hojū-eki 790:in 1874. 774:Marquis 752:garrison 743:Hyōbushō 638:fabric. 635:nobility 585:San'indō 473:and the 416:and the 367:Insignia 5503:History 5475:Marines 5112:Kokutai 5017:Symbols 4997:Taishō 4954:Statism 4897:Economy 4792:Russian 4767:(1942) 3859:, p. 41 3154:Hepburn 3150:大日本帝国陸軍 2767:Deaths 2736:wounded 2713:20,000 2708:Special 2657:27 in 2516:History 2337:Morotai 2323:in the 2233:Jakarta 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