506:
551:
permit. The goal of this act was to slow down the over fishing of the
Japanese eel and control the number of eels being taken into captivity. In the future there is a law being placed that in December 2023 that makes fishing glass eels without a permit punishable with up to 3 years in prison or a 30 million Japanese yen fine. There have also been efforts made to stop the habitat loss of this species through the Nature-oriented river works. The high price and demand of this species means that there is also need for the Act on "Ensuring the Proper Domestic Distribution and Importation of Specified Aquatic Animals and Plants" that prohibits harvesting and culturing these eels without a permit that was put in place in 2020.
427:
their migration. An eel at this stage in its life cycle is 6 cm long with an intense instinct to swim upstream. This instinct allows them to scale any scenario and attempt to make it to their permanent habitat. During this migration, the eels are not presented with many predators as they are not commonly preyed on during the eel's life cycle stage. This low number of predators could also affect the nocturnal nature of the eels during this time. They chose to swim upstream during the night hours and hide under banks and rockets of the river during the day. Two weeks into this migration, the eels develop a black coloring and metamorphosis from elvers to brown-stage eels to continue their journey.
584:
due to the breeding habits. Scientists and farmers have never been able to breed an eel, so this species' agriculture relies heavily on their catch in their elver stage. A net is strewn across the rivers that these eels migrate up in the early autumn, and then they are transported to cultured ponds to grow to commercial size. The female eel grows to a much bigger size and has a longer life span than the male eel therefor; the cultured population is made up of 90% female eel. The heavy farming of this species has negatively impacted the conservation of the species; however, the production and consumption have not slowed.
570:
560:
75:
444:
50:
419:
370:
31:
366:
salinity front separating the north equatorial current from the tropical waters. This front is an indicator to tell the eels that they are in their preferred spawning location. The North
Equatorial Current assists the eels in migrating from the center of the Pacific Ocean to the coast of Asia; without this indicator, the larvae would end up in the Mindanao Current.
431:
environment as it relies significantly on the color of the water. The eels grow to around their adult size in this stage as well during this time, which is up to 57 – 60 cm for females and 35 cm for males. At 30 cm, the eels grow sexual organs for the first time and prepare to make their great migration.
494:
northward shift in the front that occurred over the past 30 years appears to have occurred, which could cause more larvae to be retained in eddies offshore in the region east of Taiwan, and southward shifts in the salinity front have been observed in recent years that could increase southward transport into the
434:
Once these eels reach adulthood, they develop a silvery color under their skin. This change in appearance signaling that they are entering their last stage of life, the silver stage. During this time, the eels prepare to migrate to the spawning area by naturally producing more oil in their body. This
754:
in its blood that can cause harm to any mammals that ingest it, including humans. However, there is no need for any special procedures as temperatures of 58–70 °C (136–158 °F) destroy the toxin. Thus, Japanese eels are always cooked before consumption, even unagi sushi. Eels intended to be
550:
There are multiple preservation effectors that the
Japanese government is undertaking to slow or stop the extinction of this highly important species for their consumption. In 2015 the Inland Water Fishery Promotion Act was put in place preventing the fishing and culturing of eels without the proper
525:
Another factor that is effecting the
Japanese eels is habitats loss. The coast is becoming a more preferred location for humans to live as the climate and pollution continues to worsen taking away from the habitat of these eels. On average from 1970s–2010s, 76.8% of the Japanese eels habitat is lost
467:
were captured using large midwater trawls in 2008 by
Japanese scientists at the Fisheries Research Agency. The adults of the Japanese eel appear to spawn in the upper few hundred meters of the ocean, based on the recent catches of their spawning adults, eggs, and newly hatched larvae. The timing of
430:
The brown-stage, also known as the yellow stage, stage of the eel's life lasts for 5–10 years, and during this time, the eel feeds on worms and insects. The characteristics of this stage include a dull pigment with a grey, brown, and greenish top and white underbelly. This pigment is related to the
426:
As these glass eels reach their freshwater habitats from
December to April they become known as Elvers. The migration time of this species corresponds with the moon as it affects the tide. This time is during a tide that occurs at night and simulates a flood making it easier for the eels to survive
365:
to their spawning area without feeding. The eels are able to travel this long distance without nutrients because of the oils they collect in their bodies before the migration out to sea. The spawning area for this species is approximately 15°N, 140°E, a location corresponding with the location of a
583:
The culturing of eels was started in Japan in 1894 and has become the most significant eel culture industry in the world since. Japan is the biggest consumer and producer of eels generating approximately 70 - 90% of the eel population as of 1991. The farming of the
Japanese eel is challenging
513:
The decline of the population of the
Japanese eel is also directly related to the strong connection that the eel's life cycle has with the temperature of the water. This species relies on this environmental signal to know when to migrate in and out of their fresh water habitat; thus, the change in
379:
The discovery of the
Japanese eel breeding location was a new finding in 1991 when R.V. Hakuho Maru performed a research cruise. Before this research cruise, little was known about how eels breed, and there is still so much to learn as these eels remain a mystery to many scientists. Until the late
493:
In the case of the
Japanese eel's spawning is likely affected by the north–south shifts of a salinity front created by an area of low-salinity waters resulting from tropical rainfall. The front is thought to be detected by the adult spawning eels and to affect the latitudes at which they spawn. A
671:
The Japanese eel has the ability to produce the protein UnaG which makes it unique among vertebrates. This protein is only found in the muscles of this species of eels making it a rare commodity. UnaG has demonstrated utility in life sciences and can be used to fluorescently label cells and tag
435:
oil is stored in the muscles of the eels and is approximately 20% of their body mass. Once the appropriate content of the oil is reached, the eels stop feeding. During the autumn and generally on the last quarter of the moon, the eels migrate downstream to the center of the pacific.
458:
Since then, more pre-leptocephali were collected at sea, and even Japanese eel eggs have been collected and genetically identified on the research vessel. The collections of eggs and recently hatched larvae have been made along the western side of the seamount chain of the
1001:
Chow, S.; Kurogi, H; Katayama, S; Ambe, D; Okazaki, M; Watanabe, T; Ichikawa, T; Kodama, M; Aoyama, J; Shinoda, A; Watanabe, S; Tsukamoto, K; Miyazaki, S; Kimiura, S; Yamada, Y; Nomura, K; Tanaka, H; Kazeto, Y; Hata, K; Handa, T; Tawa, A; Mochioka, N (2010).
522:. These eels are having a more challenging time knowing when to migrate. When migrating into their freshwater habitats, they prefer 8 to 10 degrees Celsius, a temperature usually reached in the autumn months but is getting later and later.
395:, hatch from the egg approximately 36 hours after fertilization. These leptocephalius grow from 7.9 to 34.2 mm, growing by 0.56 mm daily. After riding the north equatorial current, the leptocephali take and head northward by the
479:
stage. The glass eels then enter the estuaries and headwaters of rivers and many travel upstream. In fresh water and estuaries, the diet of yellow eels consists mainly of shrimp, other crustaceans, aquatic insects, and small fishes.
345:. However, presumably due to a combination of overfishing and habitat loss or changing water conditions in the ocean interfering with spawning and the transport of their leptocephali this species is endangered.
1230:
Kimura, S.; Inoue, Takashi; Sugimoto, Takashige (2001). "Fluctuation in the distribution of low-salinity water in the North Equatorial Current and its effect on the larval transport of the Japanese eel".
384:
found a more precise location of spawning based on genetically identified specimens of newly hatched pre-larva only 2 to 5 days old in a small area near the Suruga Seamount to the west of the
475:
After hatching in the ocean, the leptocephali are carried westward by the North Equatorial Current and then northward by the Kuroshio Current to East Asia. before they metamorphose into the
333:
ponds in most countries, the Japanese eel makes up 95% of the commercially sold eel in Japan, the other 5% is shipped over by air to the country from Europe. This food in Japan is called
1498:
380:
20th century, scientists hypothesized that the different stages of the eel's life cycle were entirely different species. Then in 2005, the same team of Japanese scientists at the
1663:
505:
2019:
1151:
Chow, S.; Kurogi, Hiroaki; Mochioka, Noritaka; Kaji, Shunji; Okazaki, Makoto; Tsukamoto, Katsumi (2009). "Discovery of mature freshwater eels in the open ocean".
698:, with the latter being the method which the eels are often prepared. Kabayaki eels are prepared by being cut into fillets, deboned, skewered, marinated in sweet
2058:
1440:
Kumagai, Akiko; Ando, Ryoko; Miyatake, Hideyuki; Greimel, Peter; Kobayashi, Toshihide; Hirabayashi, Yoshio; Shimogori, Tomomi; Miyawaki, Atsushi (June 2013).
502:. These types of unfavorable larval transport are thought to reduce the recruitment success of the Japanese eels that reach river mouths as glass eels.
2125:
1993:
1315:"Anguilla japonica: Pike, C., Kaifu, K., Crook, V., Jacoby, D. & Gollock, M.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T166184A176493270"
946:
2032:
1664:
https://web.archive.org/web/20100706014923/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_UnagiReport.pdf
2071:
1635:
1744:
1490:
542:. The last time that this species was assessed in November 2018 and according to that assessment the population size is still decreasing.
1836:
1667:
2150:
1553:
1520:
468:
catches of eggs and larvae and the ages of larger larvae have shown that Japanese eels only spawn during the few days just before the
977:
2145:
2097:
54:
2160:
672:
proteins when exogenously expressed. This protein has been used in an experimental diagnostic test to assess liver function.
407:
The Japanese eel metamorphoses into five stages throughout its life cycle, all with their distinct names. In the open ocean,
399:
to east Asia. These eels live in rivers, lakes, and estuaries until they return to the ocean as adults to breed and die off.
2037:
609:
415:. Approximately 18 months after hatching, they metamorphose into "glass eels", a name derived from their clear appearance.
917:
769:
Japanese eels are a good source of a wide range of vitamins and minerals. A serving of 100 grams contains roughly 120% of
706:) and then grilled. Japanese eels that have been grilled without tare sauce and seasoned only with salt are referred as
1928:
2063:
514:
water temperature is directly proportional to the decline in population size. These rising water temperatures to
74:
2155:
373:
358:
1571:"Purification and characterization of a proteinaceous toxin from the Serum of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica"
361:
in the western North Pacific. Adult Japanese eels migrate thousands of kilometers from freshwater rivers in
569:
2140:
1868:
1786:
Sato, Naoyuki; Ishii, Keiko; Satoh, Akio; Tanaka, Yasuo; Hidaka, Toshio; Nagaoka, Noboru (December 2005).
1906:
1402:
1008:
do not assimilate nutrition during the oceanic spawning migration: Evidence from stable isotope analysis"
2135:
1933:
1340:
559:
169:
1762:
1719:
1267:
2130:
2102:
1954:
1915:
1323:
1279:
1240:
1160:
1109:
1019:
895:
727:
type dish where fillets of eels are served over rice in a large bowl. Japanese eel is also served as
1546:
A taste of Japan : food fact and fable : what the people eat : customs and etiquette
515:
381:
339:; they are an essential part of the food culture, with many restaurants serving grilled eel called
39:
1606:
1328:
1203:
1176:
1133:
1078:
843:
839:
758:
Due to the decline of the population of the Japanese eels, they are often being substituted with
535:
464:
198:
69:
2024:
2084:
1941:
1817:
1809:
1685:
1641:
1631:
1598:
1590:
1549:
1471:
1463:
1422:
1295:
1125:
1070:
983:
973:
851:
717:
a dish consisting of the better cuts of eel served in a lacquered box over steamed rice, and
2089:
2050:
1799:
1582:
1453:
1414:
1318:
1287:
1248:
1168:
1117:
1060:
1027:
890:
495:
396:
189:
1920:
1698:
1353:
1216:
649:
385:
1857:
1283:
1244:
1164:
1113:
1023:
1418:
1314:
872:
460:
443:
353:
Between April and November, the Japanese eels leave their freshwater river habitats in
116:
2119:
2045:
1610:
1332:
1252:
925:
881:
408:
392:
59:
1180:
329:, meaning it spawns in the sea but lives parts of its life in freshwater. Raised in
1946:
1137:
1082:
763:
759:
369:
2006:
1900:
770:
659:
519:
499:
412:
330:
326:
322:
314:
146:
136:
30:
1891:
1458:
1441:
1388:
1291:
418:
1804:
1787:
1586:
1172:
987:
811:
792:
755:
used in sushi are usually sold in pre-cooked fillets by many sushi suppliers.
703:
625:
1813:
1645:
1594:
1467:
1426:
1367:
1299:
1129:
1967:
1570:
827:
823:
803:
799:
781:
777:
699:
476:
362:
354:
86:
1821:
1602:
1475:
1097:
1074:
574:
Total production of Japanese eel in thousands of tonnes as reported by the
1630:. J. E. Thorpe (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science. p. 34.
1625:
1980:
1885:
815:
785:
694:
630:
469:
341:
185:
106:
1792:
Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan
1788:"[Residues of total mercury and methyl mercury in eel products]"
1268:"Impact of long-term habitat loss on the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica"
1998:
847:
724:
452:
310:
2011:
1985:
1032:
1003:
967:
1121:
831:
807:
719:
96:
1862:
1065:
1048:
1972:
751:
744:
728:
688:
681:
568:
558:
504:
442:
417:
368:
335:
306:
302:
298:
1959:
451:
The Japanese eel and other anguillid eels live in freshwater and
2076:
871:
Pike, C.; Kaifu, K.; Crook, V.; Jacoby, D.; Gollock, M. (2020).
835:
819:
539:
1866:
686:
As a food product, the Japanese eel is commonly referred to as
1745:"Daily Value on the New Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1569:
Yoshida, Mireiyu; Sone, Seiji; Shiomi, Kazuo (December 2008).
575:
294:
126:
1837:"Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish (1990-2012)"
1491:"First Fluorescent Protein Identified in a Vertebrate Animal"
766:, even within Japan, where Japanese eels were commonly used.
1835:
Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (2022-02-25).
1743:
Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (2022-02-25).
1266:
Chen, Jian-Ze; Huang, Shiang-Lin; Han, Yu-San (2014-12-05).
1442:"A Bilirubin-Inducible Fluorescent Protein from Eel Muscle"
1657:
1655:
1521:"Unagi and Anago: 8 Wonderful Ways to Eat Japanese Eel"
455:, an area where a freshwater river meets the ocean.
1875:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
655:
645:
640:
624:
616:
604:
599:
594:
472:period of each month during their spawning season.
1198:. Hong Kong: Wishing Printing Company. p. 75.
595:Bilirubin-inducible green fluorescent protein UnaG
1098:"Discovery of the spawning area for Japanese eel"
739:a type of sushi containing eel and cucumber, and
1324:10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-3.rlts.t166184a176493270.en
896:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T166184A176493270.en
279:
961:
959:
957:
955:
509:example of growth of human population by water
286:
1403:"A review of eel culture in Japan and Europe"
784:. They are also a source of vitamins such as
8:
850:. They contain relatively low quantities of
846:, albeit not as much as other seafood, like
780:and 126% of the recommended daily value of
564:Green water culture system for Japanese eel
1863:
1548:. Kodansha International. pp. 62–69.
710:. Eels are eaten all year round in Japan.
637:
48:
29:
20:
1803:
1457:
1322:
1064:
1031:
894:
411:, the first stage after the egg, feed on
463:. Mature adults of the Japanese eel and
1047:Tsukamoto, Katsumi (23 February 2006).
863:
826:are also present, along with traces of
1694:
1683:
1501:from the original on November 20, 2019
1349:
1338:
1212:
1201:
713:Dishes made with Japanese eel include
591:
357:to breed larvae in the ocean near the
7:
1272:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
882:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1419:10.1111/j.1365-2109.1991.tb00495.x
1194:Man, S.H.; Hodgkiss, I.J. (1981).
1049:"Spawning of eels near a seamount"
534:The Japanese Eel is considered an
14:
1624:Tesch, Friedrich-Wilhelm (2003).
1096:Tsukamoto, Katsumi (April 1992).
838:. Additionally, they are rich in
317:. Like all the eels of the genus
2126:IUCN Red List endangered species
1253:10.1046/j.1365-2419.2001.00159.x
73:
1387:Based on data sourced from the
1377:. July 14, 2022. pp. 1–5.
1012:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1:
1401:Heinsbroek, L. T. N. (1991).
842:and contain a good amount of
735:. Some notable types include
750:The Japanese eel contains a
293:) is a species of anguillid
1196:Hong Kong freshwater fishes
747:made with eel and avocado.
280:
243:Jordan & Evermann, 1902
2177:
1459:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.038
1292:10.1016/j.ecss.2014.06.004
679:
588:Scientific and medical use
391:The larvae, also known as
313:, as well as the northern
2151:Marine fauna of East Asia
1805:10.3358/shokueishi.46.298
1587:10.1007/s10930-008-9155-y
1173:10.1007/s12562-008-0017-5
636:
287:
204:
197:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
518:and the thinning of the
439:Life history and habitat
388:(14–17° N, 142–143° E).
374:North Equatorial Current
359:North Equatorial Current
2146:Freshwater fish of Asia
1544:Richie, Donald (1985).
889:: e.T166184A176493270.
2161:Fish described in 1846
1348:Cite journal requires
1233:Fisheries Oceanography
972:. Fishing News Books.
966:Atsushi, Usui (1991).
580:
566:
526:to human development.
510:
448:
423:
376:
1489:Baker, Monya (2013).
1368:"Joint Press Release"
572:
562:
508:
446:
421:
372:
1407:Aquaculture Research
498:that flows into the
208:Anguilla angustidens
1575:The Protein Journal
1495:Scientific American
1313:IUCN (2018-11-06).
1284:2014ECSS..151..361C
1245:2001FisOc..10...51K
1165:2009FisSc..75..257C
1114:1992Natur.356..789T
1024:2010MEPS..402..233C
844:omega-3 fatty acids
810:. Minerals such as
745:western-style sushi
516:ocean acidification
382:University of Tokyo
219:Chu & Jin, 1984
40:Conservation status
1763:"FoodData Central"
1720:"FoodData Central"
1211:Unknown parameter
949:, in creatures.net
731:, commonly called
581:
567:
536:endangered species
511:
461:West Mariana Ridge
449:
424:
377:
256:Muraena pekinensis
235:Chu & Wu, 1984
232:Anguilla nigricans
216:Anguilla breviceps
2113:
2112:
2085:Open Tree of Life
1921:Anguilla_japonica
1907:Anguilla japonica
1877:Anguilla japonica
1869:Taxon identifiers
1693:Missing or empty
1637:978-1-4051-7343-8
1389:FishStat database
1153:Fisheries Science
1108:(6372): 789–791.
1033:10.3354/meps08448
1006:Anguilla japonica
875:Anguilla japonica
669:
668:
665:
664:
610:Anguilla japonica
465:giant mottled eel
275:Anguilla japonica
266:
265:
260:
252:
248:Anguilla sinensis
244:
240:Anguilla remifera
236:
228:
220:
212:
179:Anguilla japonica
63:
2168:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2079:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2040:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1975:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1949:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1864:
1845:
1844:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1807:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1767:fdc.nal.usda.gov
1759:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1724:fdc.nal.usda.gov
1716:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1666:. Archived from
1659:
1650:
1649:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1581:(7–8): 450–454.
1566:
1560:
1559:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1461:
1452:(7): 1602–1611.
1437:
1431:
1430:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1326:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1122:10.1038/356789a0
1093:
1087:
1086:
1068:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
998:
992:
991:
963:
950:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
924:. Archived from
914:
908:
907:
905:
903:
898:
868:
638:
612:
592:
496:Mindanao Current
397:Kuroshio Current
292:
290:
289:
283:
259:Basilewsky, 1855
258:
251:McClelland, 1844
250:
242:
234:
226:
224:Anguilla manabei
218:
210:
181:
161:A. japonica
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2156:Endangered fish
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1871:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1706:
1692:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1638:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1518:
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1004:"Japanese eel
993:
978:
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947:Vietnam Faunas
939:
928:on 28 May 2014
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24:Japanese eel
22:
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2136:Fish farming
1876:
1858:Fishbase.org
1840:
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1781:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
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1727:. Retrieved
1723:
1695:|title=
1675:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1626:
1619:
1578:
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1539:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:
1514:
1503:. Retrieved
1494:
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1445:
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1413:(1): 57–72.
1410:
1406:
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1341:cite journal
1308:
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1239:(1): 51–60.
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926:the original
922:Local Sensei
921:
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900:. Retrieved
886:
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484:Conservation
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447:Japanese eel
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227:Jordan, 1913
223:
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178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
2131:Anguillidae
2007:iNaturalist
1901:Wikispecies
1525:SAVOR JAPAN
1278:: 361–369.
1018:: 233–238.
969:Eel culture
902:19 November
733:unagi sushi
676:Consumption
650:Swiss-model
600:Identifiers
578:, 1950–2010
555:Aquaculture
520:ozone layer
500:Celebes Sea
413:marine snow
331:aquaculture
327:catadromous
323:Anguillidae
315:Philippines
281:nihon unagi
137:Anguillidae
2120:Categories
1772:2022-12-11
1729:2022-12-11
1677:2022-11-30
1530:2022-12-11
1505:2020-05-23
988:1221090595
858:References
812:phosphorus
704:tare sauce
646:Structures
641:Search for
403:Life cycle
305:, Taiwan,
211:Kaup, 1856
55:Endangered
1814:0015-6426
1646:184983522
1611:207199774
1595:1572-3887
1468:0092-8674
1427:1355-557X
1333:239784647
1300:0272-7714
1215:ignored (
1204:cite book
1130:1476-4687
828:magnesium
824:potassium
782:vitamin A
778:vitamin D
776:, 53% of
771:vitamin B
708:Shirayaki
702:(usually
700:soy sauce
477:glass eel
453:estuaries
363:East Asia
355:East Asia
297:found in
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2025:11126209
1981:FishBase
1960:46561258
1892:Q1140081
1886:Wikidata
1822:16440794
1686:cite web
1603:19015964
1499:Archived
1476:23768684
1181:39090269
1075:16495988
848:sardines
816:selenium
760:European
695:kabayaki
660:InterPro
605:Organism
470:new moon
349:Breeding
342:kabayaki
325:, it is
319:Anguilla
199:Synonyms
190:Schlegel
186:Temminck
148:Anguilla
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1999:5213022
1627:The eel
1280:Bibcode
1241:Bibcode
1161:Bibcode
1138:4345902
1110:Bibcode
1083:4346565
1020:Bibcode
852:mercury
737:unakyu,
725:donburi
656:Domains
626:UniProt
546:Efforts
489:Threats
311:Vietnam
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2103:271705
2090:854198
2077:271705
2051:166184
2038:161134
2012:122882
1973:ANGLJA
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1391:, FAO.
1331:
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1102:Nature
1081:
1073:
1053:Nature
986:
976:
932:27 May
834:, and
832:copper
808:niacin
720:unadon
715:unajū,
631:P0DM59
617:Symbol
530:Status
309:, and
192:, 1846
188:&
2098:WoRMS
2020:IRMNG
1947:66R7C
1934:30415
1671:(PDF)
1607:S2CID
1371:(PDF)
1329:S2CID
1177:S2CID
1134:S2CID
1079:S2CID
918:"日本鰻"
729:sushi
689:unagi
682:Unagi
336:unagi
307:China
303:Korea
299:Japan
2072:OBIS
2064:7937
2059:NCBI
2046:IUCN
2033:ITIS
1994:GBIF
1968:EPPO
1929:BOLD
1818:PMID
1810:ISSN
1699:help
1642:OCLC
1632:ISBN
1599:PMID
1591:ISSN
1550:ISBN
1472:PMID
1464:ISSN
1446:Cell
1423:ISSN
1375:mofa
1354:help
1296:ISSN
1217:help
1126:ISSN
1071:PMID
984:OCLC
974:ISBN
934:2014
904:2021
887:2020
836:iron
822:and
820:zinc
806:and
723:, a
620:UnaG
540:IUCN
268:The
1986:295
1955:EoL
1942:CoL
1916:ADW
1841:FDA
1800:doi
1749:FDA
1583:doi
1454:doi
1450:153
1415:doi
1319:doi
1288:doi
1276:151
1249:doi
1169:doi
1118:doi
1106:356
1061:doi
1057:439
1028:doi
1016:402
891:doi
802:,
762:or
692:or
576:FAO
538:by
295:eel
288:日本鰻
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