1031:
1241:
Glan's business. The following day, after being questioned by prosecutor
Jeronimus Tonnemans Jr., Yonko, and Anko, Visscher became increasingly angry, breaking a table in half and yelling at his Chinese advisers. When Yonko disappeared after the meeting, Anko told Visscher that he had joined the rebelling Chinese. This caused Visscher, who had heavily invested in Yonko and had left a large amount of money with him, to take out his carriage and scream to the residents of Semarang to escape while it was still possible. This continued until he crashed into the city walls. The residents ran away from Semarang in a panic, leaving eight loaded cannons outside the city walls.
1221:
rice, the regent's men went to
Tanjung, stood with the rebels outside of their range, then fired and left. The rebels soon occupied a sugar mill there. In Grobogan, Mertopuro, armed with weapons from the Dutch military command, staged an attack on the Chinese rebels, in which the Javanese troops opened fire on the Chinese before the Dutch came. Once the Dutch arrived, Mertopuro showed bullet wounds in horses—inflicted by his own men—as proof that he had fought.
1302:
the
Governor of Semarang Dipati Sastrawijaya. This expedition was sent against the Chinese and Javanese gathering outside the hills of Bergota. Outside the walls, the Javanese soon deserted after spoiling the available artillery provisions, with the other native groups abandoning the expedition upon first contact with the Chinese. After killing several Chinese, the Dutch soldiers returned to the fortress.
60:
1280:. Although the Dutch resident and five others escaped, the Dutch recorded a high number of casualties, with reports of cannibalism. The resident in Demak, hearing these rumours and with 3,000 Chinese outside the walls, requested permission to withdraw to Semarang. Considering Demak key to the defence of the city, Visscher refused, instead sending 80 to 100
1357:. Once inside, the Javanese soldiers opened fire, surprising the Dutch; despite being caught unaware and losing thirty-five men in the initial attack, the Dutch were able to hold out for three weeks. However, after the Chinese joined the battle, the garrison soon fell, with Velsen being executed and other surviving troops being given the choice (or
1374:
reinforcements, eventually totalling at least 1,400 Dutch and 1,600 Indonesian soldiers. By
November 1741, the company's fortress in Semarang was surrounded by 3,500 Chinese and 20,000 Javanese troops, who were armed with 30 cannons, as opposed to 3,400 Dutch and loyalist troops. With the superior Dutch firepower and tactics causing
975:, Chinese insurgents spread through central Java, joining forces with the Javanese while staging sham battles to convince the Dutch that the Javanese were supporting them. As the deception became increasingly obvious and the Chinese drew closer to Semarang, Visscher became mentally unstable. After capturing
1462:
The Dutch troops continued on to Kudus, where an estimated 2,000 Chinese soldiers were awaiting arrivals from
Kartosuro. With their numbers reinforced by further troops led by Ngabehi Secanegara from Jepara and Captain Hendrik Brule from Semarang, Mom and Tanate recaptured the city without a fight on
1419:
was disowned by the still-fighting princes and
Chinese insurgents. The rebellion leaders chose Garendi as the new sunan; Garendi took the name Sunan Kuning. On 19 June, it was reported that Notokusumo's troops, now under the command of Kyai Mas Yudanagara, had left for Kartosuro to place Sunan Kuning
1244:
The following day, Visscher surrendered control of the military to Glan. Not long afterwards, news reached him that Yonko had not joined the insurgents but had been robbed, spending the night at his son's grave in
Peterongan in depression. This revitalised Visscher, who retook command of the military
1220:
When the
Chinese forces, numbering up to 1,000 and threatening to cut supply lines to Semarang, arrived in Tanjung in April 1741, Visscher told the regent to deal with them; however, the regent's forces stalled, refusing to move until they received a tribute of high quality rice. After Yonko sent the
1474:
came and retook it. Although the
Javanese were allowed to escape unmolested, the Chinese were only able to escape to nearby Prambanan after a "pitched battle" in Asem. Two months later the Chinese, accompanied by noted Javanese leader Pakunegara, made a last stand but were defeated and forced to run
1399:
Unwilling to let the Dutch take his son, Notokusumo, then laying siege to
Semarang, made a fake attack against the Chinese, in which the sick or injured were sacrificed while the healthy were allowed to escape, in order to give an appearance of loyalty. He then went to Kartosuro to attempt to rescue
1240:
News soon spread of thousands of Chinese joining forces with Javanese soldiers in Grobogan, outside of Semarang. On 1 May, Visscher was accosted by Captain Rudolph Carel von Glan, a unit leader, asking why Visscher had done nothing to deal with the uprising. Visscher heatedly replied that it was not
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capitulated to the Dutch. In March, a group of seven Dutchmen led by Captain Johan Andries, Baron van Hohendorff, arrived in Kartosuro to set the terms of his surrender. Although at first the Dutch demanded the young crown prince, Prince Loringpasar, the eldest son of Prince Notokusumo, and Prince
1301:
agreed to send an artillery unit, but it was secretly intended to reinforce the Chinese. With expeditions from the Chinese and Javanese reaching the city walls, in early June Visscher ordered a retaliatory expedition, totalling 46 Europeans and 146 Indonesians and assisted by Javanese troops under
1162:
At the time, Visscher and his troops, numbering 90 able-bodied Dutchmen and 208 Indonesians, were without reinforcements and received conflicting advice from Yonko and his uncle, Captain Que Anko. To secure his position, he sent a request to several local regents and leaders to capture or kill all
1373:
On 25 July, Visscher's replacement Abraham Roos—sent in late June because Visscher was considered mentally unstable—arrived in Semarang with 170 men, noting that the company only controlled the fortress, European quarters and beachhead. After Roos' arrival, the Dutch government began sending more
1458:
with 800 troops to serve as further reinforcements. Mom and Tanate were then sent to recapture Demak, occupied by 4,000 rebels under the command of the Chinese general Singseh and Javanese general Raden Suryakusuma. The ensuing battle took place over several days and resulted in a Dutch victory.
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and its holdings; he also commanded his senior lords Jayaningrat and Citrasoma to be neutral in the conflict, and to let as many Chinese escape as possible. Mertopuro of Grobogan, one of the more vocal advocates of active resistance, was tasked with the instigation of Chinese in his area. Within
1305:
The following day, the Dutch commandeered all Chinese houses, including that of Anko. When working weapons and ammunition were found in his home, Anko stated that they were remnants from an earlier war in 1718. Not believing Anko, the Dutch arrested him and Yonko, then had them chained and
1365:
or be killed. They circumcised the Dutch and the Javanese seized the Dutch children and women as booty after executing the Dutch leader. Meanwhile, Khe Pandjang's troops were driven out of Bekasi and joined with 1,000 soldiers under the command of Captain Ismail to capture
1400:
his son, but was told to clear a path to Demak by the Dutch officials there. After stalling, Notokusumo agreed to do so, first travelling to Semarang. However, upon his arrival in Semarang he was arrested by the new chief of the army, Hugo Verijsel, with
1079:
was stopped at the gates the following day, Valckenier called an emergency meeting of the council for 9 October. The day of the meeting, the Dutch and other ethnic groups in Batavia began to kill all ethnic Chinese in the city, resulting in an estimated
1306:
decapitated; Visscher then ordered the execution of all ethnic Chinese. On 14 June, Visscher ordered the Chinese quarters outside the fortress to be razed to the ground. Despite Chinese numerical superiority, they did not attempt a final attack.
1224:
To deal with the increasing pressure being put on by the Chinese, Visscher sent orders to company strongholds throughout the north coast to hire as many native, non-Javanese, mercenaries as could be found; he also ordered the regents of Pati,
1499:
also surrendered the northern coast of Java, Madura, and eastern Java to the Dutch; the treaty also obligated him to pay 8,600 metric tons of rice in tribute every year and forbade the Javanese from sailing outside of Java, Madura, and
1352:
soon afterwards openly showed his support for the Chinese rebellion in July with a sneak attack. His troops entered the Dutch garrison in Kartasura, under the pretension of helping to prepare for a Chinese attack, on
1260:
requested that all coastal regents pledge their allegiance to him. He did the same for the members of his court on 13 May. However, several leaders, including second in line to the throne Prince Ngabehi Loringpasar,
1233:, sent 540 troops to Tanjung, then secretly left for Kartosuro. However, when the troops arrived they feinted an attack, then pulled back to Semarang. When Visscher realised that the regents had disappeared,
1541:
did not receive the land or powers promised, instead being isolated to Madura. Unwilling to accept what he saw as Dutch betrayal, he joined another rebellion in 1745; after his son surrendered to the Dutch,
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1861:
1601:
At the time, Khe Pandjang's troops were still in Bekasi, between Batavia and Semarang, while in southern Sulawesi there was an ongoing war. As such, Visscher was cut off from two major Dutch strongholds.
1292:
The Chinese from Tanjung soon reached Semarang and laid siege, assisted by the troops previously sent to destroy them. Visscher, fearing that his troops would not be enough, requested reinforcements from
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troops as reinforcements. The resident of Demak was eventually called back to Semarang, leaving the defence of the fort to Mertopuro. Rembang fell on 27 July, with Jepara falling four days later.
1006:
was disowned by the revolution and his nephew, Raden Mas Garendi, was chosen to be their sultan. As the Dutch recaptured cities through the northern coast of Java, the rebellion led an attack on
215:
1348:
ordered the execution of Prince Tepasana and another younger brother, accused of being informants for Velsen; their families, including Tepasana's preteen son Raden Mas Garendi, were exiled.
1508:
died in 1749, an unpopular leader whose claim to the throne had only been held through the protection of the Dutch. Further disagreements between the court ministers and leaders after
1071:, to the two areas; they imposed a curfew on all Chinese inside the city walls to prevent them from plotting against the Dutch. When a group of 10,000 ethnic Chinese from nearby
1561:
The Dutch East India Company, although it had gained a large amount of coastal land, was "in an advanced state of exhaustion". According to the noted scholar of Indonesia
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retook the city in December 1742, and by early 1743, the last Chinese had surrendered. After the war, the Dutch asserted greater control of Java through a treaty with
208:
1592:
Sources spell his name alternatively as Khe Pandjang, Que Pandjang, Si Pandjang, or Sie Pan Djiang. Setiono suggests that his actual name may have been Oie Panko.
1470:
The Chinese and Javanese rebel coalition, which was beginning to unravel, continued to hold Kartosuro until December 1742, being only chased out of the city when
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1208:(a kind of terrace) outside his court, thus giving him a reason to tell the Dutch that he had no manpower to spare. Despite Visscher receiving intelligence of
1159:, and attempted to found their own nation. The success of the Javanese troops in stopping the insurgents reassured Visscher, despite Yonko's advice otherwise.
1183:
and his advisers had been debating the possible benefits of joining the Chinese or holding out and rescuing the Dutch to gain a more favourable relationship.
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1237:
told him that he would send them back with a further 6,000 soldiers, requesting that Visscher secure compensation from the company headquarters in Batavia.
958:
fled across the Sundra Strait, eventually heading east for Semarang on the island of Java. Despite being warned of the impending uprising, the head of the
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1139:; the group then proceeded to loot his house. The insurgents were soon chased away by a group of Javanese soldiers under the command of the Regent of
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suspicious looking Chinese; although some complied immediately, as evidenced by Visscher's receiving three heads several days later, others, such as
991:
offered his alliance, and worked from Madura westward, killing any Chinese he and his troops could find and quashing the rebellion in eastern Java.
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998:'s army fled once it became apparent that the Dutch, with their reinforcements, had superior firepower. The Dutch campaign throughout 1742 led
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1565:, the new Sultan of Yogyakarta Mangkubumi went on to be the Dutch colonial government's "most dangerous enemy of the eighteenth century".
883:
1229:, Kudus, and Cekalsewu, then in Semarang for a military meeting, to send troops to cut off the insurgents' escape. The regents, loyal to
1107:, Bartholomeus Visscher, dismissed the threat of the incoming Chinese. A minority in Java, the Chinese began forging alliances with the
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2883:
962:'s military, Bartholomeus Visscher, ignored his advisers and did not prepare reinforcements. As the situation developed, the court of
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On 23 May, the approximately 1,000 Chinese left Tanjung and headed east, assaulting the 15-man Juwana outpost, as well as the one in
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1265:'s elder brother Prince Tepasana, and his mother Queen Amangkurat, were against a revolution; Captain Johannes van Velsen, Dutch
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1404:'s blessing. Verijsel then took 300 Dutch soldiers and 500 natives to clear the area around Kartosuro, but was stopped in
1325:'s earlier war deliberations and was ready to launch a war of his own against the Sunan's forces. After the Dutch agreed,
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on 4 May and ordered everyone to return to their homes. Several days afterwards, four regents – Suradiningrat from
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to the foothills along the southern coast. A general amnesty was soon declared, and Singseh surrendered in Surabaya.
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on the throne. On 30 June, they arrived at Kartosuro together with Khe Pandjang's troops and attacked the city. As
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was reinstated by the Dutch, in early 1743 he was forced to sign a treaty. Aside from moving his palace to nearby
1341:, Jipang, and Gresik. By 12 July, all Chinese in the Surabaya and Gresik areas had either escaped or been killed.
2773:"The crisis of 1740–1 in Java: the Javanese, Chinese, Madurese and Dutch, and the Fall of the Court of Kartasura"
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troops, led by Kraeng Tanate, to aid him in the defence of Semarang. On 21 July, Captain Gerrit Mom arrived from
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28 August. After the recapture of Demak and Kudus, the remaining regents began to surrender, promised pardon by
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and staked on a pole in the middle of Semarang as a warning for other would-be insurgents. Meanwhile, in nearby
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Van koelies, klontongs en kapiteins: het beeld van de Chinezen in Indisch-Nederlands literair proza 1880–1950
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1103:. Despite being warned of an imminent uprising by Chinese Lieutenant Que Yonko, the military commander for
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Pringgalaya as hostages, Loringpasar was replaced by Queen Amangkurat as he was too ill to make the trip.
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status which it no longer means. The Semaran Adipati and the Jayaningrat families were of Chinese origin.
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Of Coolies, Klontong, and Captains: The Image of the Chinese in Indonesian-Dutch Literary Prose 1880–1950
64:
A map showing the situation in Semarang. The fort (center) was surrounded by Chinese and Javanese troops.
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and the Javanese and Chinese who fought against the Dutch in the Java war in revenge for the massacre.
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Sources are unclear as to the number of deaths, although in Gresik the total is estimated to be 400.
1378:'s troops to scatter, the siege was eventually broken and an expedition was able to reclaim Jepara.
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912:
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when the Dutch threatened war. However, the relationship between the two continued to be strained.
1337:'s troops attempted to kill all ethnic Chinese, first starting in Madura then spreading to Tuban,
968:, Sunan of Mataram, decided to tentatively support the Chinese while seemingly helping the Dutch.
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in Kartasura, reported to Visscher that the Sunan had been persuaded against rebelling. However,
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1143:. Although most insurgents managed to escape, one was captured and killed, with his head being
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to surrender and switch sides; as some Javanese princes wished to continue the war, on 6 April
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Despite being advised that he would be in danger if he went against the company, on 11 May
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may have been driven by a fear of either Dutch retribution or Chinese military prowess.
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After a long period of repression by the Dutch East India Company, ethnic Chinese in
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1428:, his family, and the Dutch escaped on horseback, finding safety after crossing the
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With more uprisings appearing in eastern Java, the company was approached by Prince
1176:, were more cautious, writing that they were uncertain of the ethics of the orders.
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then promised that he would surrender the coastal lands and let the Dutch pick the
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surrendered two of the Javanese leaders. As part of the conditions of the treaty,
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1321:, formerly a great warrior for Mataram, had taken offence to being left out of
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2772:
2714:] (Doctorate in Humanities thesis) (in Dutch). Universiteit van Amsterdaam
1653:
executed as an example of a "faithless king", but soon returned the palace to
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1429:
1409:
1212:'s dealings, he trusted the Sunan due to his previous loyalty to the company.
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1047:
2760:
983:, the joint Chinese and Javanese army besieged Semarang in June 1741. Prince
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became increasingly certain that he would join forces with the Chinese.
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home by a group of 37 Chinese insurgents armed with swords, spears, and
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During a period of contemplation lasting from late 1740 and July 1741,
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951:
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1442:, or chief minister, if the Dutch would help him reclaim his throne.
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ethnic Chinese gathered in large assemblies and chose a new emperor,
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980:
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Towards the end of October 1740, survivors of the massacre, led by
1438:
1408:
when he and his troops came under attack from the armies of three
927:. Ending in victory for the Dutch, the war led to the fall of the
1880:
The Chinese war and the collapse of the Javanese state, 1725-1743
1759:
1757:
1863:
Emperor Pakubuwana II, Priyayi & Company and the Chinese War
1501:
1104:
924:
88:
1512:'s death led to the division of Mataram into two kingdoms, the
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and pro-Dutch Javanese that took place in central and eastern
1843:
1841:
1839:
1424:'s troops, numbering close to 2,000, stayed behind to fight,
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1670:(modern day Sri Lanka), where he spent the rest of his life.
1649:
initially attempted to establish his own kingdom and wanted
1131:
On 1 February 1741, Corporal Claas Lutten was killed in his
942:
After years of growing anti-Chinese sentiment, Dutch forces
954:(now Jakarta) in October 1740. A group of survivors led by
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Despite being Yonko's uncle, Anko reportedly hated him.
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In late 1741, the siege around Semarang was broken as
2806:
Indonesia's Chinese Community under Political Turmoil
2808:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: TransMedia Pustaka.
2679:"Monumen Laskar Tionghoa dan Kisah Geger Cina 1742"
1333:'s sister), to Kartosuro. Throughout June and July
1329:
severed his ties with Mataram, returning his wife (
1111:, who were the largest ethnic group on the island.
971:After the first casualties on 1 February 1741 in
911:of 1741 to 1743 was an armed struggle by a joint
1633:, a British explorer and scholar on the Indies,
1099:troops. The survivors then fled east, towards
43:
1014:, forcing the Sunan to flee with his family.
299:
209:
8:
2777:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
1806:
1736:
1114:Adoption of Islam back then was a marker of
1036:massacre of 10,000 ethnic Chinese in Batavia
1698:A History of Modern Indonesia Since C.1200
931:and, indirectly, the founding of both the
306:
292:
284:
216:
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194:
58:
40:
2788:
1572:erected a monument to the victims of the
49:Part of a series of struggles against the
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2341:
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2279:
2068:
2056:
2044:
1991:
1964:
1830:
1818:
1216:Instability of Visscher and early losses
1029:
32:For a war led by Prince Diponegoro, see
27:Armed struggle against Dutch colonialism
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1666:After his capture, Singseh was sent to
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1415:For dealing with the Dutch, on 6 April
1191:to Mas Ibrahim to begin attacks on the
1061:, who sent 1,800 troops, together with
155:
134:
1568:In 2015, Indonesian interior minister
2371:Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford (1817).
1450:In early July, Verijsel received 360
7:
2502:
2209:
1204:, he ordered the restoration of the
2727:Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981).
1701:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 114.
1695:M.C. Ricklefs (11 September 2008).
1554:but was captured and exiled to the
1067:(militia) and eleven battalions of
1288:Siege of Semarang and Dutch losses
113:Joint army of Chinese and Javanese
25:
1095:but were blocked by 3,000 of its
2354:Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817).
1866:. W.G.J. Remmelink. p. 136.
1877:Willem G. J. Remmelink (1994).
1860:Willem G. J. Remmelink (1990).
1412:; Verijsel retreated to Ampel.
253:Trunajaya rebellion (1674–1680)
2854:Wars involving the Netherlands
2801:Tionghoa dalam Pusaran Politik
2755:. Vol. 2. London: Black.
2677:Hasanul Rizqa (3 March 2016).
1:
2849:Military history of Indonesia
1054:. This revolt was quashed by
1038:was a major cause of the war.
79:1 February 1741 to early 1743
76:
2729:A History of South-East Asia
1883:. KITLV Press. p. 136.
847:Lombok and Karangasem (1894)
119:officers and assorted groups
2859:Dutch conquest of Indonesia
2704:Dharmowijono, W.W. (2009).
2920:
2798:Setiono, Benny G. (2008).
1187:later secretly paid 2,000
273:3rd Succession (1749–1757)
263:2nd Succession (1719–1723)
258:1st Succession (1704–1708)
31:
2884:18th century in Indonesia
2790:10.1163/22134379-90003445
1528:the city of the same name
1446:Dutch control is restored
330:
238:
179:
123:
107:
68:
57:
52:Dutch colonial government
48:
2899:1743 in the Dutch Empire
2894:1742 in the Dutch Empire
2889:1741 in the Dutch Empire
2747:Raffles, Thomas Stamford
1766:, pp. 114–116, 119.
1193:Dutch East India Company
960:Dutch East India Company
921:Dutch East India Company
598:South Africa (1659-1677)
593:New Netherland (1659–63)
528:New Netherland (1643–45)
117:Dutch East India Company
1524:Sultanate of Yogyakarta
1091:, attempted to flee to
937:Sultanate of Yogyakarta
368:Banda Islands (1609–21)
2769:Ricklefs, Merle Calvin
1516:located in Solo under
1039:
573:2nd Recife (1652-1654)
124:Commanders and leaders
1574:1740 Batavia massacre
1563:Merle Calvin Ricklefs
1514:Sunanate of Surakarta
1387:The fall of Kartosuro
1033:
933:Sunanate of Surakarta
660:Sri Lanka (1764-1766)
608:Sri Lanka (1670-1670)
162:Bartholomeus Visscher
929:Sultanate of Mataram
822:Gold Coast (1869–70)
453:Liuqiu Island (1636)
383:Pescadores (1622–24)
243:Surabaya (1614–1625)
18:Java War (1741-1743)
2752:The History of Java
2667:, pp. 161–162.
2374:The History of Java
2357:The History of Java
2282:, pp. 278–280.
1979:, pp. 137–138.
1921:, pp. 235–236.
1850:, pp. 136–137.
1727:, pp. 111–113.
894:Indonesia (1946–49)
889:Indonesia (1941–45)
782:Palembang (1851–59)
588:Malabar (1658-1663)
398:Persian Gulf (1625)
353:Cape Rachado (1606)
248:Batavia (1628–1629)
1059:Adriaan Valckenier
1040:
817:Pasoemah (1864–68)
787:Montrado (1854–55)
697:Cape Colony (1806)
680:Cape Colony (1795)
578:2nd Colombo (1654)
548:Philippines (1646)
523:Cambodia (1643–44)
458:Porto Calvo (1637)
438:Liaoluo Bay (1633)
321:colonial campaigns
2904:Mataram Sultanate
2844:Conflicts in 1743
2839:Conflicts in 1742
2834:Conflicts in 1741
2815:978-979-799-052-7
2738:978-0-312-38641-2
1890:978-90-6718-067-2
1807:Dharmowijono 2009
1737:Dharmowijono 2009
1708:978-1-137-05201-8
1556:Cape of Good Hope
1206:siti inggil kidul
1127:Initial conflicts
919:army against the
902:
901:
737:Sumatra (1821–37)
675:Gold Coast (1782)
563:Guararapes (1649)
558:Guararapes (1648)
468:Vietnam (1637–43)
418:Batavia (1628–29)
363:Mozambique (1608)
358:Mozambique (1607)
281:
280:
230:Mataram Sultanate
192:
191:
175:
153:Notokusumo (
151:
103:
102:
16:(Redirected from
2911:
2819:
2794:
2792:
2783:(2/3): 268–290.
2764:
2742:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2596:
2590:
2577:
2571:
2560:
2554:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2489:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2436:
2430:
2411:
2405:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2234:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2174:
2168:
2159:
2153:
2144:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2106:
2100:
2087:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2033:
2027:
2016:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1941:
1935:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1767:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1692:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1631:Stamford Raffles
1627:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1545:
1540:
1521:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1473:
1466:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1403:
1394:
1377:
1363:convert to Islam
1356:
1351:
1347:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1300:
1296:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1236:
1232:
1211:
1199:
1186:
1182:
1171:
1084:over two weeks.
1056:Governor-General
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
967:
884:Venezuela (1908)
832:Mandor (1884–85)
827:Aceh (1873–1913)
807:Borneo (1859–63)
762:Ahanta (1837–39)
732:Palembang (1821)
727:Palembang (1819)
603:Taiwan (1661–62)
488:Itamaracá (1640)
443:Taiwan (1635–36)
325:
324:
322:
308:
301:
294:
285:
268:Java (1741–1743)
233:
231:
218:
211:
204:
195:
185:23,500 (highest)
173:
172:
168:
157:
149:
148:
136:
78:
70:
69:
62:
41:
21:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2879:History of Java
2824:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2797:
2767:
2745:
2739:
2726:
2717:
2715:
2703:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2599:
2591:
2580:
2572:
2563:
2555:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2492:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2456:
2448:
2439:
2431:
2414:
2406:
2397:
2389:
2382:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2237:
2229:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2177:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2109:
2101:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2019:
2011:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1944:
1936:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1770:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1647:Cakraningrat IV
1646:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1544:Cakraningrat IV
1543:
1539:Cakraningrat IV
1538:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1481:
1472:Cakraningrat IV
1471:
1464:
1448:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1401:
1392:
1391:In early 1742,
1389:
1384:
1375:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1335:Cakraningrat IV
1334:
1330:
1327:Cakraningrat IV
1326:
1322:
1319:Cakraningrat IV
1318:
1311:Cakraningrat IV
1310:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1234:
1230:
1218:
1209:
1197:
1184:
1180:
1167:
1129:
1124:
1028:
1019:
1016:Cakraningrat IV
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
985:Cakraningrat IV
979:, Tanjung, and
963:
905:
904:
903:
898:
852:Pedir (1897–98)
812:Japan (1863–64)
707:Moluccas (1810)
640:India (1739–41)
533:India (1644-45)
483:Mormugão (1639)
478:Salvador (1638)
433:Abrolhos (1631)
403:Salvador (1625)
388:Salvador (1624)
326:
320:
315:
314:
312:
282:
277:
234:
229:
226:
224:
222:
188:3,400 (highest)
170:
169:
167:Cakraningrat IV
166:
165:
163:
152:
144:
143:
139:
91:
63:
50:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2795:
2765:
2743:
2737:
2724:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2669:
2657:
2655:, p. 245.
2645:
2643:, p. 161.
2628:
2626:, p. 157.
2616:
2614:, p. 244.
2597:
2595:, p. 155.
2578:
2576:, p. 154.
2561:
2559:, p. 282.
2534:
2532:, p. 153.
2522:
2520:, p. 152.
2507:
2505:, p. 358.
2490:
2488:, p. 156.
2475:
2473:, p. 151.
2454:
2452:, p. 150.
2437:
2435:, p. 242.
2412:
2410:, p. 281.
2395:
2393:, p. 273.
2380:
2377:. p. 218.
2363:
2360:. p. 218.
2346:
2344:, p. 280.
2334:
2332:, p. 288.
2322:
2320:, p. 149.
2307:
2305:, p. 241.
2284:
2272:
2270:, p. 148.
2260:
2258:, p. 146.
2235:
2233:, p. 147.
2214:
2212:, p. 357.
2202:
2200:, p. 145.
2175:
2173:, p. 144.
2160:
2158:, p. 143.
2145:
2143:, p. 142.
2130:
2128:, p. 141.
2107:
2105:, p. 140.
2088:
2086:, p. 240.
2073:
2071:, p. 241.
2061:
2059:, p. 271.
2049:
2047:, p. 275.
2034:
2032:, p. 239.
2017:
2015:, p. 139.
1996:
1994:, p. 274.
1981:
1969:
1967:, p. 272.
1942:
1940:, p. 137.
1923:
1911:
1909:, p. 136.
1896:
1889:
1869:
1852:
1835:
1823:
1821:, p. 270.
1811:
1809:, p. 301.
1799:
1797:, p. 235.
1787:
1785:, p. 135.
1768:
1753:
1751:, p. 114.
1741:
1739:, p. 298.
1729:
1714:
1707:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1659:
1639:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1519:Pakubuwono III
1480:
1477:
1447:
1444:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1289:
1286:
1217:
1214:
1200:'s capital at
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1027:
1024:
1010:'s capital at
948:ethnic Chinese
900:
899:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
869:Bone (1905–06)
866:
864:Kerinci (1903)
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
802:Bone (1858–59)
799:
794:
792:Nias (1855–64)
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
752:Java (1825–30)
749:
747:Bone (1824–25)
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
717:Algiers (1816)
714:
709:
704:
702:Java (1806–07)
699:
694:
692:Surinam (1804)
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
655:Java (1749–57)
652:
647:
645:Java (1741–43)
642:
637:
635:Java (1719–23)
632:
630:Java (1704–07)
621:
620:
618:Java (1674–80)
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
538:Tabocas (1645)
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
498:Malacca (1641)
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
348:Malacca (1606)
345:
343:Amboina (1605)
340:
331:
328:
327:
313:
311:
310:
303:
296:
288:
279:
278:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
239:
236:
235:
223:
221:
220:
213:
206:
198:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
177:
176:
160:
126:
125:
121:
120:
114:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
87:
85:
81:
80:
74:
66:
65:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2916:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:Ricklefs 1983
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2408:Ricklefs 1983
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:Ricklefs 1983
2387:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:Ricklefs 1983
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:Ricklefs 1983
2326:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:Ricklefs 1983
2276:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:Ricklefs 1983
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:Ricklefs 1983
2053:
2050:
2046:
2045:Ricklefs 1983
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:Ricklefs 1983
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1965:Ricklefs 1983
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1833:, p. 27.
1832:
1831:Ricklefs 1983
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:Ricklefs 1983
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1655:Pakubuwono II
1651:Pakubuwono II
1643:
1640:
1635:Pakubuwono II
1632:
1629:According to
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:Tjahjo Kumolo
1566:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:Pakubuwono II
1506:Pakubuwono II
1503:
1497:Pakubuwono II
1493:Pakubuwono II
1490:
1485:Pakubuwono II
1478:
1476:
1468:
1465:Pakubuwono II
1460:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1434:Pakubuwono II
1431:
1426:Pakubuwono II
1422:Pakubuwono II
1417:Pakubuwono II
1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:Pakubuwono II
1397:
1393:Pakubuwono II
1386:
1381:
1379:
1376:Pakubuwono II
1371:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1350:Pakubuwono II
1346:Pakubuwono II
1342:
1340:
1331:Pakubuwono II
1323:Pakubuwono II
1316:
1307:
1303:
1299:Pakubuwono II
1295:Pakubuwono II
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:Pakubuwono II
1268:
1263:Pakubuwono II
1258:Pakubuwono II
1254:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1235:Pakubuwono II
1231:Pakubuwono II
1228:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1210:Pakubuwono II
1207:
1203:
1198:Pakubuwono II
1194:
1190:
1185:Pakubuwono II
1181:Pakubuwono II
1177:
1175:
1170:
1169:Pakubuwono II
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1082:10,000 deaths
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1020:Pakubuwono II
1013:
1008:Pakubuwono II
1004:Pakubuwono II
1000:Pakubuwono II
996:Pakubuwono II
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
966:
965:Pakubuwono II
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
860:
859:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:Borneo (1823)
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
687:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
670:Ceylon (1782)
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
650:Penfui (1749)
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
626:
625:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
583:Mannar (1658)
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:Taiwan (1652)
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
543:Brazil (1645)
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
513:Taiwan (1642)
511:
509:
508:Taiwan (1641)
506:
504:
503:Luanda (1641)
501:
499:
496:
494:
493:Ceylon (1640)
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
463:Elmina (1637)
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
448:Brazil (1636)
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
423:Recife (1630)
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
408:Elmina (1625)
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
393:Luanda (1624)
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
338:Bantam (1601)
336:
335:
334:
329:
323:
318:
309:
304:
302:
297:
295:
290:
289:
286:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:
232:
225:Campaigns of
219:
214:
212:
207:
205:
200:
199:
196:
187:
184:
183:
178:
171:Pakubuwono II
164:Hugo Verijsel
161:
158:
147:
146:Pakubuwono II
142:
137:
131:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
112:
111:
106:
99:Dutch Victory
98:
95:
94:
90:
86:
83:
82:
75:
72:
71:
67:
61:
56:
53:
47:
42:
35:
30:
19:
2874:1743 in Asia
2869:1742 in Asia
2864:1741 in Asia
2805:
2800:
2780:
2776:
2750:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2711:
2706:
2697:Bibliography
2683:. Retrieved
2672:
2665:Setiono 2008
2660:
2653:Raffles 1830
2648:
2641:Setiono 2008
2624:Setiono 2008
2619:
2612:Raffles 1830
2593:Setiono 2008
2574:Setiono 2008
2530:Setiono 2008
2525:
2518:Setiono 2008
2486:Setiono 2008
2471:Setiono 2008
2450:Setiono 2008
2433:Raffles 1830
2373:
2366:
2356:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2318:Setiono 2008
2303:Raffles 1830
2275:
2268:Setiono 2008
2263:
2256:Setiono 2008
2231:Setiono 2008
2205:
2198:Setiono 2008
2171:Setiono 2008
2156:Setiono 2008
2141:Setiono 2008
2126:Setiono 2008
2103:Setiono 2008
2084:Raffles 1830
2064:
2052:
2030:Raffles 1830
2013:Setiono 2008
1977:Setiono 2008
1972:
1938:Setiono 2008
1919:Raffles 1830
1914:
1907:Setiono 2008
1879:
1872:
1862:
1855:
1848:Setiono 2008
1826:
1814:
1802:
1795:Raffles 1830
1790:
1783:Setiono 2008
1764:Setiono 2008
1749:Setiono 2008
1744:
1732:
1725:Setiono 2008
1697:
1690:
1662:
1642:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1597:
1588:
1567:
1560:
1536:
1482:
1469:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1414:
1398:
1390:
1372:
1343:
1308:
1304:
1291:
1275:
1255:
1243:
1239:
1223:
1219:
1205:
1178:
1161:
1130:
1113:
1089:Khe Pandjang
1086:
1062:
1041:
993:
970:
956:Khe Pandjang
941:
908:
906:
858:20th century
857:
856:
837:Jambi (1885)
722:Ambon (1817)
686:19th century
685:
684:
665:India (1781)
644:
624:18th century
623:
622:
613:India (1673)
553:Kombi (1647)
518:Chile (1643)
428:Jambi (1630)
378:Macau (1622)
373:Johor (1613)
333:17th century
332:
267:
141:Khe Pandjang
108:Belligerents
29:
2681:. Republika
1548:Banjarmasin
1546:escaped to
1052:Tanah Abang
879:Bali (1908)
874:Bali (1906)
797:Bali (1858)
777:Bali (1849)
772:Bali (1848)
767:Bali (1846)
757:Aceh (1831)
712:Java (1811)
413:Cuba (1628)
174:(1742–1743)
2828:Categories
2718:1 December
1678:References
1532:Mangkubumi
1430:Solo River
1410:temenggung
1344:On 9 July
1069:conscripts
1064:schutterij
1048:Jatinegara
1026:Background
842:Edi (1890)
473:Goa (1638)
2761:312809187
2749:(1830) .
2503:Hall 1981
2210:Hall 1981
1683:Footnotes
1558:in 1746.
1483:Although
1479:Aftermath
1382:1742–1743
1202:Kartosuro
1116:peranakan
1073:Tangerang
1012:Kartosuro
944:massacred
2771:(1983).
1522:and the
1456:Sulawesi
1452:Ambonese
1406:Salatiga
1339:Surabaya
1267:resident
1153:Grobogan
1109:Javanese
1101:Semarang
1097:sultan's
935:and the
917:Javanese
909:Java War
180:Strength
84:Location
44:Java War
34:Java War
1537:Prince
1355:20 July
1278:Rembang
1174:Mataram
1157:Singseh
1145:removed
1137:harrows
1044:Batavia
977:Rembang
952:Batavia
946:10,000
913:Chinese
132: (
130:Singseh
2812:
2759:
2735:
2685:4 July
1887:
1705:
1668:Ceylon
1552:Borneo
1530:under
1359:forced
1315:Madura
1282:native
1251:Kendal
1227:Jepara
1093:Banten
1077:Bekasi
1050:) and
989:Madura
981:Jepara
150:(1741)
96:Result
2804:[
2710:[
1580:Notes
1439:patih
1368:Tegal
1361:) to
1247:Tuban
1165:Sunan
1149:Demak
1141:Kudus
317:Dutch
2810:ISBN
2757:OCLC
2733:ISBN
2720:2011
2687:2017
1885:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1502:Bali
1489:Solo
1189:real
1151:and
1133:Pati
1122:1741
1105:Java
1075:and
1034:The
973:Pati
925:Java
915:and
907:The
227:the
89:Java
73:Date
2785:doi
2781:139
1550:in
1526:in
1504:.
1313:of
1172:of
987:of
950:in
156:POW
135:POW
2830::
2779:.
2775:.
2631:^
2600:^
2581:^
2564:^
2537:^
2510:^
2493:^
2478:^
2457:^
2440:^
2415:^
2398:^
2383:^
2310:^
2287:^
2238:^
2217:^
2178:^
2163:^
2148:^
2133:^
2110:^
2091:^
2076:^
2037:^
2020:^
1999:^
1984:^
1945:^
1926:^
1899:^
1838:^
1771:^
1756:^
1717:^
1534:.
1491:,
1467:.
1432:.
1370:.
1297:.
1022:.
939:.
77:c.
2818:.
2793:.
2787::
2763:.
2741:.
2722:.
2689:.
1893:.
1711:.
307:e
300:t
293:v
217:e
210:t
203:v
159:)
138:)
36:.
20:)
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