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non-profit pharmaceutical company located in San
Francisco). In addition to assembling the team, Keasling developed an intellectual property model to ensure that microbially-sourced artemisinin could be offered as inexpensively as possible to people in the developing world: patents granted from his work at UCB are licensed royalty free to Amyris Biotechnologies and the Institute for OneWorld Health for use in producing artemisinin so long as they do not make a profit on artemisinin sold in the developing world. The team was funded in December 2004 by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to develop the microbial production process. The science was completed in December 2007. In 2008, Sanofi-Aventis licensed the technology and worked with Amyris to develop the production process. Sanofi-Aventis has produced 35 tons of artemisinin using Keasling’s microbial production process, which is enough for 70 million treatments. Distribution of artemisinin combination therapies containing the microbially-sourced artemisinin began in August 2014 with 1.7 million treatments shipped to Africa. It is anticipated that 100-150 million treatments will be produced using this technology and shipped annually to Africa, Asia and South America.
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engineers to produce from fossil fuel resources chemicals that we use every day, metabolic engineering can revolutionize the production of some of the same useful chemicals and more from renewable resources, like sugar and cellulosic biomass. For many years, work in metabolic engineering was limited by the lack of enzymes to perform the necessary chemistry and tools to manipulate and monitor the chemistry inside cells. Seeing a need for better genetic tools, Keasling began working on genetic tool development, an area now known as synthetic biology. Keasling’s laboratory has developed or adopted many of the latest analytical tools to troubleshoot our genetic manipulations. Keasling's laboratory has applied metabolic chemistry to a number of real-world problems including the production of the antimalarial drug artemisinin and drop-in biofuels. Keasling has published over 300 papers in peer-reviewed journals and has over 30 issued patents.
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anti-malarial drugs more affordable to people in the developing world. Second, weather conditions or political climates that might otherwise affect the yield or cost of the plant-derived version of the drug will not affect the microbial source for the drug. Third, microbial production of artemisinin in large tanks will allow for more careful distribution of artemisinin to legitimate drug manufacturers that formulate artemisinin combination therapies, rather than monotherapies. This will, in turn, slow the development of resistance to this drug. Fourth, severe shortages of plant-derived artemisinin are projected for 2011 and beyond, which will increase the cost of artemisinin combination therapies. Finally, microbially-derived artemisinic acid will enable production of new derivatives of artemisinin that
Plasmodium may not be resistant to, thereby extending the time over which artemisinin may be used.
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promoter systems that allow regulated control of transcription consistently in all cells of a culture, mRNA stabilization technologies to regulate the stability of mRNA segments, and a protein engineering approach to attach several enzymes of a metabolic pathway onto a synthetic protein scaffold to increase pathway flux. These and other gene expression tools now enable precise control of the expression of the genes that encode novel metabolic pathways to maximize chemical production, to minimize losses to side products, and minimize the accumulation of toxic intermediates that may poison the microbial host, all of which are important for economical production of this important drug.
381:(twelve genes in all) to transform a simple and renewable sugar, like glucose, into the complicated chemical structure of the anti-malarial drug artemisinin. The engineered microorganism is capable of secreting the final product from the cell, thereby purifying it from all other intracellular chemicals and reducing the purification costs and therefore the cost of the final drug. Given the existence of known, relatively high-yielding chemistry for the conversion of artemisinic acid to artemisinin or any other artemisinin derivative, microbially-produced artemisinic acid is a viable, renewable, and scalable source of this potent family of anti-malarial drugs.
93:
357:, and its yield and consistency depend on climate and the extraction process. While there is a method for chemical synthesis of artemisinin, it is too low yielding and therefore too expensive for use in producing low-cost drugs. Third, although the World Health Organization has recommended that artemisinin be formulated with other active pharmaceutical ingredients in ACTs, many manufacturers are still producing mono-therapies of artemisinin, which increase the chance that Plasmodium spp. will develop resistance to artemisinin.
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microbe to also produce the enzymes to depolymerize cellulose and hemicellulose. Recently, Keasling's laboratory demonstrated that a microorganism could be engineered to synthesize and secrete enzymes to depolymerize cellulose and hemicellulose into sugars and to produce a gasoline replacement (butanol), a diesel-fuel replacement (fatty acid ethyl ester), or a jet fuel replacement (pinene).
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pathway flux and reduce the cost of producing a desired biofuel, Keasling's laboratory developed dynamic regulators to sense the levels of intermediates in the pathway and regulate pathway activity. These regulators stabilized the pathway and the cell and improved biofuel yields making it possible to grow the engineered cells in large-scale fermentation tanks for fuel production.
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derived from petroleum. These fuels are synthesized from plant-derived sugars, such as cellulose feedstock, which is of little economic value. Consequently, microbes can minimize the carbon footprint by minimizing the energy expenditure in sourcing fuel, such off-shore drilling and hydraulic fracturing.
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Ro, D. K.; Paradise, E. M.; Ouellet, M.; Fisher, K. J.; Newman, K. L.; Ndungu, J. M.; Ho, K. A.; Eachus, R. A.; Ham, T. S.; Kirby, J.; Chang, M. C. Y.; Withers, S. T.; Shiba, Y.; Sarpong, R.; Keasling, J. D. (2006). "Production of the antimalarial drug precursor artemisinic acid in engineered yeast".
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responsible for synthesis of artemisinin. These enzymes included the cytochrome P450 that oxidizes amorphadiene to artemisinic acid and the redox partners that transfer reducing equivalents from the enzyme to cofactors. The discovery of these enzymes and their functional expression in both yeast and
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Renewable fuels are needed for all modes of transportation but most microbially-sourced fuels can be used only as a small fraction of gasoline in conventional spark-ignition engines. Keasling’s laboratory has engineered microorganisms to produce hydrocarbons with similar properties to the fuels now
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The starting materials (generally sugars) are the most significant factor in the biofuel production cost. Cellulose, a potentially low-cost starting material, must be depolymerized into sugars by adding an expensive cocktail of enzymes. One way to reduce this cost is to engineer the fuel-producing
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to produce branched and cyclic hydrocarbons using the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway: isopentanol, a drop-in replacement for gasoline; pinene, a replacement for jet fuel; and bisabolene, a replacement for diesel fuel. Because isoprenoids add a methyl side chain every four carbons in the backbone,
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One of the biggest challenges in scaling up microbial fermentations is the stability of the microbial strain: the engineered microorganism will attempt to mutate or shed the metabolic pathway, in part because intermediates in the metabolic pathway accumulate and are toxic to the cells. To balance
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to produce artemisinic acid, a precursor to artemisinin that can be derivatized using established, simple, inexpensive chemistry to form artemisinin or any artemisinin derivative currently used to treat malaria. The microorganisms were engineered with a ten-enzyme biosynthetic pathway using genes
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Many of the best fuels and chemicals are toxic to the producer organism. One way to limit fuel toxicity is to actively pump the fuel from the cell. To identify pumps ideally suited for a particular fuel, Keasling and his colleagues bioprospected environmental microorganisms for many, different,
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can be engineered to produce the fatty acid-based biofuels fatty acid ethyl esters, alkenes, and methyl ketones. As linear hydrocarbons are the key components of diesel, these biologically produced fuels are excellent diesel replacements. However, fuels containing only long, linear, hydrocarbon
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Keasling's current research is focused on engineering chemistry inside microorganisms, an area known as metabolic engineering, for production of useful chemicals or for environmental cleanup. In much the same way that synthetic organic and industrial chemistry has allowed chemists and chemical
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To ensure that the process he developed would benefit people in the developing world, Keasling assembled a unique team consisting of his laboratory at the
University of California, Berkeley, Amyris Biotechnologies ( a company founded on this technology) and the Institute for OneWorld Health (a
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A critical element of
Keasling's work was the development of genetic tools to aid in the manipulation of microbial metabolism, particularly for low-value products that require high yields from sugar.His laboratory developed single-copy plasmids for the expression of complex metabolic pathways,
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Keasling's microbial production process has a number of advantages over extraction from plants. First, microbial synthesis will reduce the cost of artemisinin, the most expensive component of artemisinin-based combination therapies—by as much as tenfold—and therefore make artemisinin-derived
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As a technological platform, biofuel manufacturing faces huge economic hurdles many of which depend on the market pricing of crude oil and other conventionally sourced fuels. Nonetheless, metabolic engineering is a technology that is becoming increasingly competitive and is expected to have
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L is highly effective against
Plasmodium spp. resistant to other anti-malarial drugs. However, there are several problems with current production methods for artemisinin. First, artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) are too expensive for people in the developing world to afford. Second,
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Malaria is a global health problem that threatens 300–500 million people and kills more than one million people annually. The chloroquine-based drugs that were used widely in the past have lost effectiveness because the
Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria has become resistant to them.
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Keasling is a founder of Amyris (with
Vincent Martin, Jack Newman, Neil Renninger and Kinkead Reiling), LS9 (now part of REG with George Church and Chris Sommerville), and Lygos (with Leonard Katz, Clem Fortman, Jeffrey Dietrich and Eric Steen).
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Blue-Green
Lecturer, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan & Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Michigan State University, 2005
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Martin, V. J. J.; Pitera, D. J.; Withers, S. T.; Newman, J. D.; Keasling, J. D. (2003). "Engineering a mevalonate pathway in
Escherichia coli for production of terpenoids".
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2008 Britton Chance
Distinguished Lecturer, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 2008
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The Sixteenth F. A. Bourke Distinguished Lecture in Biotechnology, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 2009
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to grow in the presence of the fuels and, as a result, produce more of the target fuel than it would have been able to do so in the absence of the transporter.
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Sierra Section Recognition for Leadership in the Chemical Engineering Profession, American Institute of Chemical Engineers – Northern California Section, 2008
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Food, Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering Division Award, Food, Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering Division, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2013
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AIChE Award for Chemical Engineering Excellence in Academic Teaching, Northern California Section of the American Institute for Chemical Engineers, 1999
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Seventh Annual Frontiers of Biotechnology Lecture, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005
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Marvin Johnson Award in Microbial and Biochemical Technology, Division of Biochemical Technology, American Chemical Society, 2013
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fuels made from isoprenoids have very low freeze and cloud points, making them suitable as cold-weather diesels and jet fuels.
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chains will freeze under cold conditions. To develop fuels suitable for cold applications, Keasling's laboratory engineered
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three-component transporters and selected for the pumps most effective for a particular fuel. These transporters allowed
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was chosen for the large-scale production process and was further engineered to improve artemisinic acid production.
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George Washington Carver Award for Innovation in Industrial Biotechnology, Biotechnology Industry Organization, 2013
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Chancellor;s Award for Public Service for Research in the Public Interest, University of California, Berkeley, 2009
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Research Project of the Year, Northern California Section of the American Institute for Chemical Engineers, 2007
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Cox Distinguished Lectureship, Washington University, 2009. Ashland Lectureship, University of Kentucky, 2009
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Denialsim How Irrational Thinking Hinders Scientific Progress, Harms the Planet, and Threatens Our Lives
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Heuermann Lecture, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2012
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Allan P. Colburn Memorial Lecturer, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, 2002
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Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010
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Division O (Fermentation and Biotechnology) Lectureship, American Society for Microbiology, 2010
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Inaugural Schwartz Lecturer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 2003
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Arun Guthikonda Memorial Award Lectureship, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 2014
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in 2010 for developing synthetic biology tools to engineer the antimalarial drug artemisinin.
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Another critical aspect of Keasling's work was discovering the chemistry and enzymes in
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Herman S. Block Award Lectureship, Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 2014
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Devon Walter Meek Award Lectures, Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, 2014
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Inaugural Biotech Humanitarian Award, Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), 2009
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Keasling's laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, has engineered both
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2009 University Lectures in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2009
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Elected Fellow of the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, 2000
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Henry McGee Lecturer, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Engineering, 2012
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Katz Lectureship, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2012
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Tetelman Fellowship Lectureship, Jonathan Edwards College, Yale University, 2012
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals
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International Metabolic Engineering Award, Metabolic Engineering Society, 2012
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Promega Biotechnology Research Award, American Society for Microbiology, 2013
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Eyring Lectures in Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, 2010
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Professional Progress Award, American Institute for Chemical Engineers, 2007
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Eastman Lectureship, Department of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Tech, 2007
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Dr. Jay D. Keasling speaking at PopTech Energy Salon 2011 in New York City
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for Technology, the Economy and Employment, Heinz Family Foundation, 2012
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Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
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Kewaunee Lectureship, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, 2011
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Treat B Johnson Lecture, Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 2010
952:"An Age-Old Microbe May Hold the Key to Curing an Age-Old Affliction"
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Danckwerts Lectureship, World Congress on Chemical Engineering, 2009
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Graduation with High Distinction, The University of Nebraska, 1986
263:. He is also associate laboratory director for biosciences at the
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Elected Fellow of the American Academy for Microbiology, 2007
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Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
1218:"Jay Keasling Receives Inaugural Biotech Humanitarian Award"
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NIH Postdoctoral Fellowship, Stanford University, 1991-1992
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Regents Scholarship, The University of Nebraska, 1982-1986
1336:"At Berkeley: Intelligently designed molecular evolution"
1231:"2010 Recognition Awards to Keasling, Bering, and Riley"
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Palsson, B. O.; Keasling, J. D.; Emerson, S. G. (1990).
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Zeneca Young Faculty Fellowship, Zeneca Ltd., 1992-1997
275:. He is considered one of the foremost authorities in
1220:, Biotechnology Industry Organization, 20 May 20 2009
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Dynamics and control of bacterial plasmid replication
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International Fraternity. He went on to complete his
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Dynamics and control of bacterial plasmid replication
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Truman Lecturer, Sandia National Laboratories, 2007
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1276:"LGBT Scientists Hear About Coming Out on the Job"
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318:. Keasling performed post-doctoral research with
1351:"Jay Keasling honored as Scientist of the Year"
1317:"Gates foundation to promote synthetic biology"
483:Chevron Young Faculty Fellowship, Chevron, 1995
480:CAREER Award, National Science Foundation, 1995
298:Keasling received his bachelor's degree at the
504:Technology Pioneer, World Economic Forum, 2005
421:Keasling and his colleagues demonstrated that
1370:Jay Keasling talk given at PopTech conference
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630:Eni Renewable Energy Prize, Eni S.p.A., 2014
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137:in Technology, the Economy & Employment
1388:UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1463:UC Berkeley College of Chemistry faculty
692:. Gcrg.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
32:This article includes a list of general
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788:(PhD thesis). University of Michigan.
1393:University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
1195:"Scientist of the Year: Jay Keasling"
757:, UC Berkeley. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
286:Keasling was elected a member of the
265:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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640:National Academy of Inventors, 2014
131:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
261:University of California, Berkeley
153:University of California, Berkeley
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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314:in 1991 under the supervision of
1453:21st-century American scientists
1443:20th-century American scientists
1253:"The Heinz Awards: Jay Keasling"
23:
1458:21st-century American engineers
1448:20th-century American engineers
1274:Shukla, Shipra (2 March 2009).
633:Innovator Award – Biosciences,
567:National Academy of Engineering
459:wide-reaching effects by 2020.
288:National Academy of Engineering
1048:- Paddon and Keasling (2014),
529:Visionary Award, Bay Bio, 2007
353:artemisinin is extracted from
300:University of Nebraska-Lincoln
157:University of Nebraska-Lincoln
107:University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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1398:University of Michigan alumni
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348:endoperoxide, extracted from
279:, especially in the field of
1292:"What's the Next Big Thing?"
755:Jay D. Keasling faculty page
658:Keasling is originally from
559:LGBTQ Engineer of the Year,
774:, Joint BioEnergy Institute
207:Other notable students
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1118:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
1418:American LGBTQ scientists
974:Carothers et al. (2011),
784:Keasling, Jay D. (1981).
761:The Keasling Lab web site
690:Palsson laboratory alumni
302:where he was a member of
273:Joint BioEnergy Institute
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813:. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
427:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
375:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
366:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
507:Scientist of the Year,
269:chief executive officer
53:more precise citations.
1205:29 August 2008 at the
1129:Peralta-Yahya (2010),
1092:Appl Environ Microbiol
1079:Appl Environ Microbiol
1042:Paddon et al. (2013),
1000:Martin et al. (2003),
987:Dueber et al. (2009),
672:LGBT people in science
312:University of Michigan
201:Kristala Jones Prather
161:University of Michigan
111:University of Michigan
1029:Chang et al. (2007).
723:10.1073/pnas.87.2.772
662:, and is openly gay.
346:sesquiterpene lactone
281:metabolic engineering
121:metabolic engineering
1428:Synthetic biologists
1050:Nat. Rev. Microbiol.
963:Science@Berkeley Lab
911:Nature Biotechnology
308:Doctor of Philosophy
253:chemical engineering
1201:, 22 November 2006
886:10.1038/nature04640
878:2006Natur.440..940R
714:1990PNAS...87..772P
324:Stanford University
1403:Systems biologists
1357:. 15 November 2006
1255:. The Heinz Awards
1182:Proc Natl Acad Sci
1105:Appl Env Microbiol
1016:Ro et al. (2006),
957:2006-11-06 at the
251:is a professor of
16:American biologist
1180:Bokinsky (2011),
1116:Bokinsky (2011),
872:(7086): 940–943.
849:978-1-59420-230-8
660:Harvard, Nebraska
277:synthetic biology
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197:Doctoral students
143:Scientific career
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1259:24 August
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