254:. By 1890 Jardine Skinner controlled six jute mill companies out of a total of twenty-one in India. With ample capital, the company was having difficulty finding investment opportunities. Jardine Skinner was the fourth largest jute mills operator in 1910-11 after Bird and Company, Thomas Duff and Company and Andrew Yule. The jute trade suffered at times from oversupply. Jardine Skinner was among the major Calcutta firms whose representatives met in London on 10 October 1911 to discuss setting up a cartel to regulate the trade.
258:
subsidiaries, dispensing with boards of directors. In 1946 Jardine
Skinner merged with George Henderson to form Jardine Henderson. At first the Jardine and Stuart families controlled the new firm, although some Indian families held 40% of the shares. In the early 1970s a large number of shares were transferred to Indians as the main British shareholders died. Several British shareholders of the company remain to this day. As of 2016 Jardine Henderson had pan-India pest control operations, headquartered in
239:
making a return of 2% – 3% on capital. The original indigo and silk filature businesses were no longer profitable, and the company was looking for new ways to deploy its capital. Capital rose to £1.3 million by 1890. The company had to weather financial crises in 1848 and 1866, supported by credit from
Matheson & Co., and in 1890 returned the favor when Matheson found itself in difficulty.
235:
active in
England, France, the USA and Australia. In the late 1850s Matheson and Company was appointed Jardine-Skinner's principal agent in London, handling imports of commodities such as tea, rice, silk, cotton, jute and indigo. In the early 1960s Jardine Skinner represented J. Ewing and Company of Glasgow, the turkey-red dyers.
262:. The company also had interests in real estate, mining, engineering tea gardens and marketing, carton manufacturing and printing, through Shalimar Paints, Bellis India, Color Cartons Limited, Diamond Products and Packaging Limited, Rydak Syndicate, and others, some of which it continues to operate.
257:
In the early 20th century the laws governing companies in India were relaxed, making it possible for firms like
Jardine Skinner to control large numbers of publicly traded enterprises with very little capital outlay. Jardine Skinner would typically run the companies they controlled as if they were
234:
Jardine
Skinner was one of the more prosperous of the British trading houses in India, but was relatively small. In the 1845–48 period it operated with a liquid capital of just £100,000. In the 1850s the company was the agent for the large Glasgow merchant house of J & A Dennistoun, which was
238:
By 1860 Jardine
Skinner were conducting a large trade in tea, and later they expanded into timber and petroleum. Jardine Skinner entered into joint ownership arrangements with Matheson & Co. of a number of tea estates in the early 1860s. In the 1880s Jardine Skinner was profitable, but only
205:
catered to many smaller local dealers. With slower boats, the Apcars charged much lower rates than
Jardines, ranging from Rs8 to Rs10 per chest compared to upward of Rs28 per chest charged by Jardines. The Apcars and Jardine Skinner also exported opium to Singapore for use by the Chinese in the
221:
opium, produced by private growers in central India and
Rajputana. In the early years Jardine Skinner had to deal with fluctuations in both quality and quantity, but strict controls later helped standardize the product. In 1856 a risk emerged from
226:, who appeared to be trying to enter and dominate the opium trade by undercutting the rival companies. The companies managed to strike a deal to retain the current rates. By 1860 Jardine Skinner and Jardine Matheson dominated the opium trade.
158:. Kinship ties were important, with new members often drawn from Scottish relatives. In 1844 the company was reformed in Calcutta by David Jardine and Charles B. Skinner. David Jardine (1819-1853) was the eldest son of
173:, and exported indigo, silk, and later jute. Their agents in Glasgow were James Ewing & Co., and their agents in Manchester were Matheson & Scott. The latter was associated with
223:
126:, India. It was founded in 1825, initially dealing in textiles. Later it branched out into opium, tea, timber and petroleum. The company was closely associated with
1019:
1014:
185:
of Hong Kong. Jardine
Skinner and Jardine Matheson were not legally connected, although both used the facilities of Matheson & Co., which
165:
Jardine
Skinner was a merchant and also became a shipping agent and shareholder in shipping companies. The company imported cotton goods from
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China Trade and Empire: Jardine, Matheson & Co. and the Origins of British Rule in Hong Kong, 1827-1843
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With high levels of competition in the textile trade, Jardine Skinner earned additional income by shipping
174:
127:
251:
712:
Flagships of Imperialism: The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867
772:
Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
740:
The Rio Tinto Company: An Economic History of a Leading International Mining Concern, 1873-1954
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978:
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Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade, 1750-1950
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119:
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Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William Mackinnon and His Business Network, 1823-93
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211:
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to Jardine Matheson in China. While Jardines carried opium for the larger suppliers,
974:
242:
The company was among the most influential of the agency houses that dominated the
166:
154:, as were the partners of many of the British managing agencies of Bombay and
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Merchant Enterprise in Britain: From the Industrial Revolution to World War I
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84:
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Jute and Empire: The Calcutta Jute Wallahs and the Landscapes of Empire
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Business, Race, and Politics in British India, c.1850-1960
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The Free-standing Company in the World Economy, 1830-1996
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664:"European and Indian Entrepreneurship in India, 1900-30"
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150:. The early partners of Jardine Skinner were from
146:Jardine, Skinner & Co. was founded in 1825 in
20:Jardine Skinner & Co., Jardine Henderson Ltd.
217:There were two types of opium, Bengal opium and
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189:founded in 1848 after he returned from China.
8:
19:
210:or for distribution to other locations in
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16:Trading company based in Calcutta, India
621:"Jardine Henderson – Corporate Website"
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7:
960:Welcome to Jardine Henderson Limited
596:Welcome to Jardine Henderson Limited
1020:Shipping companies of British India
744:. Alison Hodge Publishers. p.
14:
645:"About Jardine Henderson Limited"
796:Jones, Geoffrey G (2002-06-01).
670:. CUP Archive. GGKEY:R8YQ4FKC94Z
910:. Manchester University Press.
904:Stewart, Gordon Thomas (1998).
877:Pichon, Alain Le (2006-08-10).
715:. Manchester University Press.
682:Chapman, Stanley (2004-01-29).
608:About Jardine Henderson Limited
709:Harcourt, Freda (2006-09-05).
688:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
1015:Companies established in 1825
67:Merged into Jardine Henderson
977:; Schröter, Harm G. (1998).
662:Bagchi, Amiya Kumar (1970).
116:Jardine, Skinner and Company
983:. Oxford University Press.
883:. Oxford University Press.
829:. Oxford University Press.
823:Misra, Maria (1999-04-29).
775:. Oxford University Press.
736:Harvey, Charles E. (1981).
584:Wilkins & Schröter 1998
524:Wilkins & Schröter 1998
1041:
244:Bengal Chamber of Commerce
136:Jardine Matheson & Co.
850:Munro, J. Forbes (2003).
799:The Multinational Traders
109:Textiles, opium, tea etc.
931:Trocki, Carl A. (1999).
769:Jones, Geoffrey (2000).
248:Andrew Yule and Company
175:Matheson & Company
128:Matheson & Company
75:Jardine Henderson Ltd.
101:Britain, India, China
668:Elites in south asia
162:'s sister Margaret.
963:, Jardine Henderson
651:, Jardine Henderson
36:Bombay, India (1825
21:
990:978-0-19-829032-2
944:978-0-415-21500-8
917:978-0-7190-5439-6
890:978-0-19-726337-2
863:978-0-85115-935-5
856:. Boydell Press.
836:978-0-19-154268-8
809:978-0-203-45070-3
782:978-0-19-829450-4
755:978-0-906720-03-5
722:978-1-84779-145-0
695:978-0-521-89362-6
203:Apcar and Company
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183:Jardine Matheson
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230:Later expansion
208:Malay Peninsula
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160:William Jardine
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120:trading company
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12:
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1025:Opium in India
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586:, p. 207.
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328:, p. 529.
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292:, p. 114.
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212:southeast Asia
194:
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187:James Matheson
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138:of Hong Kong.
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975:Wilkins, Mira
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937:. Routledge.
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802:. Routledge.
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574:, p. 89.
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538:, p. 40.
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475:, p. 16.
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451:, p. 29.
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442:
439:, p. 99.
438:
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421:
418:
414:
413:Harcourt 2006
409:
406:
403:, p. 93.
402:
401:Harcourt 2006
397:
394:
391:, p. 92.
390:
389:Harcourt 2006
385:
382:
379:, p. 58.
378:
373:
370:
366:
365:Harcourt 2006
361:
358:
355:, p. 33.
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349:
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343:
340:, p. 52.
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994:. Retrieved
979:
965:, retrieved
959:
948:. Retrieved
933:
921:. Retrieved
906:
894:. Retrieved
879:
867:. Retrieved
852:
840:. Retrieved
825:
813:. Retrieved
798:
786:. Retrieved
771:
759:. Retrieved
739:
726:. Retrieved
711:
699:. Retrieved
684:
672:. Retrieved
667:
653:, retrieved
648:
636:
635:
624:. Retrieved
615:
603:
591:
579:
572:Stewart 1998
567:
555:
548:Chapman 2004
543:
531:
519:
507:
502:, p. 9.
495:
488:Chapman 2004
468:
463:, p. 8.
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444:
437:Chapman 2004
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372:
360:
333:
321:
309:
297:
290:Chapman 2004
270:
269:
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241:
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216:
196:
164:
145:
115:
114:
80:Headquarters
560:Bagchi 1970
500:Harvey 1981
461:Harvey 1981
425:Trocki 1999
326:Pichon 2006
193:Opium trade
142:Early years
97:Area served
1009:Categories
996:2013-11-10
967:2016-03-13
950:2013-11-10
923:2013-11-07
896:2013-11-10
869:2013-11-05
842:2013-11-10
815:2013-11-10
788:2013-11-07
761:2013-11-07
728:2013-11-05
701:2013-11-07
674:2013-11-10
655:2016-03-13
626:2021-04-10
536:Misra 1999
512:Misra 1999
473:Munro 2003
449:Munro 2003
377:Munro 2003
353:Jones 2000
338:Jones 2002
314:Misra 1999
302:Misra 1999
266:References
167:Manchester
649:Indiamart
271:Citations
122:based in
72:Successor
246:, after
156:Calcutta
152:Scotland
124:Calcutta
106:Products
85:Calcutta
25:Industry
637:Sources
260:Kolkata
224:P&O
171:Glasgow
54: (
49:Defunct
38: (
33:Founded
28:Trading
987:
941:
914:
887:
860:
833:
806:
779:
752:
719:
692:
179:London
148:Bombay
132:London
118:was a
219:Malwa
199:opium
90:India
985:ISBN
939:ISBN
912:ISBN
885:ISBN
858:ISBN
831:ISBN
804:ISBN
777:ISBN
750:ISBN
717:ISBN
690:ISBN
250:and
181:and
169:and
134:and
64:Fate
56:1946
52:1946
40:1825
177:of
130:of
1011::
748:.
666:.
647:,
480:^
345:^
278:^
214:.
88:,
999:.
953:.
926:.
899:.
872:.
845:.
818:.
791:.
764:.
746:8
731:.
704:.
677:.
629:.
610:.
598:.
58:)
44:)
42:)
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