176:
40:
1376:
1151:
is practically immediate in the natural aquatic environment, reaching in a short time concentration as low as 10 ÎĽg/L or less in all emission scenarios. In addition, it was found that while volatile chlorine species may be relevant in some indoor scenarios, they have a negligible impact in open environmental conditions. Further, the role of hypochlorite pollution is assumed as negligible in soils.
1115:, silver halide grains are associated with couplers which, on development, produce metallic silver and a coloured image. The silver is 'bleached' to a soluble form in a solution of ferric EDTA, which is then dissolved in 'fix', a solution of sodium or ammonium thiosulfate. The procedure is the same for paper processing except that the EDTA and thiosulfate are mixed in 'bleachfix'.
1150:
A Risk
Assessment Report (RAR) conducted by the European Union on sodium hypochlorite conducted under Regulation EEC 793/93 concluded that this substance is safe for the environment in all its current, normal uses. This is due to its high reactivity and instability. The disappearance of hypochlorite
1244:
US government regulations (21 CFR 178 Subpart C) allow food processing equipment and food contact surfaces to be sanitized with solutions containing bleach, provided that the solution is allowed to drain adequately before contact with food and that the solutions do not exceed 200 parts per million
1302:
Colour-safe bleach is a solution with hydrogen peroxide as the active ingredient (for stain removal) rather than sodium hypochlorite or chlorine. It also has chemicals in it that help brighten colours. Though hydrogen peroxide is used for sterilization purposes and water treatment, its ability to
1204:
The significant increases observed in indoor air concentrations of several chlorinated VOCs (especially carbon tetrachloride and chloroform) indicate that bleach use may be a source that could be important in terms of inhalation exposure to these compounds. While the authors suggested that using
388:
on their walls. According to 2013 Home
Hygiene and Health report, using bleach, whether chlorine- or peroxide-based, significantly increases germicidal efficiency of laundry even at low temperatures (30-40 degrees Celsius), which makes it possible to eliminate viruses, bacteria, and fungi from a
1197:, respectively, above baseline quantities in the household) during the use of bleach-containing products. The increase in chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations was the lowest for plain bleach and the highest for the products in the form of "thick liquid and
1422:(MMS), also promoted as "Master Mineral Solution" or "Chlorine Dioxide Solution" or CDS, to evade restrictions by online retail platforms, is a bleach solution that has been fraudulently promoted as a cure-all since 2006. Its main active ingredient is
1130:. A conventional fixer then dissolves the reduced silver but leaves the unexposed silver halide intact. This unexposed halide is then exposed to light or chemically treated so that a second development produces a positive image. In colour and
1170:. According to an industry group, the use of chlorine dioxide in these processes has reduced the dioxin generation to under-detectable levels. However, the respiratory risk from chlorine and highly toxic chlorinated byproducts still exists.
253:
discovered the disinfecting and deodorizing ability of hypochlorites and was instrumental in popularizing their use for such purpose. His work greatly improved medical practice, public health, and the sanitary conditions in hospitals,
2359:
2802:
158:
Bleaches generally react with many other organic substances besides the intended coloured pigments, so they can weaken or damage natural materials like fibers, cloth, and leather, and intentionally applied dyes, such as the
356:
range, can disrupt the bonds in the chromophore, rendering the resulting substance colourless. Extended exposure often leads to massive discolouration usually reducing the colours to a white and typically very faded blue.
1137:
Photographic bleaches are also used in black-and-white photography to selectively reduce silver to reduce silver density in negatives or prints. In such cases, the bleach composition is typically an acid solution of
1211:
The highest level cited for a concentration of carbon tetrachloride (seemingly of highest concern) is 459 micrograms per cubic meter, translating to 0.073 ppm (part per million), or 73 ppb (part per billion). The
1319:, possibly leading to death. On contact with the skin or eyes, it causes irritation, drying, and potentially burns. Inhalation of bleach fumes can cause mild irritation of the upper airways.
2363:
1949:
Vogt, Helmut; Balej, Jan; Bennett, John E.; Wintzer, Peter; Sheikh, Saeed Akbar; Gallone, Patrizio; Vasudevan, Subramanyan; Pelin, Kalle (2010). "Chlorine Oxides and
Chlorine Oxygen Acids".
2810:
546:) in variable amounts. Sold as a white powder or in tablets, it is used in many of the same applications as sodium hypochlorite but is more stable and contains more available chlorine.
2004:
365:
The broad-spectrum effectiveness of most bleaches is due to their general chemical reactivity against organic compounds, rather than the selective inhibitory or toxic actions of
61:
to remove colour from (i.e. to whiten) fabric or fiber (in a process called bleaching) or to disinfect after cleaning. It often refers specifically to a dilute solution of
2184:
European Union Risk
Assessment Report. 2007. Sodium Hypochlorite (CAS No: 7681-52-9; EINECS No: 231-668-3): Final report, November 2007 (Final Approved Version); see
2484:
1238:
Sodium hypochlorite solution, 3–6%, (common household bleach) is typically diluted for safe use when disinfecting surfaces and when used to treat drinking water.
76:
to control bacteria, viruses, and algae and in many places where sterile conditions are required. They are also used in many industrial processes, notably in the
2323:
1220:
1213:
3185:
1223:
highest allowable peak concentration (5-minute exposure for five minutes in 4 hours) is 200 ppm, twice as high as the reported highest peak level (from the
1569:
1248:
A 1-in-47 dilution of household bleach with water (1 part bleach to 47 parts water: e.g. one teaspoon of bleach in a cup of water, or 21 ml per litre, or
1311:
The safety of bleaches depends on the compounds present, and their concentration. Generally speaking, the ingestion of bleaches will cause damage to the
95:
Bleaches work by reacting with many coloured organic compounds, such as natural pigments, and turning them into colourless ones. While most bleaches are
2928:
109:, a powerful oxidizer, is the active agent in many household bleaches. Since pure chlorine is a toxic corrosive gas, these products usually contain
1816:
1272:
in homes. Even "scientific-grade", commercially produced disinfection solutions such as
Virocidin-X usually have sodium hypochlorite as their sole
1303:
disinfect laundry is limited because the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in laundry products is lower than what is used in other applications.
313:. This changes the molecule into a different substance that either does not contain a chromophore or contains a chromophore that does not absorb
167:. For the same reason, ingestion of the products, breathing of the fumes, or contact with skin or eyes can cause bodily harm and damage health.
1426:, which is "activated" with citric acid to form chlorine dioxide. In an attempt to evade health regulations, its inventor Jim Humble, a former
1245:(ppm) available chlorine (for example, one tablespoon of typical household bleach containing 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, per gallon of water).
2235:
2161:
1897:
1696:
1599:
700:). It is used, for example, to bleach wood pulp and hair or to prepare other bleaching agents like perborates, percarbonates, peracids, etc.
3299:
2488:
849:). Generated in situ by some laundry detergents, and also marketed for use as industrial and agricultural disinfection and water treatment.
2296:
1330:
or other acids, as this will create highly toxic chlorine gas, which can cause severe burns internally and externally. Mixing bleach with
987:(also known as sodium hydrosulfite) is one of the most important reductive bleaching agents. It is a white crystalline powder with a weak
179:
Early method of bleaching cotton and linen goods on lawns, using a combination of exposure to direct sunlight and the application of water
1993:
669:, (–O–O–). This bond is easily broken, giving rise to very reactive oxygen species, which are the active agents of this type of bleach.
450:
Chlorine-based bleaches are found in many household "bleach" products, as well as in specialized products for hospitals, public health,
2233:
Odabasi, Mustafa (March 2008). "Halogenated
Volatile Organic Compounds from the Use of Chlorine-Bleach-Containing Household Products".
195:. In the 17th century, there was a significant cloth bleaching industry in Western Europe, using alternating alkaline baths (generally
1966:
1646:
491:). It is used in many households to whiten laundry, disinfect hard surfaces in kitchens and bathrooms, treat water for drinking, and
2877:
2077:
2901:
1241:
A weak solution of 2% household bleach in warm water is typical for sanitizing smooth surfaces before the brewing of beer or wine.
911:). While not properly a peroxide, its mechanism of action is similar. It is used in the manufacture of paper products, especially
3337:
3198:
3190:
2280:"Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds from the Use of Chlorine-Bleach- Containing Household Products, Flash Slide presentation"
1666:
280:
as a laundry bleach has been used in Europe since the early twentieth century, and became popular in North
America in the 1980s.
1025:
It is used as such in some industrial dyeing processes to eliminate excess dye, residual oxide, and unintended pigments and for
2385:
1167:
2667:
2614:
2064:
598:). This unstable gas is generated in situ or stored as dilute aqueous solutions. It finds large-scale applications for the
3180:
2640:
1924:
1320:
1185:(VOCs). These chlorinated compounds are emitted during cleaning applications, some of which are toxic and probable human
3398:
3154:
2921:
2798:
1163:
175:
2765:
2567:
1126:
in the emulsion after the first development is reduced to a soluble silver salt using a chemical bleach, most commonly
3403:
2334:
2185:
2107:
Pang, S.; Fiume, M. Z. (2001). "Final Report on the Safety
Assessment of Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate".
643:
370:
276:. Hydrogen peroxide was first used for bleaching in 1882, but did not become commercially important until after 1930.
2689:
2198:
336:. This eliminates the ability of the chromophore to absorb visible light. This is the mechanism of bleaches based on
1686:
2895:
2803:"FDA warns consumers about the dangerous and potentially life threatening side effects of Miracle Mineral Solution"
1419:
1414:
250:
942:) and other persulfate salts. It, alongside ammonium and sodium persulfate, is common in hair-lightening products.
2054:". document EPA/600/R-17/172, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1182:
2151:
1205:
these cleaning products may significantly increase the cancer risk, this conclusion appears to be hypothetical:
2833:
1453:
492:
73:
2522:
Slaughter RJ, Watts M, Vale JA, Grieve JR, Schep LJ (2019), "The clinical toxicology of sodium hypochlorite",
2030:
1112:
479:), usually as a 3–6% solution in water, usually called "liquid bleach" or just "bleach". Historically called "
261:
2914:
2403:
1131:
458:
31:
3388:
2946:
1483:
1155:
1026:
949:
599:
577:
77:
2333:. Ames, IA: Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University. p. 12. Archived from
2051:
1154:
Industrial bleaching agents can be sources of concern. For example, the use of elemental chlorine in the
2975:
2505:
2052:
Evaluation of
Combined Peracetic acid and UV treatment for Disinfection of Secondary Wastewater Effluent
1824:
969:
654:
419:
401:
2709:"Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease presenting after consumption of 'Miracle Mineral Solution' (sodium chlorite)"
1641:
1754:
Mayer, Robert J.; Ofial, Armin R. (22 February 2018). "Nucleophilic
Reactivities of Bleach Reagents".
1497:
3357:
2244:
1443:
1224:
1194:
1139:
922:
499:
246:
242:
215:
114:
54:
2435:"Effects of 0.05% sodium hypochlorite oral rinse on supragingival biofilm and gingival inflammation"
3292:
3013:
1522:
Phillips, H. (2008). "The Bleaching of Wool with Sulphur Dioxide and with Solutions of Sulphites".
1386:
1216:-allowable time-weighted average concentration over eight hours is 10 ppm, almost 140 times higher;
1173:
A European study conducted in 2008 indicated that sodium hypochlorite and organic chemicals (e.g.,
703:
472:
223:
129:
62:
58:
384:
Hypochlorite bleaches in low concentration were also found to attack bacteria by interfering with
3320:
3224:
3159:
2993:
2547:
2132:
1972:
1736:
662:
451:
385:
152:
461:. One gram of 100% active chlorine bleach has the same bleaching power as one gram of elemental
2300:
3383:
2970:
2873:
2773:
2746:
2728:
2645:
2592:
2539:
2466:
2260:
2167:
2157:
2124:
1962:
1879:
1771:
1692:
1661:
1595:
1448:
1351:
1284:
984:
676:
515:
431:
265:
219:
148:
125:
1591:
1585:
210:
Chlorine-based bleaches, which shortened that process from months to hours, were invented in
3313:
3306:
3064:
2736:
2720:
2531:
2456:
2446:
2252:
2116:
1954:
1869:
1861:
1763:
1728:
1531:
992:
852:
772:
741:
583:
531:
277:
133:
3255:
3144:
3085:
3023:
2965:
2890:
1458:
1423:
1339:
565:
484:
349:
269:
238:
100:
96:
2085:
1563:
1189:. The study showed that indoor air concentrations significantly increase (8–52 times for
113:, which releases chlorine. "Bleaching powder" usually refers to a formulation containing
2248:
3275:
3229:
3128:
3118:
3054:
2741:
2708:
2461:
2434:
1874:
1852:
1847:
1535:
1159:
973:
833:
766:
635:
573:
569:
438:
413:
337:
255:
144:
39:
3393:
3377:
3362:
3044:
3039:
3003:
2834:"New Jersey Pastor Has Been Passing Off Bleach As A 'Miracle Cure' In Uganda: Report"
2451:
2279:
1558:
1427:
1181:) contained in several household cleaning products can react to generate chlorinated
1119:
961:
814:). Dissolved in water it forms some hydrogen peroxide, but also the perborate anion (
666:
314:
306:
298:
204:
137:
2551:
2136:
1976:
1740:
344:
Sunlight acts as a bleach through a process leading to similar results: high-energy
3347:
3265:
3219:
3049:
3008:
2998:
1463:
1033:
945:
765:). Dissolved in water, it yields a solution of the two products, that combines the
480:
409:
231:
110:
69:
2535:
1958:
72:
properties, making them useful for disinfecting and sterilizing. They are used in
2360:"Guidelines for the Use of Sanitizers and Disinfectants in Child Care Facilities"
1628:
1290:
An oral rinse with a 0.05% dilute solution of household bleach is shown to treat
3234:
3059:
3018:
1767:
1277:
916:
827:
353:
333:
329:
322:
310:
273:
200:
184:
89:
1865:
222:
recognized that it could be used to bleach fabrics. Berthollet also discovered
3342:
3250:
3113:
3069:
2120:
1790:
1732:
1662:"Observations sur des nouvelles combinaisons entre l'oxigène et divers acides"
1355:
1347:
1335:
1291:
1190:
1186:
1174:
498:
Bleaching powder (formerly known as "chlorinated lime"), usually a mixture of
366:
160:
2777:
2732:
2433:
De Nardo, R.; Chiappe, V. N.; GĂłmez, M.; Romanelli, H.; Slots, J. R. (2012).
1848:"Bleach Activates A Redox-Regulated Chaperone by Oxidative Protein Unfolding"
1846:
Jakob, U.; J. Winter; M. Ilbert; P.C.F. Graf; D. Ă–zcelik (14 November 2008).
634:
Other examples of chlorine-based bleaches, used mostly as disinfectants, are
183:
The earliest form of bleaching involved spreading fabrics and cloth out in a
120:
Oxidizing bleaching agents that do not contain chlorine are usually based on
3095:
3090:
2724:
2171:
1312:
1178:
1100:
1084:
1037:
926:
912:
611:
2750:
2543:
2470:
2264:
2128:
1883:
1775:
17:
2205:
1265:
658:
639:
580:, but this use has decreased significantly due to environmental concerns.
549:
462:
427:
405:
318:
121:
106:
2188:, Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks, 12 March 2008.
245:
as an alternative for Javel water, and patented bleaching powder (solid
3149:
3123:
2937:
1629:
On the disinfecting properties of Labarraque's preparations of chlorine
1343:
1331:
1327:
1316:
1096:
965:
932:
623:
619:
374:
294:
2766:"The man who encourages the sick and dying to drink industrial bleach"
2256:
397:
Most industrial and household bleaches belong to three broad classes:
3352:
3270:
3260:
2690:"Accidental mix of bleach and acid kills Buffalo Wild Wings employee"
1688:
Catalytic Bleaching of Cotton: Molecular and Macroscopic Aspects p 16
1359:
1123:
1088:
988:
737:
423:
345:
211:
99:(chemicals that can remove electrons from other molecules), some are
81:
43:
1719:
Milne, Neil (1998). "Oxygen bleaching systems in domestic laundry".
1280:(to prevent beading) and fragrances (to conceal the bleach smell).
1134:
film, this also generates a dye image in proportion to the silver.
147:, which is used to bleach wool, either as gas or from solutions of
3214:
3164:
1269:
896:
890:
769:
action of the carbonate with the bleaching action of the peroxide.
615:
378:
293:
Colours of natural organic materials typically arise from organic
192:
174:
164:
38:
2411:
1562:
1127:
1092:
996:
886:
627:
408:, usually from the decomposition of some chlorine compound like
85:
2910:
2593:"Some Things Just Don't Mix: Poison Control Tips for Chemicals"
1392:
Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and
1369:
1264:
cup of bleach in a gallon of water) is effective against many
1198:
607:
603:
196:
188:
2668:"Dangerous Household Cleaning Combinations: WHAT NOT TO MIX"
218:
discovered chlorine in 1774, and in 1785 Savoyard scientist
1287:
for a discussion of the mechanism for disinfectant action.
457:
The grade of chlorine-based bleaches is often expressed as
2906:
1358:
and potentially explosive chemical reaction that releases
441:, possibly from the decomposition of some oxosulfur anion.
321:
but also of oxygen-anions which react through the initial
53:
is the generic name for any chemical product that is used
2639:
Freedman, Lisa; Mcdonough, Lauren Smith (22 March 2019).
30:
This article is about the chemical. For other uses, see
2707:
Loh, John Ming Ren; Shafi, Humaira (24 November 2014).
2615:"Lesson Learned - Accidental Mixing of Bleach and Acid"
2506:"Clothes Stain Remover - Pretreat Spray | Clorox®"
2204:. Alliance for Environmental Technology. Archived from
1393:
2386:"Everyday Steps and Extra Steps When Someone Is Sick"
2297:"Chemical Sampling Information: Carbon Tetrachloride"
437:
Sulfur dioxide-based bleaches, whose active agent is
80:. Bleaches also have other minor uses, like removing
136:. These bleaches are called "non-chlorine bleach", "
3330:
3284:
3243:
3207:
3173:
3137:
3106:
3078:
3032:
2986:
2953:
1994:"WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)"
258:, and all industries dealing with animal products.
2228:
2226:
1338:gas, which can burn the lungs. Mixing bleach with
1227:of a bottle of a sample of bleach plus detergent).
226:, which became the first commercial bleach, named
1691:. Thesis, University of Twente, the Netherlands.
381:, making them extremely versatile disinfectants.
2641:"6 Cleaning Products You Should Never, Ever Mix"
2153:Organic building blocks of the chemical industry
2362:. Virginia Department of Health. Archived from
1484:"12 Smart Ways to Use Bleach - Reader's Digest"
2865:. Philadelphia: Virginia Printing Press, 1995.
1951:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1524:Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists
207:). The whole process lasted up to six months.
2922:
2562:
2560:
2500:
2498:
2186:Risk Assessment Report on Sodium Hypochlorite
493:keep swimming pools free of infectious agents
468:The most common chlorine-based bleaches are:
317:. This is the mechanism of bleaches based on
301:. Chemical bleaches work in one of two ways:
8:
3186:Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union
2517:
2515:
2291:
2289:
1573:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
426:, almost always from the decomposition of a
2872:. London: Charles Griffin & Co., 1968.
2587:
2585:
143:Reducing bleaches have niche uses, such as
2929:
2915:
2907:
2331:Center for Food Security and Public Health
1988:
1986:
305:An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the
214:in the late 18th century. Swedish chemist
2740:
2617:. Regents of the University of California
2460:
2450:
1873:
1323:should always be used when using bleach.
885:). It is used in topical medications for
665:, namely two oxygen atoms connected by a
2568:"Dangers of Mixing Bleach with Cleaners"
1614:
1434:, which considers MMS as its sacrament.
2570:. Washington State Department of Health
1925:"Sanitize Laundry for Delicate Clothes"
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1475:
1432:Genesis II Church of Health and Healing
389:variety of clothing in a home setting.
249:) in 1799. Around 1820, French chemist
2595:. Missouri Poison Center. 2 March 2018
2236:Environmental Science & Technology
630:, and in a number of other industries.
328:A reducing bleach works by converting
2764:Robbins, Martin (15 September 2010).
2670:. Georgia Department of Public Health
2634:
2632:
2067:" FAO Publication FNP 52 Addendum 12.
2010:from the original on 13 December 2016
1721:Journal of Surfactants and Detergents
1276:ingredient, though they also contain
991:odor. It can be obtained by reacting
672:The main products in this class are:
234:, near Paris, where it was produced.
230:("Javel water") after the borough of
27:Chemicals used to whiten or disinfect
7:
3300:Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States
2299:. OSHA. 16 June 2004. Archived from
2156:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 113.
2031:"Oxidizing agents: Sodium perborate"
1650:, volume 28 (1859), columns 323-324.
187:to be whitened by the action of the
2109:International Journal of Toxicology
2050:V. Namboodiri and A. Garg (2017): "
1498:"Oxygen Bleach Vs. Chlorine Bleach"
1032:Reaction of sodium dithionite with
564:). It is used as a disinfectant in
237:Scottish chemist and industrialist
1536:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1938.tb01992.x
1326:Bleach should never be mixed with
203:from sour milk, and later diluted
88:, and increasing the longevity of
68:Many bleaches have broad-spectrum
25:
2487:. 28 October 2015. Archived from
2199:"ECF: The Sustainable Technology"
3338:Baths and wash houses in Britain
3199:Worshipful Company of Launderers
3191:Laundry Workers Industrial Union
2832:Kuruvilla, Carol (22 May 2019).
2452:10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00111.x
2322:Dvorak, Glenda (February 2005).
1667:Annales de chimie et de physique
1374:
964:, other oxidizing products like
2694:Chemical & Engineering News
744:("soda ash" or "washing soda",
241:proposed in 1798 a solution of
65:, also called "liquid bleach".
2870:Textile Scouring and Bleaching
1626:Scott, James, transl. (1828).
1590:. Shire Publications. p.
1:
3181:Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance
2536:10.1080/15563650.2018.1543889
1959:10.1002/14356007.a06_483.pub2
1898:"| Home Hygiene & Health"
1396:related to non-recent events.
1387:slanted towards recent events
1321:Personal protective equipment
1164:persistent organic pollutants
834:Peracetic (peroxoacetic) acid
576:. It was used extensively to
2799:Food and Drug Administration
2439:International Dental Journal
2150:Herman Harry Szmant (1989).
1815:Bloomfield, Louis A (2006).
1647:Nouvelle biographie générale
454:, and industrial processes.
140:", or "colour-safe bleach".
1768:10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00645
1642:Labarraque, Antoine-Germain
1083:which is used in bleaching
644:sodium dichloroisocyanurate
3420:
2390:Center for Disease Control
1866:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.024
1685:Tatjana Topalović (2007).
1420:Miracle Mineral Supplement
1415:Miracle Mineral Supplement
1412:
1183:volatile organic compounds
251:Antoine Germain Labarraque
199:) and acid baths (such as
29:
2944:
2278:Odabasi, Mustafa (2008).
2121:10.1080/10915810152630710
2001:World Health Organization
1821:How Things Work Home Page
1733:10.1007/s11743-998-0029-z
740:of hydrogen peroxide and
657:are characterized by the
103:(that donate electrons).
1632:Published by S. Highley.
1454:Milton sterilizing fluid
1113:Negative film processing
422:, whose active agent is
404:, whose active agent is
332:in the chromophore into
74:swimming pool sanitation
2896:Encyclopædia Britannica
2725:10.1136/bcr-2014-205832
1902:www.ifh-homehygiene.org
1789:Field, Simon Q (2006).
1570:Encyclopædia Britannica
655:Peroxide-based bleaches
650:Peroxide-based bleaches
459:percent active chlorine
446:Chlorine-based bleaches
420:Peroxide-based bleaches
402:Chlorine-based bleaches
348:of light, often in the
32:Bleach (disambiguation)
2947:List of laundry topics
1791:"Ingredients – Bleach"
1660:L. J. Thénard (1818).
1366:False claims as a cure
1156:bleaching of wood pulp
950:Potassium permanganate
600:bleaching of wood pulp
488:
361:Antimicrobial efficacy
180:
78:bleaching of wood pulp
47:
2485:"Dr Laundry - Clorox"
1584:Aspin, Chris (1981).
1193:and 1–1170 times for
568:, especially to make
262:Louis Jacques Thénard
178:
42:
3358:Self-service laundry
3195:Project Laundry List
2404:"Kam Scientific Inc"
1444:Calcium hypochlorite
1350:, while mixing with
1195:carbon tetrachloride
1146:Environmental impact
1140:potassium dichromate
923:Potassium persulfate
826:) which can perform
572:and in large public
500:calcium hypochlorite
369:. They irreversibly
268:in 1818 by reacting
247:calcium hypochlorite
243:calcium hypochlorite
216:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
115:calcium hypochlorite
3399:Household chemicals
3293:Barbier v. Connolly
2696:. 13 November 2019.
2524:Clinical Toxicology
2392:. 11 February 2020.
2303:on 14 November 2009
2249:2008EnST...42.1445O
2029:Douglass F. Taber.
1587:The Cotton Industry
1334:similarly produces
1120:Reversal processing
1107:Photographic bleach
1027:bleaching wood pulp
704:Sodium percarbonate
473:Sodium hypochlorite
386:heat shock proteins
284:Mechanism of action
224:sodium hypochlorite
130:sodium percarbonate
63:sodium hypochlorite
3404:Laundry substances
3321:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
3225:Industrial laundry
2994:Combo washer dryer
2813:on 13 October 2023
2801:(12 August 2019).
2408:Kam Scientific Inc
1298:Colour-safe bleach
452:water chlorination
181:
153:sodium borohydride
48:
3371:
3370:
2971:Laundry detergent
2861:Bodkins, Bailey.
2719:: bcr2014205832.
2646:Good Housekeeping
2257:10.1021/es702355u
2163:978-0-471-85545-3
2115:(3_suppl): 7–21.
2082:Ozone Information
1904:. 21 October 2013
1762:(10): 2816–2820.
1698:978-90-365-2454-4
1601:978-0-85263-545-2
1564:"Bleaching"
1449:Hydrogen peroxide
1411:
1410:
1352:hydrogen peroxide
1285:hypochlorous acid
985:Sodium dithionite
980:Reducing bleaches
677:Hydrogen peroxide
516:calcium hydroxide
432:hydrogen peroxide
393:Types of bleaches
309:that make up the
266:hydrogen peroxide
220:Claude Berthollet
149:sodium dithionite
126:hydrogen peroxide
16:(Redirected from
3411:
3314:Pearson v. Chung
3307:Muller v. Oregon
2931:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2809:. Archived from
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2713:BMJ Case Reports
2704:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2410:. Archived from
2400:
2394:
2393:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2328:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2243:(5): 1445–1451.
2230:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2211:on 14 April 2008
2210:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2084:. Archived from
2074:
2068:
2065:Benzoyl peroxide
2061:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2009:
1998:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1823:. Archived from
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1657:
1651:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1555:
1540:
1539:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:add more content
1378:
1377:
1370:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:
993:sodium bisulfite
910:
909:
908:
884:
883:
882:
874:
873:
865:
864:
853:Benzoyl peroxide
848:
846:
845:
825:
824:
823:
813:
812:
811:
803:
802:
794:
793:
785:
784:
773:Sodium perborate
764:
763:
762:
754:
753:
742:sodium carbonate
735:
734:
733:
725:
724:
716:
715:
699:
698:
697:
689:
688:
597:
596:
595:
584:Chlorine dioxide
578:bleach wood pulp
563:
562:
561:
545:
544:
543:
532:calcium chloride
529:
528:
527:
513:
512:
511:
478:
377:, including all
373:or destroy many
278:Sodium perborate
134:sodium perborate
97:oxidizing agents
21:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3326:
3280:
3256:Dispensing ball
3239:
3203:
3169:
3145:Colour fastness
3133:
3102:
3074:
3028:
3024:Washing machine
2982:
2966:Fabric softener
2949:
2940:
2935:
2887:
2868:Trotman, E. R.
2858:
2856:Further reading
2853:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2508:. 27 June 2015.
2504:
2503:
2496:
2491:on 9 June 2011.
2483:
2482:
2478:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2366:on 14 June 2010
2358:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2340:on 19 June 2010
2337:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2164:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2088:on 15 July 2011
2076:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1969:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1756:Organic Letters
1753:
1752:
1748:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1640:
1636:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1557:
1556:
1543:
1530:(11): 503–512.
1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1486:. 9 March 2010.
1482:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1459:Tooth whitening
1440:
1424:sodium chlorite
1417:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1391:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1340:rubbing alcohol
1309:
1300:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1236:
1160:organochlorines
1148:
1109:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
982:
974:maturing agents
970:flour bleaching
955:
940:
936:
930:
907:
904:
903:
902:
900:
881:
878:
877:
876:
872:
869:
868:
867:
863:
860:
859:
858:
856:
844:
841:
840:
839:
837:
822:
819:
818:
817:
815:
810:
807:
806:
805:
801:
798:
797:
796:
792:
789:
788:
787:
783:
780:
779:
778:
776:
761:
758:
757:
756:
752:
749:
748:
747:
745:
732:
729:
728:
727:
723:
720:
719:
718:
714:
711:
710:
709:
707:
696:
693:
692:
691:
687:
684:
683:
682:
680:
652:
594:
591:
590:
589:
587:
566:water treatment
560:
557:
556:
555:
553:
542:
539:
538:
537:
535:
526:
523:
522:
521:
519:
510:
507:
506:
505:
503:
476:
448:
395:
363:
291:
286:
270:barium peroxide
264:first produced
256:slaughterhouses
239:Charles Tennant
173:
101:reducing agents
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3276:Washing paddle
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3230:Laundry symbol
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3129:Laundry starch
3126:
3121:
3119:Clothes hanger
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3086:Clothes folder
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:Drying cabinet
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2886:
2885:External links
2883:
2882:
2881:
2866:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2824:
2790:
2756:
2699:
2681:
2659:
2628:
2606:
2581:
2556:
2530:(5): 303–311,
2511:
2494:
2476:
2445:(4): 208–212.
2425:
2395:
2377:
2351:
2324:"Disinfection"
2314:
2285:
2270:
2222:
2190:
2177:
2162:
2142:
2099:
2078:"Ozo formulas"
2069:
2056:
2043:
2021:
2003:. April 2015.
1982:
1968:978-3527306732
1967:
1941:
1915:
1889:
1860:(4): 691–701.
1838:
1827:on 11 May 2013
1807:
1781:
1746:
1727:(2): 253–261.
1711:
1697:
1677:
1670:. 2nd Series.
1652:
1634:
1619:
1607:
1600:
1576:
1561:, ed. (1911).
1559:Chisholm, Hugh
1541:
1514:
1489:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1430:, founded the
1413:Main article:
1409:
1408:
1385:appears to be
1382:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1354:results in an
1308:
1307:Health hazards
1305:
1299:
1296:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1147:
1144:
1108:
1105:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
981:
978:
958:
957:
953:
948:salts such as
943:
938:
934:
928:
920:
905:
894:
889:and to bleach
879:
870:
861:
850:
842:
831:
820:
808:
799:
790:
781:
770:
759:
750:
730:
721:
712:
701:
694:
685:
651:
648:
636:monochloramine
632:
631:
592:
581:
574:swimming pools
570:drinking water
558:
547:
540:
524:
518:(slaked lime,
508:
496:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:sulfur dioxide
435:
430:compound like
417:
394:
391:
362:
359:
342:
341:
338:sulfur dioxide
326:
307:chemical bonds
290:
287:
285:
282:
172:
169:
145:sulfur dioxide
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3416:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Disinfectants
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:Organizations
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:Clothes horse
3043:
3041:
3040:Clothes dryer
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Tunnel washer
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2902:Bleach (MSDS)
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2878:0-85264-067-6
2875:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2414:on 9 May 2020
2413:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2207:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1930:
1926:
1923:Ploumanac'h.
1919:
1916:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1876:
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315:visible light
312:
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299:beta carotene
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202:
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138:oxygen bleach
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3348:Laundry room
3319:
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3291:
3266:Laundry ball
3220:Housekeeping
3050:Clothes line
3009:Wet cleaning
2999:Dry cleaning
2960:
2894:
2869:
2862:
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2837:
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2811:the original
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2770:The Guardian
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1234:Disinfection
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1166:, including
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1034:formaldehyde
1031:
1024:
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959:
946:Permanganate
828:nucleophilic
671:
653:
633:
489:eau de Javel
467:
456:
449:
410:hypochlorite
396:
383:
364:
343:
334:single bonds
330:double bonds
323:nucleophilic
292:
260:
236:
228:Eau de Javel
227:
209:
182:
157:
142:
119:
111:hypochlorite
105:
94:
70:bactericidal
67:
59:domestically
55:industrially
50:
49:
46:brand bleach
36:
3244:Accessories
3235:Washerwoman
3060:Hills Hoist
3019:Wash copper
2652:12 February
2621:12 February
2599:12 February
2574:12 February
1934:12 December
1929:Ploumanac'h
1908:12 December
1831:23 February
1278:surfactants
1187:carcinogens
1175:surfactants
1132:chromogenic
1122:, residual
917:Kraft paper
667:single bond
367:antibiotics
354:ultraviolet
311:chromophore
274:nitric acid
201:lactic acid
185:bleachfield
90:cut flowers
18:Javel water
3378:Categories
3363:Tvättstuga
3343:Dhobi Ghat
3251:Clothespin
3114:Box mangle
3070:Dryer ball
2817:16 January
2674:22 January
2344:7 February
2307:4 December
2014:8 December
1817:"Sunlight"
1674:: 306–312.
1470:References
1356:exothermic
1348:chloroform
1336:chloramine
1292:gingivitis
1191:chloroform
1179:fragrances
1064:O → NaHOCH
915:and white
830:oxidation.
816:B(OOH)(OH)
767:degreasing
414:chloramine
297:, such as
124:, such as
84:, killing
3160:Shrinkage
3107:Finishing
3096:Laundroid
3091:FoldiMate
3014:Washboard
2954:Chemicals
2778:0261-3077
2733:1757-790X
2092:9 January
1502:Sciencing
1402:June 2024
1313:esophagus
1268:and some
1225:headspace
1158:produces
1085:wood pulp
1038:Rongalite
1036:produces
1006:+ Zn → Na
989:sulfurous
913:newsprint
661:chemical
612:cellulose
289:Whitening
122:peroxides
3384:Bleaches
3138:Concepts
2891:"Bleach"
2843:25 April
2838:HuffPost
2751:25422331
2552:59339240
2544:30689457
2471:23017003
2370:16 March
2265:18441786
2172:19122597
2137:25763799
2129:11766134
2063:(2004) "
2005:Archived
1977:96905077
1884:19013278
1776:29741385
1741:59456079
1507:16 April
1438:See also
1266:bacteria
1072:+ NaHOCH
1018:+ Zn(OH)
966:bromates
847:CC(O)OOH
659:peroxide
640:halazone
620:textiles
550:Chlorine
483:water" (
463:chlorine
428:peroxide
406:chlorine
375:proteins
371:denature
319:chlorine
295:pigments
107:Chlorine
3208:Culture
3155:Posting
3150:Fulling
3124:Ironing
3079:Folding
2987:Washing
2938:Laundry
2893:in the
2807:fda.gov
2783:20 July
2742:4244351
2462:9374941
2245:Bibcode
1875:2606091
1800:2 March
1344:acetone
1332:ammonia
1328:vinegar
1317:stomach
1270:viruses
1262:
1250:
1168:dioxins
1097:leather
1002:2 NaHSO
960:In the
624:beeswax
530:), and
504:Ca(ClO)
346:photons
325:attack.
171:History
3353:Lavoir
3331:Places
3271:Posser
3261:Hamper
3065:Mangle
3033:Drying
2961:Bleach
2876:
2863:Bleach
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1274:active
1124:silver
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642:, and
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485:French
424:oxygen
379:prions
350:violet
212:Europe
161:indigo
151:, and
132:, and
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51:Bleach
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3215:Dhobi
3165:Stain
2548:S2CID
2418:2 May
2338:(PDF)
2327:(PDF)
2209:(PDF)
2202:(PDF)
2133:S2CID
2008:(PDF)
1997:(PDF)
1973:S2CID
1737:S2CID
1704:8 May
1060:O + H
995:with
952:(KMnO
897:Ozone
891:flour
663:group
616:flour
552:gas (
481:Javel
477:NaClO
272:with
232:Javel
193:water
165:denim
86:weeds
3394:Dyes
2976:pods
2874:ISBN
2845:2020
2819:2024
2785:2020
2774:ISSN
2747:PMID
2729:ISSN
2717:2014
2676:2024
2654:2019
2623:2020
2601:2020
2576:2020
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2420:2020
2372:2010
2346:2011
2309:2009
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2168:OCLC
2158:ISBN
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2094:2009
2038:2012
2016:2016
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1936:2020
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1880:PMID
1853:Cell
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1802:2006
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1693:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1509:2018
1315:and
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1214:OSHA
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1101:clay
1099:and
1093:wool
997:zinc
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887:acne
875:COO)
628:skin
608:oils
606:and
604:fats
536:CaCl
191:and
3285:Law
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