73:
1860:. The term were applied to such enslaved women who, by instruction or self-education, acquired a great knowledge of artistic skills and intellectual knowledge by which they could entertain a man, rather than by sexuality and physical beauty. They could study issues from music and poetry to religion, history and literature, and many were known to be able to entertain their owner by both intellectual as well as musical abilities. There were many examples of jawaris who managed to gain influence over male rulers.
31:
1963:
While at a wedding in Sinjar (Iraq), Abu Zayd tells the story of how he lost his enslaved concubine (jāriya). The plan had been to keep her in strict seclusion, but one day, under the influence of alcohol, he made the mistake of revealing her existence to a neighbor. Word got around; eventually, Abu
1863:
The jawaris differed from qiyan in that they appear not to perform in public, only in the harem to which they belonged. Royal harems could employ a very large number of jawaris, who acted as the entertainers of the royal harem and who were not necessarily synonymous with the concubines of the ruler.
1890:
Though most scholarly attention has gone to courtly contexts, jawari were also present in non-courtly urban settings, including the homes of merchants and artisans, notably as domestic workers. A wide range of representations features jawari, including technical treatises and spiritual literature.
1887:, who accused them of exerting a destructive influence over their owners created by their artistic skills, which created a web of dependent feelings such as love (hub), passion (hawa), affinity (mushakala) and a wish for continued companionship (ilf).
1571:
1692:
1556:
1087:
1441:
813:
550:
1177:
818:
2141:
1868:
had thousands of jawari as well as concubines who were not always the same, and this was adopted by the harems of many other
Islamic rulers, such as the rulers of the
510:
865:
2161:
1411:
1561:
892:
1638:
390:
2171:
2166:
840:
1611:
1431:
604:
1769:
875:
293:
2119:
2053:
2018:
1990:
1453:
1130:
902:
2146:
1645:
1606:
1249:
1687:
1324:
984:
835:
631:
540:
1707:
1401:
1155:
1529:
1406:
830:
599:
466:
40:
1376:
72:
1660:
870:
855:
801:
486:
476:
471:
300:
156:
2045:
Pleasure and
Leisure in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Toys, Games, and Entertainment
1655:
1426:
232:
1566:
2151:
1125:
1113:
693:
505:
151:
1697:
1480:
341:
1702:
1546:
1416:
1077:
845:
825:
385:
353:
1947:"Automated Slaves, Ambivalent Images, and Noneffective Machines in al-Jazari's Compendium of the Mechanical Arts, 1206"
2156:
1762:
1712:
1436:
1354:
481:
262:
82:
2181:
1946:
1621:
1473:
1458:
1349:
545:
215:
1717:
1616:
1147:
1135:
725:
698:
203:
2186:
1497:
1366:
919:
708:
193:
94:
373:
2176:
1850:
1822:
1682:
1421:
1371:
1299:
1072:
850:
794:
777:
208:
970:
1818:
1755:
1724:
1229:
882:
730:
454:
420:
415:
1591:
1446:
1359:
1344:
1026:
1014:
760:
745:
530:
305:
227:
1880:
1869:
1729:
1633:
1596:
1524:
1468:
1337:
1294:
1108:
1038:
713:
493:
395:
279:
186:
1217:
1197:
1082:
1067:
936:
907:
897:
787:
735:
703:
500:
358:
326:
321:
274:
131:
2024:
1826:
1463:
1309:
1284:
1274:
1239:
1234:
1202:
1167:
1160:
1101:
1094:
951:
770:
765:
755:
525:
378:
336:
331:
284:
252:
242:
179:
400:
346:
2115:
2092:
2049:
2043:
2014:
1986:
1873:
1846:
1551:
1269:
1264:
1207:
1192:
1172:
994:
989:
924:
887:
720:
686:
515:
368:
257:
136:
2082:
1954:
1829:” (jawārī al-waṭ), who had received special training in artistic skills. In contrast to the
1741:
1319:
1314:
1304:
1279:
1244:
1212:
1182:
1055:
1043:
1021:
999:
946:
782:
750:
52:
1899:
There were many famous jaryas noted in
Islamic literature and history, such as the Arabian
1908:
1798:
1650:
1541:
1536:
1289:
1259:
1254:
977:
941:
740:
658:
363:
109:
30:
1904:
1734:
1628:
520:
198:
161:
119:
2135:
1865:
1672:
1601:
1048:
1031:
806:
636:
626:
410:
60:
2071:"Instrumental Jawārī: On Gender, Slavery, and Technology in Medieval Arabic Sources"
2028:
1900:
1677:
1514:
1490:
1396:
1389:
1120:
648:
621:
584:
562:
449:
166:
146:
124:
114:
104:
99:
89:
929:
1519:
1507:
860:
663:
653:
611:
425:
1958:
1667:
964:
668:
535:
2096:
1845:
The slave category of the jarya—similar to the qiyan—rose to fame during the
1833:, however, they normally did not perform for men other than the man in whose
1857:
912:
577:
439:
2087:
2070:
594:
1884:
1502:
1060:
1004:
956:
616:
461:
316:
222:
1485:
567:
247:
64:
17:
1920:
1187:
1009:
589:
572:
434:
269:
237:
1853:
became more and more secluded from society during this time period.
1925:
1834:
1830:
444:
405:
29:
311:
141:
1983:
Concubines and
Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History
2011:
Queens, Eunuchs and
Concubines in Islamic History, 661–1257
1964:
Zayd was forced to sell the concubine to the governor.
27:
Term for a female slave in the medieval
Islamic world
1442:
Supplementary
Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
1976:
1974:
1972:
1817:), was a term often used for female slaves in the
1557:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
2004:
2002:
1856:They were acquired by purchase or captured as
1763:
8:
1562:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
1981:Gordon, Matthew; Hain, Kathryn A. (2017).
1770:
1756:
47:
2142:Women poets of the medieval Islamic world
2086:
1883:were described by the 9th-century writer
1567:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1432:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1412:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
1937:
1821:. In a courtly context, they could be "
59:
1790:
1454:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1131:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
2162:Slaves of the medieval Islamic world
1945:Balafrej, Lamia (19 December 2022).
1646:Slave marriages in the United States
1250:Human trafficking in the Middle East
1810:
1802:
985:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
2048:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 214.
1825:" (muṭʿa, ladhdha) or “slaves for
1639:last survivors of American slavery
25:
600:Field slaves in the United States
467:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
2172:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
2167:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
477:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
472:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
301:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
71:
1427:Committee of Experts on Slavery
978:East, Southeast, and South Asia
2013:. Edinburgh University Press.
1126:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2112:The Forgotten Queens of Islam
1417:Temporary Slavery Commission
1078:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
2147:Arabic-language women poets
2114:. Oxford University Press.
1985:. Oxford University Press.
1849:era, possibly because free
1437:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
482:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
2203:
2042:Classen, Albrecht (2019).
1622:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1459:Anti-Slavery International
1224:North Africa and West Asia
2110:Mernissi, Fatima (2003).
1959:10.11588/xxi.2022.4.91685
1718:Emancipation Proclamation
1390:Opposition and resistance
1148:Sex trafficking in Europe
1136:Blackbirding in Polynesia
699:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2069:Balafrej, Lamia (2023).
2009:El-Azhari, Taef (2019).
1498:Compensated emancipation
709:Indian Ocean slave trade
1879:The jariya category of
1422:1926 Slavery Convention
1178:Germany in World War II
795:North and South America
317:Contract of manumission
2088:10.52214/uw.v31i.10486
1819:medieval Islamic world
903:British Virgin Islands
455:Circassian slave trade
421:Safavid imperial harem
416:Ottoman Imperial Harem
45:
2152:Arabic-language poets
1142:Europe and North Asia
1102:Australia and Oceania
802:Pre-Columbian America
374:Slave raid of Suðuroy
306:Slavery in al-Andalus
228:Black Sea slave trade
157:21st-century jihadism
33:
1953:. History: 767–768.
1870:Caliphate of Cordoba
1597:Indentured servitude
1525:Underground Railroad
1325:United Arab Emirates
714:Zanzibar slave trade
681:By country or region
494:Atlantic slave trade
396:Ma malakat aymanukum
280:Venetian slave trade
41:Maqamat of Al-Hariri
2029:10.3366/j.ctvnjbg3q
1881:sexual harem slaves
1823:slaves for pleasure
1683:Slave Route Project
814:Americas indigenous
704:Red Sea slave trade
694:Contemporary Africa
557:Topics and practice
327:Crimean slave trade
322:Bukhara slave trade
275:Genoese slave trade
152:Contemporary Africa
132:Forced prostitution
2157:History of slavery
1951:Inquiries into Art
1837:they were placed.
1827:sexual intercourse
1464:Blockade of Africa
771:Somali slave trade
687:Sub-Saharan Africa
379:Turkish Abductions
337:Khivan slave trade
332:Khazar slave trade
285:Balkan slave trade
243:Prague slave trade
46:
2182:Women and slavery
2121:978-0-19-579868-5
2075:Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā
2055:978-3-11-062307-9
2020:978-1-4744-2318-2
1992:978-0-19-062218-3
1907:, and the Syrian
1874:Fatimid Caliphate
1847:Abbasid Caliphate
1780:
1779:
1730:Freedmen's Bureau
1552:Third Servile War
1547:International law
1114:Human trafficking
876:Human trafficking
551:Thirteen colonies
369:Sack of Baltimore
137:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
2194:
2126:
2125:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1978:
1967:
1966:
1942:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1742:Emancipation Day
1575:
1542:Slave Trade Acts
233:Byzantine Empire
75:
48:
21:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2187:Islam and women
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2021:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1970:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1917:
1897:
1843:
1812:
1811:
1792:
1791:
1776:
1747:
1746:
1651:Slave narrative
1607:Fugitive slaves
1587:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1537:Slave rebellion
1392:
1382:
1381:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1152:United Kingdom
1088:Yankee princess
682:
674:
673:
401:Avret Pazarları
347:Avret Pazarları
216:Medieval Europe
182:
172:
171:
110:Forced marriage
85:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Sexual slavery
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2102:
2061:
2054:
2034:
2019:
1998:
1991:
1968:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1905:Alam al-Malika
1896:
1893:
1842:
1839:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1629:List of slaves
1626:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1173:Dutch Republic
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
997:
992:
987:
981:
980:
974:
973:
968:
961:
960:
959:
954:
944:
939:
934:
933:
932:
922:
917:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
890:
885:
880:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
823:
822:
821:
811:
810:
809:
798:
797:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
774:
773:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
717:
716:
706:
701:
696:
690:
689:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
645:
644:
640:
639:
634:
632:Child soldiers
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
608:
607:
597:
592:
587:
582:
581:
580:
575:
570:
559:
558:
554:
553:
548:
543:
541:Spanish Empire
538:
533:
528:
523:
521:Middle Passage
518:
513:
508:
503:
497:
496:
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
383:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
351:
350:
349:
342:Ottoman Empire
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
303:
297:
296:
290:
289:
288:
287:
277:
272:
267:
266:
265:
260:
255:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
219:
218:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
190:
189:
183:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
164:
162:Sexual slavery
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
128:
127:
122:
120:Child marriage
117:
107:
102:
97:
95:Child soldiers
92:
86:
81:
80:
77:
76:
68:
67:
57:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2199:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1903:, the Yemeni
1902:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:Abbasid harem
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1808:
1800:
1788:
1784:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Slave catcher
1671:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Forced labour
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:Abolitionists
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
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1204:
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1199:
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1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:comfort women
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:Chukri System
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
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1003:
1002:
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940:
938:
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923:
921:
920:Latin America
918:
914:
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904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
877:
874:
872:
871:interregional
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
856:prison labour
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
826:United States
824:
820:
817:
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815:
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805:
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670:
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665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
641:
638:
637:White slavery
635:
633:
630:
628:
627:Slave raiding
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
596:
595:Corvée labour
593:
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586:
583:
579:
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432:
429:
427:
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417:
414:
412:
411:Abbasid harem
409:
407:
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399:
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389:
388:
387:
384:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:Barbary Coast
352:
348:
345:
344:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
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328:
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323:
320:
318:
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264:
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231:
229:
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210:
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185:
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176:
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143:
140:
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135:
133:
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126:
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121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
84:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:Forced labour
58:
54:
50:
49:
43:
42:
37:
32:
19:
2111:
2105:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2044:
2037:
2010:
1982:
1962:
1950:
1940:
1901:Al-Khayzuran
1898:
1889:
1878:
1862:
1855:
1844:
1806:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1678:Slave patrol
1515:Freedom suit
1491:Sierra Leone
1481:Colonization
1397:Abolitionism
1377:Baháʼí Faith
1350:Christianity
1300:Saudi Arabia
1156:Penal Labour
1121:Blackbirding
1027:Debt bondage
1015:penal system
841:Contemporary
831:Field slaves
819:U.S. Natives
778:South Africa
649:Galley slave
622:Slave market
612:House slaves
585:Blackbirding
563:Conscription
487:21st century
450:Umm al-walad
430:
294:Muslim world
263:Emancipation
167:Wage slavery
147:Penal labour
125:Wife selling
115:Bride buying
100:Conscription
90:Child Labour
83:Contemporary
44:, 1200–1210.
39:
35:
1693:court cases
1570: [
1520:Slave Power
1508:Manumission
1355:Catholicism
1230:Afghanistan
971:Puerto Rico
883:The Bahamas
861:Slave codes
664:Shanghaiing
654:Impressment
546:Slave Coast
426:Qajar harem
386:Concubinage
359:slave trade
2136:Categories
2081:: 96–126.
1932:References
1851:Arab women
1708:J.Q. Adams
1698:Washington
1668:Slave name
1617:convention
1592:Common law
965:Encomienda
761:Seychelles
746:Mauritania
669:Slave ship
536:Panyarring
531:New France
180:Historical
2097:1068-1051
1858:war booty
1703:Jefferson
1360:Mormonism
1295:Palestine
1109:Australia
1039:Indonesia
930:Lei Áurea
913:Code Noir
893:Caribbean
866:Treatment
605:Treatment
578:Devshirme
440:Odalisque
258:In Russia
199:Babylonia
187:Antiquity
1915:See also
1895:Examples
1885:Al-Jahiz
1872:and the
1805:), also
1735:Iron bit
1725:40 acres
1688:breeding
1503:Freedman
1338:Religion
1198:Portugal
1083:Thailand
1073:Maldives
1068:Malaysia
1061:Kwalliso
1005:Booi Aha
957:Restavek
937:Colombia
908:Trinidad
898:Barbados
788:Zanzibar
736:Ethiopia
617:Saqaliba
511:Database
462:Saqaliba
223:Ancillae
53:a series
51:Part of
1909:Hababah
1841:History
1713:Lincoln
1586:Related
1486:Liberia
1372:Judaism
1310:Tunisia
1285:Morocco
1275:Lebanon
1240:Bahrain
1235:Algeria
1203:Romania
1168:Denmark
1161:Slavery
1095:Vietnam
766:Somalia
756:Nigeria
731:Comoros
659:Pirates
568:Ghilman
501:Bristol
391:history
364:pirates
253:History
142:Peonage
65:slavery
18:Jawaris
2118:
2095:
2052:
2027:
2017:
1989:
1921:Cariye
1807:jawari
1799:Arabic
1787:jariya
1634:owners
1270:Kuwait
1265:Jordan
1218:Sweden
1208:Russia
1193:Poland
1188:Norway
1010:Laogai
995:Brunei
990:Bhutan
952:revolt
925:Brazil
888:Canada
851:partus
836:female
721:Angola
590:Coolie
573:Mamluk
526:Nantes
506:Brazil
435:Cariye
270:Thrall
238:Kholop
204:Greece
36:Jāriya
2025:JSTOR
1926:Qiyan
1835:harem
1831:Qiyan
1803:جارية
1783:Jarya
1661:songs
1656:films
1574:]
1530:songs
1367:Islam
1345:Bible
1320:Yemen
1315:Qatar
1305:Syria
1280:Libya
1245:Egypt
1213:Spain
1183:Malta
1056:Korea
1044:Japan
1022:India
1000:China
947:Haiti
807:Aztec
783:Sudan
751:Niger
643:Naval
516:Dutch
445:Qiyan
431:Jarya
406:Harem
248:Serfs
194:Egypt
2116:ISBN
2093:ISSN
2050:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1864:The
1813:PLUR
1793:SING
1612:laws
1474:U.S.
1469:U.K.
1407:U.S.
1402:U.K.
1290:Oman
1260:Iraq
1255:Iran
942:Cuba
846:maps
741:Mali
726:Chad
312:Baqt
209:Rome
105:Debt
63:and
2083:doi
1955:doi
1785:or
2138::
2091:.
2079:31
2077:.
2073:.
2023:.
2001:^
1971:^
1961:.
1949:.
1911:.
1876:.
1801::
1797:;
1572:fa
55:on
38:,
34:A
2124:.
2099:.
2085::
2058:.
2031:.
1995:.
1957::
1809:(
1789:(
1771:e
1764:t
1757:v
967:)
963:(
433:/
308:
20:)
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