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1371:一、药材:胡椒、空青、荜拨、番木鳖子、芦荟、闷虫药、没药、荜澄茄、血竭、苏木、大枫子、乌爹泥、金刚子、番红土、肉豆蔻、白豆蔻、藤竭、碗石、黄蜡、阿魏。二、香料:降香、奇南香、檀香、麻滕香、速香、龙脑香、木香、乳香、蔷薇露、黄熟香、安息香、乌香、丁皮(香)。三、珍宝：黄金、宝石、犀角、珍珠、珊瑙、象牙、龟筒、 孔雀尾、翠毛、珊瑚。四、动物：马、西马、红鹦鹉、白鹦鹉、绿鹦鹉、火鸡、白 鹿、白鹤、象、白猴、犀、神鹿（摸）、鹤顶（鸟）、五色鹦鹉、奥里羔兽。五、金 属制品：西洋铁、铁枪、锡、折铁刀、铜鼓。六、布匹：布、油红布、绞布。此 外，爪哇还向明朝输入黑奴、叭喇唬船、爪哇铣、硫黄、瓷釉颜料等。爪哇朝贡贸易 输人物资不仅种类多，而且数虽可观，如洪武十五年（1382年）一次进贡的胡椒就达 七万五千斤。而民间贸易显更大，据葡商Francisco de Sa记载："万丹、雅加达等港 口每年自漳州有帆船20艘驶来装载3万奎塔尔（quiutai）的胡椒。"1奎塔尔约合59 公斤则当年从爪哇输入中国胡椒达177万公斤。
582:
596:
610:
385:. It is known that the Malays of Malacca obtained arms from Java. Despite having a lot of artillery and firearms, the weapons were mostly and mainly purchased from the Javanese and Gujarati, where the Javanese and Gujarati were the operators of the weapons. In the early 16th century, prior to the Portuguese arrival, the Malays were a people who lacked firearms. The Malay chronicle,
3013:
1176:
373:(廣東通志), which was compiled as early as 1535, recorded that Java's armored soldiers and guns are the best amongst the Eastern people. The Javanese people use it very skillfully and can accurately hit sparrows. The Chinese also use it. It could break fingers, a palm, and an arm if not used with caution.
496:
As soon as the junk had passed the sand-bank and had come to an anchor, a short way from the bridge, the
Moorish artillery opened a fire on her. Some guns discharged leadballs at intervals, which passed through both sides of the vessel, doing much execution among the crew. In the heat of the action
460:
and went on board his ship, and when a general confession had been made, all set out together and came to the mouth of the river just as morning broke, and attacked the bridge, each battalion in the order which had been assigned to it. Then the Moors began to fire upon them with their artillery,
1158:
The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in
Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume
569:
also noted the proficiency of matchlock making by the
Vietnamese. The Vietnamese matchlock was said to have been able to pierce several layers of iron armour, kill two to five men in one shot, yet also fire quietly for a weapon of its caliber. The Chinese called this weapon Jiao Chong (交銃, lit.
304:
This type of arquebus has similarity to the
Vietnamese arquebus of the 17th century. The weapon is very long, it may reach 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in) in length. Tome Pires' 1513 account tells the army of Gusti Pati (Patih Udara), viceroy of
537:
Afonso de
Albuquerque compared Malaccan gun founders as being on the same level as those of Germany. However, he did not state what ethnicity the Malaccan gun founder was. Duarte Barbosa stated that the arquebus-maker of Malacca was
1404:除了裝備叭喇唬船以外,明朝軍隊還裝備了爪哇產的火器,稱為爪哇銃。這種火銃與爪哇船一樣,也以小巧靈活著名,射擊精度高,可用於打鳥。當時中國進口並裝備軍隊的外國銃不僅來自爪哇,還有佛郎機,即西班牙和葡萄牙。相比之下,「佛郎機銃大、爪哇銃小」,但前者精準度不如後者。《海國廣記》記載,爪哇「甲兵火銃為東洋諸蕃之冠」。《廣東通志》描繪：「爪哇統小，（爪哇）國人用之甚精，小者可擊雀。中國人用之，積不戒 則擊去數指，或斷 , 掌, 臂。
3024:
348:
and Qing dynasty says: "Southern people are good at gun warfare, and
Southern gun is the best under the heavens". Qu Dajun (屈大均) said: "Southern gun, especially the Javanese gun (爪哇銃) is likened to a strong
561:
was considered by the Ming to have produced particularly advanced matchlocks during the 16–17th century, surpassing even
Ottoman, Japanese, and European firearms. European observers of the
542:. The Javanese also manufactured their own cannon in Malacca. Anthony Reid argued that the Javanese handled much of the productive work in Malacca before 1511 and in 17th century Pattani.
3018:
369:(爪哇銃—Javanese gun), and sulfur. The Java gun was preferred by the Ming army because of its flexibility and high accuracy—it was said that the gun can be used to snipe birds.
313:. Duarte Barbosa ca. 1514 said that the inhabitants of Java are great masters in casting artillery and very good artillerymen. They make many one-pounder cannons (cetbang or
357:
The
Chinese Ming dynasty recorded exports products of Java that were imported to China. These include pepper, sandalwood incense, ivory, horse, iron guns, black slaves,
1722:
456:
Two hours before the break of day Afonso
Dalboquerque ordered the trumpet to be blown, in order to awaken them, and they embarked immediately with all the rest of the
418:
Wan Mohd Dasuki Wan
Hasbullah explained several facts about the existence of gunpowder weapons in Malacca and other Malay states before the arrival of the Portuguese:
267:
pioneered the use of the gunpowder-based weapon in the Nusantara archipelago. One account mentions the use of firearm in a battle against Giri forces circa 1500–1506:
247:) was recorded as being used by Java in 1413. However the knowledge of making "true" firearms came much later, after the middle of 15th century. It was brought by the
534:), Javanese lances, and other sorts of weapons. After Malacca was taken by the Portuguese, they captured 3000 of the 5000 muskets which had been furnished from Java.
2498:
55:, dating back to the early 16th century. The weapon was used by Javanese armies, albeit in low number compared to total fighting men, before the arrival of
1275:在明末,安南人開發出了一種性能優良的火繩槍,中國人稱之為「交銃」(意即交趾火銃)。有人認為這種交銃在威力及性能等方面都優越於西方和日本的「鳥銃」及「魯密銃」。明清之際人劉獻廷說:「交趾......善火攻,交槍為天下最。」屈大均則說:「有交槍者,其曰爪哇銃者,形如強弩,以繩懸絡肩上,遇敵萬銃齊發,貫甲數重。」
1948:
448:"large matchlock" is frequently mentioned throughout the book. During the first attack of Malacca the approaching Portuguese were shot at by the Moors (
391:, mentioned that in 1509 they do not understand “why bullets killed”, indicating their unfamiliarity with using firearms in battle, if not in ceremony.
353:. They are suspended from their shoulders with ropes, and they will be sent together when they meet the enemy. They can penetrate several heavy armors".
1688:
3380:
2095:
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1389:南海文明圖譜：復原南海的歷史基因◆繁體中文版 (Map of South China Sea Civilization: Restoring the Historical Gene of the South China Sea. Traditional Chinese Version)
135:, and in a number of other cultures in the archipelago, that Tamil vocabulary is used to refer to all types of weapons that use gunpowder. In
2100:
1298:
1268:
1238:
964:
432:
1196:
The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508
477:, and wounded some of our men, yet with all the haste they made Afonso Dalboquerque ordered the men to carry off with them fifty large
425:
No evidence showed that guns were ever used by the Malacca Sultanate before the Portuguese attack, even from Malay sources themselves.
1354:
329:, guns (cannons), and other fire-works. Every place are considered excellent in casting artillery, and in the knowledge of using it.
1496:
1427:
1397:
1364:
1334:
1167:
1136:
1537:
The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India, translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774 volume 3
1014:
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1324:
728:
It is to be noted that the Vietnamese (Jiaozhi) arquebus may refer to several kind of matchlock weapon: Arquebus in the model of
2476:
1387:
2302:
1341:同《鸟枪》谈" (趾)枪","其曰爪哇铳者,形如,绳悬络上,遇敌万铳齐发,贯甲重"。同《》谈"洋者为上,其草随而,人得织,然复而不单,单者作细斜纹,洋国人织"。一五《绵布》说"东绵布,苦不一......故东人殓死者为面,是曰洋布,来自番者为"。(47)
3395:
3390:
2460:
769:
926:
Schlegel, Gustaaf (1902). "On the Invention and Use of Fire-Arms and Gunpowder in China, Prior to the Arrival of European".
711:
Bombard is a type of short, large calibre cannon. The Malays of Malacca has bombards which threw leaden shot as large as an
566:
528:
mentioned the armament of Malacca: There are large matchlocks, poisoned blowing tubes, bows, arrows, armour-plated dresses (
1448:
Charney, Michael (2012). Iberians and Southeast Asians at War: the Violent First Encounter at Melaka in 1511 and After. In
1434:《广东通志》:瓜哇国,古诃陵也。一曰阇婆,又名莆家龙,在真腊之南海中洲上。东与婆利,西与(惰)〔堕〕婆登,北接真腊国,南临大海。自占城起程,顺风二十昼夜可至其国。地广人稠,甲兵药铳为东洋诸番之雄。其港口入去马头曰新村。屋店连行为市,买卖商旅最众。
1290:火槍與帳簿：早期經濟全球化時代的中國與東亞世界 (Guns and Account Books: China and the East Asian World in the Era of Early Economic Globalization)
1260:火槍與帳簿：早期經濟全球化時代的中國與東亞世界 (The Gun and the Ledger: China and the East Asian World in the Age of Early Economic Globalization)
3400:
1712:
1640:
658:
513:
1681:
2484:
681:
Musket originally refers to a heavier variant of the arquebus, capable of penetrating heavy armor (see Arnold, 2001,
1930:
509:
The matchlocks that shoot through both sides of their vessel, had very long barrel and were 18 mm in caliber.
1258:
1213:
A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century by Duarte Barbosa
2047:
382:
473:
When the Moors perceived that they were withdrawing, they began to open fire with large matchlocks, arrows, and
3405:
1795:
1143:漢,趙曄《吳越春秋,王使公子光傳》以刺王僚,貫甲達背./清,李調元《南越筆記,粵人善鳥槍》其曰爪哇銃者,形如强弩,以繩懸絡臂上,遇敵萬銃齊發,貫甲數重. .《晉書,李歆傳》士業聞,引兵還,爲遜所逼,士業親貫甲先登,大敗之.
1194:
1606:
1463:
235:
The knowledge of making gunpowder-based weapons in the Nusantara archipelago has been known after the failed
3385:
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1674:
1063:
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236:
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word 爪哇銃 (Zua Wa Chong) or 瓜哇銃 (Gua Wa Chong). In the local language the weapon was known by various names,
52:
3140:
1535:
296:
91:
or bedhil is more commonly used. However, this term has a broad meaning — it may refer to various types of
3119:
1943:
1830:
1727:
1228:
1211:
941:
Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) Vol. 2
562:
524:/ arquebus), he says that they threw balls, some of stone, and some of iron covered with lead. The son of
255:. The precise year of introduction is unknown, but it may be safely concluded to be no earlier than 1460.
954:
2130:
1701:
525:
1015:"L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises"
3196:
19:
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1775:
1717:
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558:
168:
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3135:
2860:
2810:
2183:
2135:
1935:
1566:
36:
2855:
2815:
809:
428:
Based on the majority of cannons reported by the Portuguese, the Malays preferred small artillery.
282:: firearm), while Giri troops fell dead because they couldn't withstand being pierced by bullets (
2351:
1998:
1915:
1037:
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wadya Majapahit ambedili, dene wadya Giri pada pating jengkelang ora kelar nadhahi tibaning mimis
152:
40:
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309:(probably Brawijaya or Ranawijaya), numbered 200,000 men, 2,000 of which are horsemen and 4,000
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960:
765:
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200:
176:
140:
136:
60:
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879:
685:, p. 75–78). Java arquebus is larger than ordinary arquebus and has good penetration ability.
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2325:
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601:
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208:
160:
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Mayers (1876). "Chinese explorations of the Indian Ocean during the fifteenth century".
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2608:
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411:'s account. Both recorded a similar story, although not as spectacular as described in
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2008:
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1131:. 檀國大學教出版部 (Dankook University Department of Education and Publication). p. 45.
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1993:
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732:, arquebus with bipod under the barrel, arquebus with tripod and swivel mount, and
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628:
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345:
341:
244:
216:
88:
984:
Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. Volume Two: Expansion and Crisis
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2432:
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2227:
2222:
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1835:
1790:
1785:
1760:
762:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume One, From Early Times to c. 1800
530:
457:
240:
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1973:
1910:
1860:
1810:
1780:
943:. Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. Page 178.
863:
846:
577:
422:
No evidence showed that guns, cannons, and gunpowder are made in Malay states.
326:
96:
67:) in the 16th century. In historical records, the weapon may be classified as
2507:
Indonesian traditional weapons, armors, and premodern gunpowder-based weapons
1450:
Waffen Wissen Wandel: Anpassung und Lernen in transkulturellen Erstkonflikten
906:"Peristilahan Persenjataan Tradisional Masyarakat Melayu di Kabupaten Sambas"
469:
They are also used when the Portuguese were withdrawing in the first attack:
3066:
2568:
2442:
2414:
2399:
2384:
2379:
2345:
2168:
2140:
2105:
2070:
2060:
2019:
1983:
1850:
1815:
1805:
1750:
1641:
The Organization of Production in the Pre-Colonial Southeast Asian Port City
1293:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 聯經出版事業公司 (Lianjing Publishing Company). p. 142.
1033:
729:
643:
570:
Jiaozhi Arquebus), and noted its similarity to Zhua Wa Chong/Java arquebus.
498:
474:
310:
264:
124:
64:
24:
1326:明清政争与人物探实 (Political Controversy and Characters in Ming and Qing Dynasties)
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2237:
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2027:
2003:
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350:
123:
language. In its original form, these words refer to gunpowder blast and
68:
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2120:
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1897:
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314:
92:
48:
27:
matchlock, this weapon is smaller and shorter than the Java arquebus.
3307:
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2618:
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2313:
2155:
2055:
1978:
1958:
1953:
1893:
1855:
1065:
A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries
733:
362:
72:
1592:
História do descobrimento & conquista da India pelos portugueses
1311:明清之際人劉獻廷說：「交善火攻，交槍為天下最。」屈大均則說：「有交槍者，其日爪哇銃者，形如強弩，以繩懸絡肩上，遇敵萬統齊發，貫甲數重。」
3211:
2912:
2886:
2786:
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2653:
1356:中国与南海周边关系史 (History of China's Relations with the South China Sea)
549:
431:
295:
252:
248:
1179:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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3333:
3171:
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2480:
1670:
497:
Antonio d'Abreu, the commander, was struck in the cheek from a
1468:
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
465:, and with their large matchlocks wounded some of our men.
381:
The Portuguese found various gunpowder weapons after the
1645:
Brides of the Sea: Asian Port Cities in the Colonial Era
481:
that had been captured in the stockades upon the bridge
1263:. Beijing: 三 聯聯書書店店 (Sanlian Bookstore). p. 141.
1611:. Lisboa: Na Regia Officina Typografica. p. 144.
1608:
Commentários do Grande Afonso Dalbuquerque parte III
1419:魏源全集(五) [The Complete Works of Wei Yuan (5)]
814:. pp. 268–269 – via Chinese Text Project.
554:
Jiaozhi arquebus of 1739. Note the simple mechanism.
3344:
3293:
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2017:
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1736:
95:and gunpowder weapons, from small pistols to large
446:The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque
83:The term "Java arquebus" is a translation of the
1974:Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket
1567:"Fine Malay matchlock musket | Mandarin Mansion"
1127:東洋學 硏究所 (Institute of Oriental Studies) (1999).
505:), carrying off the greater number of his teeth.
2009:Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket
910:Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa
986:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
278:... Majapahit troops shooting their firearms (
127:, respectively. But after being absorbed into
2492:
1682:
8:
1658:Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy
851:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
440:(gun dance) performance in Bali, Indonesia.
3341:
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3168:
3044:
3033:
2524:
2513:
2499:
2485:
2477:
1689:
1675:
1667:
1488:Portuguese Documents on Malacca: 1509–1511
1605:The son of Afonso de Albuquerque (1774).
862:
1647:(pp. 54–74). University of Hawaii Press.
847:"Oorsprong van het Maleisch Woord Bedil"
251:nations of West Asia, most probably the
18:
1512:Hasbullah, Wan Mohd Dasuki Wan (2020).
978:
976:
752:
674:
2096:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
2033:Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
1866:San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon
1635:
1633:
1624:An Illustrated Handbook of Indian Arms
1444:
1442:
1122:
1120:
2683:Daggers (Belati) & knives (Pisau)
2101:Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1381:
1379:
1252:
1250:
1230:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
956:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
716:
715:— a large old kind of artillery. See
488:described a scene of the conquest in
7:
1590:De Castanheda, Fernão Lopes (1552).
1079:De Graaf, Hermanus Johannes (1985).
840:
838:
831:. 台灣商務印書館 (Taiwan Commercial Press).
803:
801:
785:
783:
781:
1936:Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle
1210:Stanley, Henry Edward John (1866).
1660:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9
14:
2528:Swords (Pedang) & cutlasses (
1491:. National Archives of Malaysia.
1129:漢韓大辭典 (Chinese-Korean Dictionary)
1083:. Jakarta: Temprint. p. 180.
878:Syahri, Aswandi (6 August 2018).
16:Long arquebus or musket from Java
3023:
3017:
3011:
1174:
608:
594:
580:
1464:"Portuguese History of Malacca"
1162:. London: The Hakluyt Society.
1081:Kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Jawa
760:Tarling, Nicholas, ed. (1992).
300:Detail of the firing mechanism.
2461:Category:Early modern firearms
1969:Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle
1940:Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle
1540:. London: The Hakluyt Society.
1534:Birch, Walter de Gray (1875).
808:调元 (Tiaoyuan), 李 (Li) (1777).
764:. Cambridge University Press.
336:praised Southern country gun:
1:
3381:15th-century military history
1926:Cookson M1750 repeating rifle
1906:Belton M1777 repeating musket
1013:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976).
811:南越笔记 (South Vietnamese Notes)
792:南越筆記 (South Vietnamese Notes)
659:Timeline of the gunpowder age
2052:Byzantine fire tube (cannon)
1392:. Rúshì wénhuà. p. 70.
2193:Medieval large calibre guns
1841:Nock M1779 seven barrel gun
1811:Huo Qiang lance hand cannon
1516:. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
1193:Jones, John Winter (1863).
47:) is a long-barreled early
3422:
1931:M1696 French common musket
1643:. In Broeze, Frank (Ed.),
1227:Partington, J. R. (1999).
1155:Cortesão, Armando (1944).
953:Partington, J. R. (1999).
514:Fernão Lopes de Castanheda
3340:
3329:
3178:
3167:
3043:
3032:
3009:
2523:
2512:
2456:
2274:Byzantine rocket launcher
2048:Breech-loading swivel gun
1861:Puckle Μ1717 revolver gun
1708:
1656:Furnivall, J. S. (2010).
1386:Wenbin, Yan, ed. (2019).
904:Rahmawati, Siska (2016).
880:"Kitab Ilmu Bedil Melayu"
864:10.1163/22134379-90002058
845:Kern, H. (January 1902).
1884:Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon
1831:Meriam kecil hand cannon
1796:Heilongjiang hand cannon
1756:Bedil tumbak hand cannon
1551:De Barros, João (1552).
1422:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
1359:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
1329:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
461:which was posted in the
383:1511 conquest of Malacca
3352:Weapons of pencak silat
2466:Category:Early firearms
2283:Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet
1571:www.mandarinmansion.com
1553:Primeira decada da Asia
1514:Senjata Api Alam Melayu
1353:Shu, Yuan, ed. (2017).
1323:Kesheng, Zheng (2021).
1062:Crawfurd, John (1856).
1034:10.3406/arasi.1976.1103
939:Lombard, Denys (1990).
405:Manuel de Faria y Sousa
340:Liuxianting (劉獻廷—early
237:Mongol invasion of Java
3120:Miniature meriam kecil
1870:Shou Chong hand cannon
1728:History of the firearm
1639:Reid, Anthony (1989).
1485:Pintado, M.J. (1993).
1216:. The Hakluyt Society.
1094:Kalamwadi, Ki (1990).
982:Reid, Anthony (1993).
794:. Guangju Book Office.
736:-styled arquebus. See
683:The Renaissance at War
555:
507:
483:
467:
441:
355:
301:
294:
28:
3396:Indonesian inventions
3391:Firearms of Indonesia
3141:Bujang Timpang Berang
2968:Miscellaneous weapons
2906:Pole or spear weapons
2316:rocket arrow launcher
2310:rocket arrow launcher
2294:Fire crow rocket bomb
1921:Che Dian Chong musket
1806:Huo Chong hand cannon
1068:. Bradbury and Evans.
828:東西洋考: 12卷, Volume 164
790:Tiaoyuan, Li (1969).
553:
526:Afonso de Albuquerque
516:mentions matchlocks (
494:
471:
454:
435:
344:geographer) from the
338:
299:
269:
53:Nusantara archipelago
22:
3401:Weapons of Indonesia
2303:Hale rocket launcher
1994:Spanish M1752 musket
1874:Tanegashima arquebus
1776:English horse pistol
1718:History of gunpowder
1622:Egerton, W. (1880).
1452:. Hamburger Edition.
1287:Lý Bá Trọng (2019).
1257:Bozhong, Li (2017).
1109:Huda, Nurul (2005).
639:History of gunpowder
3345:Traditional weapons
2322:(Chinese petroleum)
2213:Dardanelles bombard
2184:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
2136:Obusier de vaisseau
825:Fan, Zhang (1979).
291:—Serat Darmagandhul
2785:) & machetes (
2518:Traditional weapon
2352:Thunder crash bomb
1999:Springfield musket
1916:Charleville musket
1816:Istinggar arquebus
1416:Yuan, Wei (2011).
1199:. Hakluyt Society.
1096:Serat Darmogandhul
556:
531:laudeis de laminas
442:
302:
29:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2474:
2473:
2362:Firing mechanisms
2341:Petroleum naphtha
2246:Pumhart von Steyr
2209:Byzantine bombard
2111:Hu Dun Pao cannon
1911:Brown Bess musket
1462:Koek, E. (1886).
1300:978-957-08-5393-3
1270:978-7-108-05674-0
1240:978-0-8018-5954-0
966:978-0-8018-5954-0
654:Tanegashima (gun)
371:Guangdong Tongzhi
317:), long muskets,
286:: ball bullet)...
3413:
3342:
3331:
3180:
3173:Armor and outfit
3169:
3045:
3038:Gunpowder weapon
3034:
3027:
3021:
3015:
2952:Flexible weapons
2649:Piso Sanalenggam
2599:Langgai Tinggang
2525:
2514:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2146:Pierrier a boite
1879:Toradar arquebus
1826:Jiaozhi arquebus
1751:Bajozutsu pistol
1691:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1596:
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1383:
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1284:
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1190:
1184:
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1177:
1173:
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1124:
1115:
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1100:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1046:
1045:
1019:
1010:
1004:
997:The China Review
993:
987:
980:
971:
970:
950:
944:
937:
931:
924:
918:
917:
901:
895:
894:
892:
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875:
869:
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866:
842:
833:
832:
822:
816:
815:
805:
796:
795:
787:
776:
775:
757:
741:
738:Jiaozhi arquebus
726:
720:
709:
703:
692:
686:
679:
664:Vietnam arquebus
618:
613:
612:
611:
604:
599:
598:
597:
590:
588:Indonesia portal
585:
584:
583:
567:Trịnh–Nguyễn War
265:Majapahit Empire
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3406:Weapons of Java
3371:
3370:
3369:
3356:
3336:
3317:
3289:
3236:
3227:Peurise Teumaga
3174:
3155:
3124:
3086:
3039:
3028:
3022:
3016:
2999:
2963:
2947:
2901:
2875:
2846:Parang Chandong
2776:
2678:
2519:
2508:
2505:
2475:
2470:
2452:
2419:
2356:
2326:Mysorean rocket
2278:Congreve rocket
2250:
2188:
2013:
1888:
1766:Combination gun
1732:
1704:
1702:thermal weapons
1695:
1665:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1638:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1604:
1603:
1599:
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1192:
1191:
1187:
1175:
1170:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1113:. Pura Pustaka.
1108:
1107:
1103:
1098:. Dahara Prize.
1093:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1061:
1060:
1049:
1022:Arts Asiatiques
1017:
1012:
1011:
1007:
994:
990:
981:
974:
967:
952:
951:
947:
938:
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886:
877:
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844:
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824:
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749:
744:
727:
723:
710:
706:
693:
689:
680:
676:
672:
614:
609:
607:
602:Malaysia portal
600:
595:
593:
586:
581:
579:
576:
548:
401:Asia Portuguesa
393:Lendas da India
379:
377:Malay peninsula
325:(hand cannon),
287:
261:
233:
209:Bikol languages
163:it is known as
81:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:Early firearms
3383:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3327:
3326:
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3322:
3319:
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3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
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3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
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3238:
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3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
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3199:
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3188:
3186:
3176:
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3172:
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3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
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3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3088:
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3079:
3074:
3069:
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3010:
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2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2880:Impact weapons
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
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2535:
2533:
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2510:
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2506:
2504:
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2489:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2448:Wujing Zongyao
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2410:Snap matchlock
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2291:(rocket arrow)
2286:
2285:(flamethrower)
2280:
2275:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Potzdam musket
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1949:Jazayer musket
1946:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1890:
1889:
1887:
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1876:
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1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
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1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1723:Historiography
1720:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1698:Early firearms
1696:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1649:
1629:
1614:
1597:
1582:
1558:
1543:
1519:
1504:
1497:
1477:
1454:
1438:
1428:
1408:
1398:
1375:
1365:
1345:
1335:
1315:
1299:
1279:
1269:
1246:
1239:
1219:
1202:
1185:
1168:
1147:
1137:
1116:
1101:
1086:
1071:
1047:
1005:
988:
972:
965:
945:
932:
919:
896:
884:Jantung Melayu
870:
834:
817:
797:
777:
770:
751:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:
721:
719:, p. 121.
704:
687:
673:
671:
668:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
620:
619:
616:Vietnam portal
605:
591:
575:
572:
547:
544:
486:Joao de Barros
452:) of Malacca:
430:
429:
426:
423:
413:Sejarah Melayu
409:Sejarah Melayu
397:Gaspar Correia
388:Sejarah Melayu
378:
375:
334:Chinese people
307:Batara Vojyaya
293:
292:
260:
257:
232:
229:
185:Dayak language
133:Malay language
80:
77:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3418:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
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3379:
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3376:
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3347:
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3339:
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3328:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3285:Siping-siping
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Karambalangan
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
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3218:
3215:
3213:
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3208:
3205:
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3200:
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3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3166:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Anak Makassar
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Java arquebus
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3014:
2996:
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2991:
2988:
2986:
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2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:Bambu runcing
2916:
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2911:
2910:
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2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
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2885:
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2864:
2862:
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2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2788:
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2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
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2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
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2116:Korean cannon
2114:
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1821:Java arquebus
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1801:Howdah pistol
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1626:. W.H. Allen.
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1233:. JHU Press.
1232:
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1198:
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1189:
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1182:
1181:public domain
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1169:9784000085052
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1138:9788970922430
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1111:Darmo Gandhul
1105:
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959:. JHU Press.
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475:blowing-tubes
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239:(1293 A.D.).
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151:is known, in
150:
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62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:Java arquebus
26:
23:19th century
21:
3313:Takula tofao
3250:Baju Empurau
3071:
3062:Bedil tombak
2856:Parang Taawu
2851:Parang Latok
2821:Golok Rembau
2816:Golok Ciomas
2705:Keris bahari
2644:Piso Halasan
2634:Parang Nabur
2554:Bara Sangihe
2395:Muzzleloader
2370:Breechloader
2348:rocket arrow
2320:Meng Huo You
2271:rocket arrow
2261:incendiaries
2233:Grose Bochse
2179:Wankou Chong
1820:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1623:
1617:
1607:
1600:
1591:
1585:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1513:
1507:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1449:
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1418:
1411:
1403:
1388:
1370:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1304:. Retrieved
1289:
1282:
1274:
1259:
1229:
1222:
1212:
1205:
1195:
1188:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1128:
1110:
1104:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1064:
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1021:
1008:
1000:
996:
991:
983:
955:
948:
940:
935:
927:
922:
913:
909:
899:
887:. Retrieved
883:
873:
854:
850:
827:
820:
810:
791:
761:
755:
724:
712:
707:
699:
698:(plural) or
696:espingardões
695:
690:
682:
677:
634:Elephant gun
629:Bedil tombak
557:
536:
529:
521:
517:
511:
508:
502:
495:
489:
484:
472:
468:
455:
445:
443:
437:
417:
412:
408:
400:
392:
386:
380:
370:
367:zhaowa chong
366:
359:balahu chuan
358:
356:
339:
331:
322:
321:(arquebus),
318:
306:
303:
283:
279:
277:
272:
270:
262:
245:bedil tombak
234:
224:
220:
217:Malay people
212:
204:
196:
188:
180:
172:
164:
156:
155:the term is
148:
144:
128:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
82:
44:
32:
30:
3265:Baru Lema'a
3260:Baju Rantai
3255:Baju Lamina
3222:Peurise Awe
3105:Ekor lotong
2767:Tumbok Lada
2433:Huolongjing
2425:Literatures
2228:Faule Mette
2223:Faule Grete
2218:Dulle Griet
2081:Ekor lotong
2043:Baton a feu
1944:Jäger rifle
1836:Muff pistol
1791:Hand mortar
1786:Hand cannon
1761:Blunderbuss
1028:: 233–268.
889:10 February
857:: 311–312.
702:(singular).
700:espingardão
694:Written as
518:espingardão
503:espingardão
458:men-at-arms
438:Baris Bedil
103:comes from
99:. The term
59:explorers (
3375:Categories
3270:Baru Öröba
3242:Body armor
3207:Klebit Bok
2781:Choppers (
2737:Pisau raut
2589:Krai Silai
2336:Pen Huo Qi
2298:Greek fire
2289:Fire arrow
2174:Xanadu Gun
2161:Swivel gun
2151:Pot de fer
2091:Fauconneau
1781:Fire lance
1594:. Coimbra.
1576:2020-02-10
1474:: 117–149.
1306:2020-07-12
930:. 3: 1–11.
928:T'oung Pao
771:0521355052
747:References
717:Birch 1875
565:and later
563:Lê–Mạc War
522:espingarda
512:Historian
407:confirmed
327:Greek fire
311:musketeers
169:Makasarese
97:siege guns
61:Portuguese
45:Bedil Jawa
37:Indonesian
25:Indonesian
3067:Istinggar
2836:Kandawulo
2722:Pasatimpo
2569:Dua Lalan
2443:Wubei Zhi
2415:Wheellock
2400:Snaphance
2385:Matchlock
2380:Flintlock
2346:Singijeon
2169:Veuglaire
2165:Tarasnice
2141:Organ gun
2106:Hongyipao
2071:Chongtong
2061:Carronade
2020:artillery
1984:Musketoon
1851:Pepperbox
1555:. Lisboa.
1042:191565174
1003:: p. 178.
730:istinggar
644:Istinggar
546:Indochina
463:stockades
319:spingarde
153:Sundanese
143:the term
125:saltpeter
119:) in the
117:wediyuppu
113:wediluppu
79:Etymology
65:Spaniards
51:from the
41:Malaysian
3335:Category
3232:Salawaku
3197:Cakalele
3151:Si Jagur
2980:Kerambit
2732:Peurawot
2544:Amanremu
2405:Snaplock
2238:Mons Meg
2086:Falconet
2076:Culverin
2038:Basilisk
2004:Wall gun
1846:Petronel
1746:Arquebus
1738:Firearms
1713:Timeline
649:Punt gun
574:See also
559:Đại Việt
540:Javanese
479:bombards
351:crossbow
342:Qing era
323:schioppi
241:Pole gun
219:call it
177:Buginese
141:Balinese
137:Javanese
93:firearms
69:arquebus
3217:Kurabit
3146:Ki Amuk
3129:By name
3110:Lantaka
3100:Cetbang
3082:Terakul
3077:Pemuras
3049:Firearm
2985:Salukat
2975:Celurit
2943:Trisula
2933:Lembing
2923:Bessing
2866:Tangkin
2831:Kabeala
2757:Si Euli
2747:Rencong
2727:Palitai
2669:Sundang
2624:Pakayun
2594:Ladieng
2564:Co Jang
2539:Alamang
2530:Klewang
2375:Doglock
2331:Naphtha
2308:Huo Che
2269:Bo-hiya
2257:rockets
2205:Basilic
2200:Bombard
2121:Lantaka
2066:Cetbang
1898:muskets
520:—large
490:Da Asia
450:muslims
315:rentaka
249:Islamic
231:History
201:Bisayan
193:Tagalog
131:in the
109:wediyal
85:Chinese
57:Iberian
49:firearm
3308:Paseki
3303:Katapu
3295:Helmet
3280:Kawaca
3192:Baluse
3184:Shield
3092:Cannon
2990:Sumpit
2959:Cambuk
2928:Kawali
2887:Cabang
2871:Wedung
2826:Jimpul
2801:Blakas
2783:Parang
2772:Wamilo
2742:Pisuwe
2717:Kujang
2710:Patrem
2695:Dohong
2629:Pandat
2619:Niabor
2609:Mandau
2584:Jenawi
2579:Hemola
2559:Belida
2549:Balato
2314:Hwacha
2255:Early
2156:Prangi
2131:Mortar
2056:Cannon
2018:Early
1979:Musket
1959:Jingal
1894:Rifles
1856:Pistol
1771:Dragon
1495:
1426:
1396:
1363:
1333:
1297:
1267:
1237:
1166:
1135:
1040:
963:
768:
734:jingal
713:espera
363:perahu
361:(叭喇唬船—
215:, and
181:balili
173:badili
149:bedhil
111:) and
73:musket
3212:Kliau
3202:Kanta
3057:Bedil
2995:Tolor
2938:Pantu
2913:Arbir
2897:Indan
2796:Bendo
2787:Golok
2762:Tappi
2752:Sewar
2690:Badik
2674:Surik
2654:Rudus
2639:Penai
2604:Luwuk
1038:S2CID
1018:(PDF)
670:Notes
624:Bedil
499:fusil
284:mimis
280:bedil
253:Arabs
225:bedil
221:badel
213:badil
207:, in
205:bádil
199:, in
197:baril
191:, in
189:badil
183:, in
175:, in
167:, in
165:bodil
161:Batak
159:, in
157:bedil
145:bedil
129:bedil
121:Tamil
105:wedil
101:bedil
89:bedil
3115:Lela
2892:Gada
2861:Peda
2841:Kudi
2811:Guma
2806:Buko
2700:Kris
2659:Rugi
2614:Moso
2574:Gari
2259:and
2126:Lela
2028:Abus
1896:and
1700:and
1493:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1133:ISBN
961:ISBN
891:2020
766:ISBN
399:and
346:Ming
332:The
275:...
271:...
263:The
259:Java
147:and
139:and
115:(or
107:(or
63:and
39:and
1030:doi
859:doi
444:In
403:by
395:by
365:),
223:or
71:or
3377::
1632:^
1569:.
1522:^
1472:17
1470:.
1466:.
1441:^
1432:.
1402:.
1378:^
1369:.
1339:.
1309:.
1273:.
1249:^
1141:.
1119:^
1050:^
1036:.
1026:32
1024:.
1020:.
1001:IV
999:.
975:^
912:.
908:.
882:.
855:54
853:.
849:.
837:^
800:^
780:^
492::
436:A
415:.
227:.
211:,
203:,
195:,
187:,
179:,
171:,
75:.
43::
31:A
2789:)
2532:)
2500:e
2493:t
2486:v
1690:e
1683:t
1676:v
1579:.
1501:.
1243:.
1183:.
1172:.
1159:I
1044:.
1032::
969:.
916:.
914:5
893:.
867:.
861::
774:.
740:.
501:(
243:(
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
