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241:. However the supposition of an American origin has recently been challenged and is being further evaluated by historians of disease, who argue that its presence in Europe may not have been detected previously. Another possible explanation for syphilis in the pre-Cook era finds reference to traditional Hawaiian accounts of foreign shipwrecks as well as the presence of metal blades seen by James Cook upon landing in Kaua'i, later presumed to be from Japanese sailors. Syphilis was introduced to Japan around 1512 by mariners who had contracted the disease while in China. By 1600 approximately 39.4% of Japanese men had contracted syphilis.
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360:. On January 7 the crew cut down the mast because of the strong winds. On January 11 two rocky islands were sighted but no attempt was made toward them. These would be the last land before the Hawaiian Islands. On January 20 the water stores were empty, but the men collected rain water to survive. On February 28 the rice provisions ran out. On March 15 a flying fish landed in the ship and the men fished to sustain themselves. On March 20 the
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237:, a disease that can leave a variety of distinctive marks on bone. It has long been surmised that syphilis originated in the American Hemisphere and was imported to Europe when Europeans returned from Columbus's first voyage in 1494, specifically to Naples, Italy, where it was recorded in Europe. That postulation is an established part of the
782:. By 1920, 98% of all Japanese children in Hawaii attended Japanese schools. Statistics for 1934 showed 183 schools taught a total of 41,192 students. Today, Japanese schools in Hawaii operate as supplementary education (usually on Friday nights or Saturday mornings) which is on top of the compulsory education required by the state.
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There are many parallels between
Hawaiian and Japanese cultures; the similarity of Japanese knives to iron blades in the possession of Hawaiians at the time of Cook's first landing at Kaua'i is a prime example. These were thought to have developed through cultural contact, most likely through voyages
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and agreeing to constitutional government with a powerful parliament. The new constitution gave voting rights only for
Hawaiians, Americans, and Europeans, and thus denied rights for Japanese and other Asians. The Japanese commissioner worked to pressure the Kingdom to restore the rights of Japanese
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There were 142 men and 6 women in this initial group, so many of them married
Hawaiians after they arrived in Hawaii. They worked on sugar plantations on Oahu, Maui, Kauai, and Lanai. Two or three months after arriving, many complained of contract violations since the working conditions and pay did
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Visitors from Japan make up such a large portion of tourists in Hawaii that at its highest point, Japanese tourists constituted up to one third of the total visitors. In addition, Japanese tourist tend to spend more than other tourists, such as those from the mainland United States. They are often
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describes the feeling of safety and dependence on others present in the
Japanese tourists' image of Hawaii. In addition to the familiarity of sharing Japanese heritage, as a courtesy to the large number of Japanese tourists, Japanese subtexts are provided on place signs, public transportation, and
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are about one-fifth of the whole population, Japanese is a major language, spoken and studied by many of the state's residents across ethnicities. It is taught in private
Japanese-language schools as early as the second grade. The Hawaii media market has a few locally produced Japanese-language
273:
from Japan to Hawaii in the period 1550–1630 AD. While there is no record of trade between Japan and Hawaii pre-1778, a statistical review of historical shipping and oceanic patterns suggests there may have been as many as a dozen drifts from Japan to Hawaii in the period between 1600 and 1778.
806:
Hawaii was an attractive dream destination to
Japanese people for over a century, but the tourism boom began in 1964. As Japan opened for travel abroad, huge numbers of Japanese citizens began to visit Hawaii. Due to the large percentage of people of Japanese descent living there, it provides
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James Cook may not have been the first outsider to visit Hawaii. Diseases to which
Hawaiians lacked immunity may well have already been spread. Testing of a young woman's bones buried in O'ahu, radiocarbon dated to sometime between 1422 AD and 1664, indicated that she had congenital
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newspapers and magazines; however, these are on the verge of dying out, due to a lack of interest on the part of the local (Hawaii-born) Japanese population. Stores that cater to the tourist industry often have
Japanese-speaking personnel. To show their allegiance to the U.S., many
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not match with what they were promised. At least four of the six women and 50 men returned to Japan in 1870. Seven had died before their contracts ended. Among the
Gannenmono were several people who would become legends among the Japanese Americans in Hawaii: Tomitarō Makino from
261:(legend has it they cohabited and had children with Hawaiians) except to characterize them as white people arriving between years 1521 and 1530 AD. Many scholars, however, believed them to be Spanish. Records of Japanese sailors that were transmitted to their homeland during the
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who had 50 men construct a house on May 6 for the
Japanese. It took four days to build and a cook and two guards assigned to the house, which attracted crowds to these men of a different ethnicity. On August 17 the Japanese left Hawaii aboard the
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to deliver mats, horse feed, and two passengers, Kikkawa officials. Her crew consisted of Captain Niinaya Ginzo, Master Ichiko Sadagoro, Sailors Hirahara Zenmatsu, Akazaki Matsujiro, Yumori Kasoji, and Wasazo, a total of eight aboard. The
368:. He found them begging for food by gesturing to their stomachs, mouths and bowing, found the galley empty, and understood their ordeal. He had the possessions of the survivors brought aboard his ship and salvaged parts and items aboard
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it was illegal to leave Japan and the remaining two survivors were jailed and interrogated. One committed suicide and the remaining survivor Hirahara Zenmatsu eventually made it home November 29, 1807 but was summoned by
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587:, who is considered to be the "father of Okinawan emigration". Kyuzo Toyama himself led the second group of Okinawans, who arrived on 1903. By 1920, nearly 20,000 Okinawans and their descendants lived in Hawaii. Today,
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Bertell D. Davis, Archaeological and Paleontological Investigations at the Proposed HECO Barbers Point Generating Station, Honouliuli, 'Ewa, O'ahu (Honolulu: International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc.,
545:. A few days later the proposal was denied, but the ban on immigration was eventually lifted in 1885. The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on February 8, 1885, as contract laborers for the
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state that Japanese boats landed at Makapu'u Point on the island of O'ahu in the year 1258. Further, in 1270, a separate group of Japanese sailors carrying sugar cane went ashore at Kahului, Maui.
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to do the same and protested the overthrow. The Japanese commissioner eventually stopped Tōgō from continuing his protest, believing it would undo his work at restoring rights to Japanese.
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Takao Suzuki, Palaeopathological and Palaeoepidemiological Study of Osseous Syphilis in Skulls of the Edo Period, Bulletin no. 23 (Tokyo: University Museum, U of Tokyo, 1984).
372:. Captain Sole had the survivors fed, over a span of five days, small portions to a progression to three normal meals a day, the remedy for starvation. On May 5, 1806, the
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445:. He failed to establish a formal Hawaii-Japan relationship, but continued to stay there as a merchant and obtained a permission of Japanese emigration from the
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and Japan's opposition to the overthrow led to a concern that Japan might use military force to restore Liliʻuokalani to her throne as a Japanese puppet.
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Between 1869 and 1885 Japan barred emigration to Hawaii in fear that Japanese laborers would be degrading to the reputation of the Japanese race. In 1881
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2149:"'Can I communicate using only Japanese in Hawaii?' Language and transnationality as seen through the online discourse on Japanese tourism in Hawaii"
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and pineapple plantations. Many more Japanese immigrants came to Hawaii in the following years. Most of these migrants came from southern Japan (
201:. At their height in 1920, they constituted 43% of Hawaii's population. They now number about 16.7% of the islands' population, according to the
205:. The U.S. Census categorizes mixed-race individuals separately, so the proportion of people with some Japanese ancestry is likely much larger.
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497:), meaning the "people of the first year (of the Meiji period)", and the 150th anniversary of their arrival was celebrated in Hawaii in 2018.
35:
Bronze statue of Japanese sugarcane workers erected in 1985 on the centennial anniversary of the first Japanese immigration to Hawaii in 1885.
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had to turn back, and restarted her journey on November 27. She arrived in Edo on December 21, started back to her home port stopping in
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Agrusa, Jerome; Kim, Samuel Seongseop (December 2008). "Understanding Preferences and Characteristics of Japanese Tourists to Hawaii".
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presents a social expectation to purchase and bring back gifts from traveling. Overall, Japanese tourists are an important segment of
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778:) Most of the Japanese children had dual citizenship after their parents registered them. The Japanese settlers set up the first
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John F. G. Stokes, "Japanese Cultural Influences in Hawaii", Proceedings of the 5th Pacific Science Congress (1934): 2792–2800
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of Japan, an act that departed from the norm of western nations. On March 10 Kalakaua met Meiji to propose a marriage between
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wrote in hindsight that he had regretted they had not protested harder and should have recruited the British in the protest.
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Onishi, Yuichiro (2012). "Occupied Okinawa on the Edge: On Being Okinawan in Hawai'i and U.S. Colonialism toward Okinawa".
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473:.) Van Reed, however, proceeded without the new government's permission to send 153 Japanese to Hawaii to work on the
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Nordyke, Eleanor C.; Matsumoto, Y. Scott (1977). "Japanese in Hawaii: a Historical and Demographic Perspective".
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Yaguchi, Yujin; Yoshihara, Mari (2004). "Evolutions of 'Paradise': Japanese Tourist Discourse about Hawai'i".
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Teaching Mikadoism: The Attack on Japanese Language Schools in Hawaii, California, and Washington, 1919–1927
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by not flying the flag of the Republic. He refused to recognize the new regime, encouraged the British ship
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Captain Tōgō had previously been a guest of Kalākaua, and returned to Hawaii to denounce the overthrow of
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East across the Pacific: historical & sociological studies of Japanese immigration & assimilation
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Liu, John M. "Race, ethnicity and the sugar plantation system: Asian labor in Hawaii, 1850–1900." in
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Kodomo no tame ni = For the sake of the children : the Japanese American experience in Hawaii
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form a distinct community from the Japanese in Hawaii due to cultural and linguistic differences.
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visited Japan to strengthen relations between the two nations. Kalākaua offered not to request
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Kono, Hideto; Sinoto, Kazuko (2000). "Observations of the First Japanese to Land in Hawai'i".
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888:. This school caters to families with Japanese citizenship. It was first established in 1974.
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Auerbach, James A. (1970). "Japanese Immigration into Hawaii and the Hawaii Annexationists".
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513:, who was 102 years old when he died in Maui; Tokujirō "Toko" Satō from Tokyo, who lived in
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was caught by a snowstorm that turned to rain and winds battered the ship eastward into the
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Braden, Wythe E. (1976). "On the Probability of Pre-1778 Japanese Drifts to Hawaii".
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After April 30, 1900, all children born in Hawaii were American citizens at birth. (
705:. In 1887 the settlers ended absolute rule by the king by forcing him to accept the
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Identity and second language learning: Local Japanese learning Japanese in Hawai'i
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Pacific Gibraltar: U.S.-Japanese Rivalry over the Annexation of Hawai'i, 1885–1898
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Labor immigration under capitalism: Asian workers in the United States before WWII
2057:
Pacific Gibraltar: U.S.-Japanese Rivalry over the Annexation of Hawai'i, 1885–1898
538:
346:
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Japanese Americans and Cultural Continuity: Maintaining Language through Heritage
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In 1962, there were 83 educational institutions in Hawaii which taught Japanese.
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familiar comfort while retaining the image of a foreign paradise. The concept of
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on December 25. In Jakarta they fell ill and five died there or on the voyage to
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with his Hawaiian wife, Clara; and Tarō Andō, who would become Japan's first
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where they arrived on June 17, 1807, where another died. At the time of the
313:
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162:"Japanese Laborers on Spreckelsville Plantation", oil on canvas painting by
150:
Japanese Immigrant's Assembly Hall in Hilo, built in 1889, today located in
97:
701:
The political environment shifted with the onset of a new era known as the
297:
who had been adrift aboard their disabled ship for more than seventy days.
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Hawaii Under the Rising Sun: Japan's Plans for Conquest After Pearl Harbor
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629: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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364:, an American ship Captained by Cornelius Sole, rescued the men of the
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388:, 40 axes, and other items as payment for the Kingdom's hospitality.
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Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010
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laborers arrived in Hawaii after Japan lifted its emigration ban on
485:. This first official group of Japanese immigrants were called the
469:, but managed to get back to Japan, and eventually became the 20th
380:, Hawaii. Captain Sole left the eight Japanese in the care of King
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Pacific Pioneers: Japanese Journeys to America and Hawaii, 1850–80
1830:
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The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume 3 - The Kalakaua Dynasty, 1874–1893
880:(MEXT), The Hawaii Japanese School – Rainbow Gakuen (ハワイレインボー学園
377:
254:
3658:
3075:
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came on May 5, 1806, involving survivors of the ill-fated ship
2657:
Moral Education in Pre-War Japanese Language Schools in Hawaii
2517:
Mingaisha: Japanese emigration companies and Hawaii, 1894–1908
2147:
Fiorentini, Ca’Foscari University of Venice (17 August 2022).
878:
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
833:
598:
317:
441:, a Dutch American, went to Japan as a representative of the
3063:
List of U.S. cities with large Japanese-American populations
249:
Hawaiian tradition does not record the nationalities of the
2563:
Cane fires: the anti-Japanese movement in Hawaii, 1865–1945
1937:"Japanese laborers arrive - Hawaii History – Short Stories"
2344:
Linguistic Americanization of Japanese-Americans in Hawaii
2017:
Matsumoto, Y. Scott (1982). "Okinawa Migrants to Hawaii".
391:
The King delegated the responsibility for the Japanese to
324:) on November 7, 1805. The ship had been chartered by the
2251:"The Hawaii Japanese School - Rainbow Gakuen - 卒業生・同窓生便り"
1913:. Consulate General of Japan in Honolulu. Archived from
718:
to command the Japanese naval activities in Hawaii. The
850:
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was sent immediately to Hawaii to rendezvous with the
404:
on October 17. From there they took a Chinese ship to
345:, and left on her final leg – from Shimoda across the
4291:
2407:
Kokoro : Cherished Japanese Traditions in Hawaii
1854:在ホノルル日本国総領事館協賛 主婦ソサエティー・オブ・ハワイ総会開催（三澤康総領事のスピーチ、2016年）
1753:"Gannenmono" in the October–November, 2018, issue of
737:, sister and successor to the late king and conduct “
453:
that came into power in 1867, the first year of the
221:
Discovery and settlement of Hawaii § Eastern contact
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A Survey of the Japanese Language Schools in Hawaii
2153:
Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies
111:
78:
50:
40:
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2355:Journal of International & Comparative Studies
1649:Fornander, An Account of the Polynesian Race 106-7
2440:(2 ed.). Harvard University Press. pp.
481:to Honolulu from May 17 to June 19, 1868, on the
425:, to recount his odyssey of an experience titled
2417:Japanese immigrant clothing in Hawaii, 1885–1941
816:returning visitors, and the Japanese concept of
2438:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups
1772:Children of the Gannenmono: the First-Year Men
1730:"Takahashi Korekiyo Memorial Park in Yokohama"
1582:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups
3670:
3087:
2945:and Japanese expatriates in the United States
2927:
2701:
1757:, published by Japanese Daily Sun of Honolulu
1667:The Peopling of Hawaii, by Eleanor C. Nordyke
826:, which makes up 21% of the state's economy.
8:
561:, etc.) due to crop failures in the region.
21:
2060:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 213–216.
1892:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 164–165,
429:. Hirahara Zenmatsu died six months later.
384:. Captain Sole also left the anchor of the
285:The first known arrival of Japanese to the
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3655:
3094:
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3072:
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2391:. New York: William Morrow & Company.
1717:
710:by amending the constitution. In 1893 the
29:
20:
2667:. United States Census Bureau. April 2000
2637:
2539:
2472:
2304:(in Japanese). The Hawaii Japanese School
2030:
798:intentionally avoided learning Japanese.
689:Learn how and when to remove this message
595:Annexation of Hawaii by the United States
269:Metal blades seen by James Cook in Kaua'i
197:) are the second largest ethnic group in
2613:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
714:, Tokyo responded by appointing Captain
4298:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1552:
519:consul general to the Kingdom of Hawaii
2168:
2166:
2142:
2140:
730:which had been on a training mission.
304:, a small cargo ship built in 1798 in
2682:(University of Illinois Press, 2000).
1988:
1986:
1765:
1763:
780:Japanese schools in the United States
7:
2424:Issei: Japanese Immigrants in Hawaii
2208:"Language Schools Hold Convention".
1774:. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press.
627:adding citations to reliable sources
449:. As he started recruiting, the new
4353:Japanese-American culture in Hawaii
2321:. Hawaii Japanese School. p. 2
1791:Japanese Cultural Center of Hawai‘i
1787:"Gannenmono: Celebrating 150 Years"
308:, was owned by Mansuke Motoya. The
2419:(University of Hawaii Press, 1995)
1536:Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii
14:
4363:Hawaii people of Japanese descent
2659:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.
2556:, excerpts from essays by experts
2379:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.
2370:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.
1478:Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii
4358:History of immigration to Hawaii
4325:
4313:
4301:
3686:
3490:Internment of Japanese Americans
3162:
2565:(Temple University Press, 1991)
2286:. pp. A1–A2. Archived from
1456:
1442:
837:
712:Hawaiian Monarchy was overthrown
603:
583:. These laborers were helped by
219:This section is an excerpt from
1511:Ryukyuans (including Okinawans)
614:needs additional citations for
427:Iban Hyoryu Kikokuroku Zenmatsu
4072:Federated States of Micronesia
2503:(Naval Institute Press, 2011).
759:The continued presence of the
741:”. Tōgō refused to salute the
543:Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito
312:started its final voyage from
1:
4244:The Japanese in Latin America
2375:Harada, Koichi Glenn (1934).
1888:Kuykendall, Ralph S. (1967):
1516:Chinese immigration to Hawaii
874:supplementary Japanese school
175:Liliuokalani Park and Gardens
2511:. United Kingdom: Routledge.
2272:Tsai, Michael (2009-07-15).
1965:Mitchell, Jon (2016-10-22).
1835:150th GANNENMONO Celebration
1819:. Tokyo: Nihon Hawai Kyokai.
1521:Korean immigration to Hawaii
1496:Japanese American internment
575:In 1900, the first group of
289:after Hawaiian contact with
228:Pre-Western contact syphilis
2665:"United States Census 2000"
2528:Hawaiian Journal of History
2507:Morimoto, Toyotomi (1997).
2461:Hawaiian Journal of History
2430:Kitano, Harry H.L. (1980).
2240:. Retrieved on May 5, 2014.
2019:Hawaiian Journal of History
1994:"The Century of Emigration"
1785:Park, Denise (2018-01-22).
1688:Hawaiian Journal of History
1579:, eds. (1980). "Japanese".
1559:U.S. Census Bureau: QT-P8:
1531:Asian immigration to Hawaii
257:in Kiwi, Kona in Hawaii or
166:, 1885, private collection.
4381:
2552:(U of Hawaii Press, 1978)
2519:(U of Hawaii Press, 1985)
2426:(U of Hawaii Press, 1992).
2389:Nisei: the Quiet Americans
2316:"fromPresident2010_07.pdf"
2187:10.3727/108354208788160487
1484:Daifukuji Soto Zen Mission
876:with recognition from the
802:Japanese Tourism in Hawaii
568:
539:Princess Victoria Kaiulani
218:
177:, built in the early 1900s
4348:Japanese-American history
3887:Japanese orphans in China
3539:East and Southeast Asians
3438:Asian Hispanic and Latino
3160:
3060:
2950:
2609:Stephan, John J. (2002).
1911:"About Us: Brief History"
1815:Yamashita, Souen (1968).
824:Hawaii's tourism industry
735:Queen Lydia Liliʻuokalani
494:
116:
83:
55:
45:
28:
3695:and Japanese expatriates
2492:Miyakawa, Tetsuo Scott.
2485:and Edna Bonacich, eds.
2234:北米の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）
1587:Harvard University Press
4237:The Japanese and Europe
2655:Takagi, Mariko (1987).
2279:The Honolulu Advertiser
2211:The Honolulu Advertiser
2054:William Morgan (2011).
1967:"Welcome home, Okinawa"
1770:Goto, Y. Baron (1968).
1506:Issei Japanese American
1501:Nisei Japanese American
765:Anti-Japanese sentiment
423:The Daimyō of Hiroshima
4268:Looking Like the Enemy
3526:Science and technology
3506:Arts and Entertainment
2515:Moriyama, Alan Takeo.
2366:Asato, Noriko (2005).
2214:. 1962-08-02. p.
1817:元年者のおもかげ：ハワイ日本人移民百年祭記念
1718:Kono & Sinoto 2000
1490:Hawaii Shingon Mission
743:Provisional Government
525:Subsequent immigration
439:Eugene Miller Van Reed
349:– on January 6, 1806.
178:
167:
155:
4275:New Worlds, New Lives
4231:Foreign-born Japanese
3450:Multiracial Americans
2548:Ogawa, Dennis M. ed.
2415:Kawakami, Barbara F.
1941:www.hawaiihistory.org
1164:Fred Kinzaburo Makino
1014:Harvey Saburo Hayashi
964:Destin Daniel Cretton
173:
161:
149:
112:Related ethnic groups
3959:United Arab Emirates
3855:By state and/or city
3511:Broadcast journalism
2586:10.1353/aq.2012.0056
1474:(non-denominational)
1414:Stephen K. Yamashiro
707:Bayonet Constitution
703:Hawaiian Revolutions
638:"Japanese in Hawaii"
623:improve this article
565:Okinawan immigration
278:Final voyage of the
164:Joseph Dwight Strong
3549:Model minority myth
2628:Sugita, M. (2000).
2489:(1984) pp: 186–201.
1573:Thernstrom, Stephan
1541:Okinawans in Hawaii
1526:Filipinos in Hawaii
1134:Sanzaburo Kobayashi
882:Hawai Rainbō Gakuen
589:Okinawans in Hawaii
571:Okinawans in Hawaii
535:extraterritoriality
531:King David Kalākaua
477:. They sailed from
214:Contact before 1778
131:Okinawans in Hawaii
25:
3743:Dominican Republic
2943:Japanese Americans
2820:White and European
2678:Van Sant, John E.
2574:American Quarterly
2342:Adachi, Nobuhiro.
2274:"A historic visit"
2089:M. Takagi 1987: 18
1859:2019-01-01 at the
1492:(Shingon Buddhism)
1364:Chris Toshiro Todd
1229:Clarence Nishihara
1139:Russell S. Kokubun
1129:Bertrand Kobayashi
849:. You can help by
812:civic facilities.
581:Okinawa Prefecture
463:Korekiyo Takahashi
239:Columbian exchange
187:Japanese Hawaiians
183:Japanese in Hawaii
179:
168:
156:
4289:
4288:
4199:fourth generation
4179:second generation
4153:
4152:
4021:Sakhalin Japanese
3865:
3864:
3693:Japanese diaspora
3652:
3651:
3069:
3068:
2909:
2908:
2716:Ethnic groups in
2499:Morgan, William.
2496:(ABC-CLIO, 1972).
2405:Kanemura, Sandy.
2067:978-1-61251-042-2
1898:978-0-87022-433-1
1596:978-0-674-37512-3
1384:Wilfred Tsukiyama
1359:Charmaine Tavares
1309:Maile Shimabukuro
1289:Thomas Sakakihara
1174:Herbert Matayoshi
867:
866:
739:gunboat diplomacy
699:
698:
691:
673:
475:sugar plantations
287:Kingdom of Hawaii
144:
143:
121:Japanese American
4370:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4219:Related articles
4209:fifth generation
4189:third generation
4140:Papua New Guinea
4082:Marshall Islands
4060:
4029:
3791:British Columbia
3726:
3691:
3690:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3656:
3639:Washington, D.C.
3166:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3073:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2660:
2651:
2641:
2624:
2605:
2560:Okihiro, Gary Y.
2545:
2543:
2512:
2478:
2476:
2455:
2435:
2422:Kimura, Yukiko.
2402:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2257:. Archived from
2247:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2175:Tourism Analysis
2170:
2161:
2160:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2119:American Studies
2114:
2108:
2107:Morimoto, (1997)
2105:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1943:. Archived from
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1870:
1864:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1793:. Archived from
1782:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1732:. Archived from
1726:
1720:
1715:
1704:
1703:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1617:US Census 2000:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1329:Yoshito Takamine
1169:Barbara Marumoto
1104:Richard Kawakami
1084:Kim Coco Iwamoto
1054:Carrie Ann Inaba
999:Colleen Hanabusa
862:
859:
841:
834:
694:
687:
683:
680:
674:
672:
631:
607:
599:
496:
451:Meiji Government
443:Hawaiian Kingdom
203:2000 U.S. Census
41:Total population
33:
26:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4292:
4290:
4285:
4214:
4149:
4145:Solomon Islands
4091:
4051:
4023:
3968:
3861:
3752:
3717:
3696:
3685:
3683:
3653:
3648:
3555:
3494:
3466:
3443:Punjabi Mexican
3426:
3359:Southeast Asian
3353:
3268:
3167:
3158:
3105:
3103:Asian Americans
3100:
3070:
3065:
3056:
2946:
2940:
2910:
2905:
2869:
2803:
2757:
2736:
2720:
2714:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2654:
2627:
2621:
2608:
2571:
2525:
2506:
2458:
2452:
2429:
2399:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2352:
2339:
2337:Further reading
2334:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2231:
2227:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:Harada 1934: 43
2079:
2075:
2068:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1971:The Japan Times
1964:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1917:on 30 June 2008
1909:
1908:
1904:
1887:
1883:
1877:Dennis M. Ogawa
1871:
1867:
1861:Wayback Machine
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1616:
1612:
1597:
1589:. p. 562.
1571:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1472:Byodo-In Temple
1462:
1457:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1424:Nadao Yoshinaga
1394:Shane Victorino
1344:Brian Taniguchi
1324:Dwight Takamine
1299:Norman Sakamoto
1294:Shunzo Sakamaki
1254:Ellison Onizuka
1234:Scott Nishimoto
1179:Spark Matsunaga
1144:Sam Saturo Kong
1109:Michelle Kidani
929:Robert Kiyosaki
924:George Ariyoshi
894:
863:
857:
854:
847:needs expansion
832:
804:
716:Tōgō Heihachirō
695:
684:
678:
675:
632:
630:
620:
608:
597:
573:
567:
527:
461:. For example,
435:
283:
275:
274:
271:
268:
263:Kamakura period
247:
230:
224:
216:
211:
140:
136:Ryukyuan people
126:Japanese people
107:
74:
36:
23:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4322:
4310:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4281:Nihonjin gakkō
4278:
4271:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4255:Hoshū jugyō kō
4252:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4040:United Kingdom
4037:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3779:São Paulo City
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3619:North Carolina
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3302:Indo-Caribbean
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3203:Fuzhou/Hokchiu
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2661:
2652:
2625:
2619:
2606:
2580:(4): 741–765.
2569:
2557:
2546:
2523:
2513:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2479:
2456:
2450:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2403:
2398:978-0688050139
2397:
2385:Hosokawa, Bill
2381:
2372:
2363:
2350:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2293:
2290:on 2009-07-18.
2264:
2261:on 2009-07-23.
2255:www.hjschl.org
2242:
2225:
2220:Newspapers.com
2200:
2181:(5): 485–497.
2162:
2136:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2066:
2046:
2009:
1998:rca.open.ed.jp
1982:
1957:
1928:
1902:
1881:
1865:
1846:
1822:
1807:
1777:
1759:
1746:
1721:
1705:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1639:
1629:
1623:2020-02-12 at
1610:
1595:
1577:Handlin, Oscar
1575:; Orlov, Ann;
1564:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1486:(Zen Buddhism)
1481:
1480:(Jodo Shinshu)
1475:
1468:
1467:
1453:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1419:Kyle Yamashita
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1349:Larry Tanimoto
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:Gregg Takayama
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:Richard Onishi
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:Mark Nakashima
1221:
1216:
1211:
1209:Hermina Morita
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1099:Derek Kawakami
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1034:Linda Ichiyama
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1004:Troy Hashimoto
1001:
996:
991:
989:Carol Fukunaga
986:
981:
976:
971:
969:Kawika Crowley
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
895:
893:
892:Notable people
890:
865:
864:
844:
842:
831:
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845:This section
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821:
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813:
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785:Today, where
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772:8 U.S.C.
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693:
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679:February 2017
671:
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640: –
639:
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634:Find sources:
628:
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617:
612:This section
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515:Waipio Valley
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447:Edo Shogunate
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358:Pacific Ocean
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3713:South Africa
3624:Philadelphia
3544:South Asians
3535:Stereotypes
3516:Demographics
3222:
2979:
2788:
2748:Puerto Rican
2679:
2669:. Retrieved
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2323:. Retrieved
2306:. Retrieved
2296:
2288:the original
2277:
2267:
2259:the original
2254:
2245:
2228:
2218:– via
2209:
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2018:
2012:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:
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1949:. Retrieved
1945:the original
1940:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1905:
1889:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1849:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1790:
1780:
1771:
1749:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:the original
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1687:
1681:
1672:
1663:
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1464:Japan portal
1399:Lynne Waihee
1389:Shan Tsutsui
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1314:Louis Smolka
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1244:Takashi Ohno
1029:Mazie Hirono
919:Alan Arakawa
904:Bumpei Akaji
881:
871:
868:
855:
851:adding to it
846:
817:
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769:
767:heightened.
758:
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732:
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659:
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633:
621:Please help
616:verification
613:
585:Kyuzo Toyama
574:
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499:
486:
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455:Meiji period
436:
426:
398:Perseverance
397:
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386:Inawaka-maru
385:
382:Kamehameha I
373:
370:Inawaka-maru
369:
366:Inawaka-maru
365:
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354:Inawaka-maru
353:
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331:Inawaka-maru
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326:Kikkawa clan
310:Inawaka-maru
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295:Inawaka-maru
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280:Inawaka-maru
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93:Christianity
18:Ethnic group
15:
4158:Generations
4135:New Zealand
4024: [
4011:Netherlands
3934:Philippines
3917:South Korea
3912:North Korea
3823:Mexico City
3629:Puerto Rico
3572:Los Angeles
3480:Immigration
3412:Singaporean
3282:Bangladeshi
3274:South Asian
3046:Washington
2958:Los Angeles
2954:California
2886:Marshallese
2483:Lucie Cheng
2361:(2): 13–32.
1429:Keone Young
1409:Ryan Yamane
1404:Glenn Wakai
1379:Clift Tsuji
1374:Jill Tokuda
1284:Scott Saiki
1239:Steere Noda
1199:Ishiko Mori
1189:John Mizuno
1089:Randy Iwase
1069:Enson Inoue
1059:Kaniela Ing
1019:Juggie Heen
944:Tadao Beppu
939:Karen Awana
872:There is a
776:§ 1405
459:slave trade
4342:Categories
4169:immigrants
4064:Micronesia
4004:Düsseldorf
3634:Washington
3567:California
3455:Afro-Asian
3422:Vietnamese
3387:Indonesian
3349:Sri Lankan
3186:Hongkonger
3173:East Asian
2855:Portuguese
2671:2007-03-16
2639:10125/8954
2632:(Thesis).
2433:"Japanese"
2325:2024-05-27
2308:2024-05-27
2195:2779489283
2098:Asato 2005
2003:2020-08-24
1976:2020-08-24
1951:2020-08-24
1921:8 February
1873:Jan ken po
1840:2018-04-21
1801:2018-04-21
1740:2019-01-20
1605:1038430174
1339:Roy Takumi
1319:Mark Takai
1269:Paul Osumi
1219:Keo Nakama
1184:Patsy Mink
1159:Sanoe Lake
1154:Ron Kouchi
1064:Egan Inoue
994:Katsu Goto
974:Nelson Doi
954:Tom Brower
949:Keiko Bonk
754:Katō Kanji
649:newspapers
487:Gannenmono
433:Gannenmono
393:Kalanimoku
376:docked in
291:James Cook
251:shipwrecks
245:Shipwrecks
193:”, rarely
152:Meiji Mura
103:Irreligion
4250:Japantown
4108:Melbourne
4103:Australia
4096:Elsewhere
3979:Belgium (
3944:Sri Lanka
3939:Singapore
3904:Indonesia
3894:Hong Kong
3845:Venezuela
3764:Argentina
3757:Elsewhere
3730:Caribbean
3599:Louisiana
3460:Amerasian
3402:Malaysian
3372:Cambodian
3324:Pakistani
3314:Maldivian
3292:Bhutanese
3259:Taiwanese
3252:Okinawans
3242:Mongolian
3235:in Hawaii
3223:in Hawaii
3181:Cantonese
3004:New York
2994:Michigan
2984:Illinois
2969:Colorado
2602:144850299
2541:10524/528
2474:10524/201
2302:"1970 年代"
2041:131210898
2032:10524/476
1700:10524/584
1279:Pat Saiki
1114:Jean King
1044:David Ige
1024:Ryan Higa
1009:Yu Hayami
899:Sanji Abe
830:Education
747:HMS
555:Yamaguchi
551:Hiroshima
547:sugarcane
437:In 1866,
347:Enshū Sea
314:Hiroshima
98:Shintoism
51:Languages
4226:Dekasegi
4077:Kiribati
3981:Brussels
3949:Thailand
3924:Malaysia
3882:Shanghai
3830:Paraguay
3813:Colombia
3796:Montreal
3722:Americas
3644:Virginia
3604:Maryland
3521:Politics
3485:Military
3377:Filipino
3319:Nepalese
3309:Gujarati
3247:Ryukyuan
3218:Japanese
3191:Macanese
3028:Portland
3018:Columbus
2896:Tahitian
2881:Hawaiian
2789:Japanese
2779:Filipino
2753:Mexicans
2741:Americas
2648:70928532
2594:41809522
2387:(1969).
2284:Honolulu
2191:ProQuest
2131:40644211
1857:Archived
1621:Archived
1436:See also
1194:Iga Mori
886:Honolulu
858:May 2024
577:Okinawan
559:Kumamoto
491:Japanese
479:Yokohama
410:Nagasaki
335:Kanagawa
320:(modern
235:syphilis
185:(simply
88:Buddhism
79:Religion
70:Okinawan
65:Japanese
4294:Portals
4056:Oceania
3999:Germany
3964:Vietnam
3840:Uruguay
3801:Toronto
3769:Bolivia
3748:Jamaica
3594:Houston
3560:Regions
3472:History
3397:Laotian
3367:Burmese
3329:Punjabi
3287:Bengali
3264:Tibetan
3198:Chinese
3144:Turkmen
3050:Seattle
3040:Houston
3024:Oregon
2998:Detroit
2988:Chicago
2874:Oceania
2865:Spanish
2860:Russian
2845:Italian
2825:British
2774:Chinese
2732:African
2442:561–571
2409:(2004)
2346:(1996)
1879:, p. 94
1831:"About"
1079:Ken Ito
1039:Dan Ige
819:omiyage
663:scholar
511:Okayama
507:samurai
406:Jakarta
343:Shimoda
209:History
60:English
4308:Hawaii
4195:Yonsei
4185:Sansei
4129:France
4115:Hawaii
4045:London
4016:Russia
3987:France
3973:Europe
3954:Turkey
3908:Korea
3818:Mexico
3786:Canada
3774:Brazil
3701:Africa
3614:Nevada
3589:Hawaii
3531:Sports
3499:Topics
3344:Telugu
3334:Sindhi
3297:Indian
3230:Korean
3149:Uyghur
3134:Kyrgyz
3129:Kazakh
3124:Baloch
3119:Afghan
2980:Hawaii
2973:Denver
2901:Tongan
2891:Samoan
2850:Polish
2835:German
2830:French
2808:Europe
2799:Taiwan
2794:Korean
2784:Indian
2725:Africa
2718:Hawaii
2646:
2617:
2600:
2592:
2567:online
2554:online
2521:online
2448:
2411:online
2395:
2348:online
2193:
2129:
2064:
2039:
1896:
1755:Wasabi
1637:1990).
1603:
1593:
796:Sansei
787:Nikkei
774:
749:Garnet
721:Naniwa
665:
658:
651:
644:
636:
503:Miyagi
483:Scioto
414:Sakoku
374:Tabour
362:Tabour
341:, and
199:Hawaii
195:Kepanī
22:Kepanī
4320:Japan
4205:Gosei
4175:Nisei
4165:Issei
4087:Palau
4035:Spain
4028:]
3992:Paris
3929:Nepal
3899:India
3877:China
3808:Chile
3708:Egypt
3431:Other
3392:Karen
3382:Hmong
3339:Tamil
3208:Hakka
3154:Uzbek
3139:Tajik
3035:Texas
3014:Ohio
2840:Greek
2815:Haole
2769:Asian
2598:S2CID
2590:JSTOR
2319:(PDF)
2127:JSTOR
2037:S2CID
1547:Notes
884:) in
792:Nisei
727:Kongō
670:JSTOR
656:books
509:from
467:slave
402:Macau
339:Uraga
322:Tokyo
306:Osaka
259:Kauai
4260:list
3870:Asia
3835:Peru
3738:Cuba
3417:Thai
3407:Mien
2762:Asia
2644:OCLC
2615:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2238:MEXT
2159:(1).
2062:ISBN
1923:2012
1894:ISBN
1601:OCLC
1591:ISBN
809:amae
794:and
642:news
541:and
378:Oahu
352:The
300:The
255:Maui
189:or “
181:The
2634:hdl
2582:doi
2536:hdl
2469:hdl
2236:".
2183:doi
2027:hdl
1875:by
1696:hdl
853:.
625:by
495:元年者
400:to
318:Edo
316:to
253:on
24:ケパニ
4344::
4026:zh
2642:.
2596:.
2588:.
2578:64
2576:.
2534:.
2530:.
2467:.
2465:34
2463:.
2444:.
2436:.
2357:.
2282:.
2276:.
2253:.
2216:A9
2189:.
2179:13
2177:.
2165:^
2157:22
2155:.
2151:.
2139:^
2123:45
2121:.
2035:.
2025:.
2023:16
2021:.
1996:.
1985:^
1969:.
1939:.
1833:.
1789:.
1762:^
1708:^
1694:.
1692:10
1690:.
1642:^
1599:.
1585:.
557:,
553:,
521:.
493::
421:,
337:,
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2935:e
2928:t
2921:v
2709:e
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2650:.
2636::
2623:.
2604:.
2584::
2544:.
2538::
2532:1
2477:.
2471::
2454:.
2401:.
2359:3
2328:.
2311:.
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2222:.
2197:.
2185::
2133:.
2070:.
2043:.
2029::
2006:.
1979:.
1954:.
1925:.
1900:.
1843:.
1804:.
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1698::
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646:·
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