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colonists or were illegally shipped to
Galveston, Texas since slavery was illegal under Mexican law until the Republic of Texas was established in 1836. Slavery was the cornerstone of these plantations that needed laborers for the cotton, sugarcane, and corn agricultural crops. As the demand for these products, especially cotton, increased, the slave labor force "expanded from 1,559 slaves in 1850 to 4,127 slaves in 1860." The slaveowners dominated the Fort Bend economy, controlled its politics, and occupied the top rung on the social ladder. They then voted to secede and join the Confederacy in February 1861. Not surprisingly, 100% of the White male voters voted in favor of secession. Over 100 men from Fort Bend County joined men from neighboring counties and enlisted in a new regiment of what was become known as Colonel Benjamin Terry's Texas Rangers. Ironically, his son, Kyle Terry who was five years old at time, emerged as one of the leaders some 30 years later in the Jaybird-Woodpecker War, except, unlike his father, he supported the Woodpeckers against the Jaybirds and their White supremacist supporters.
255:. The Whites supporting the current biracial politicians wanted to preserve the status quo. The majority of Whites resented the independent Democrats for their "treasonous behavior" in supporting Blacks' right to vote and to hold public office. They also wanted to increase their political representation, especially with an increase in taxes for all Black and White property owners. Taxes were high and portions of that money went directly into the pockets of officeholders. With these sentiments percolating in the mid- to late 1880s, many young men in Fort Bend County were fed up with the Whites' inability to change county politics via the ballot box. They brought together and formalized the informal vigilante groups into the Jay Bird Democratic Association in July 1888.
238:, plantation elite surprisingly cooperated with the biracial county government that emerged during Reconstruction. Between 1869 and 1889, 44 Black men held different positions in Fort Bend County that included varied roles as sheriff, county commissioner, justice of the peace, and constable. At one point of Fort Bend Reconstruction, more than 50% of the county offices were held by Black politicians. They were actively supported by a small number of Whites who participated in county government as Republicans or as independent Democrats. This meant they did not run or support the all-White Democratic ticket during elections. Unlike other Texas counties at that time, Fort Bend Country actually enjoyed racial co-operation and peace during this post-Civil War era.
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captured in the 1880 census. Local Whites also erected social boundaries to keep Whites and Blacks segregated. County schools were segregated. According to an 1882-1883 tax assessor report, 193 White children attended one of the five White-only schools, while 1,679 Black students attended one of the 30 Black-only schools. Vigilante citizen groups were also formed to keep Blacks in the county in order, especially from preventing social interactions between Blacks and Whites.
106:, in the southeast part of the state. The Jay Bird Democratic Association was an all-White political organization formed in 1887 by young men to challenge and regain control of the county government from the biracial coalition of former White and Black Republicans (the Woodpeckers) who had dominated the county Democratic party and county government since 1869. Murders and political assassinations were committed against persons in each faction in 1888 and 1889.
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275:. The Jaybirds were White Democrats opposed to the participation of Blacks in local politics, as an alliance of Blacks and Whites (formerly Republican) had elected county officials for 20 years since Reconstruction. The Woodpeckers were nominally Democrats, too, with representatives elected largely by Black voters. An election was held November 6, 1888, that was supervised by
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ones who had sufficient wealth to post bonds for the open offices, and the
Jaybirds refused to post bonds for the opposition. As a result, the county government was reorganized under the control of the Jaybird faction. This was formalized through a meeting held on October 3, 1889, and the former officeholders were told to leave town.
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and dispatched troops from the
Houston Light Guards, along with more Texas Rangers. He arrived with the state militia to negotiate a settlement. After the violence subsided, most of the county government resigned. In finding replacements for resigned officials, the Jaybird politicians were the only
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This engendered further hostilities from the
Jaybirds. In the spring of 1889, Kyle Terry, then a Woodpecker official appointed as the tax assessor, murdered Ned Gibson, a leader of the Jaybirds. He had been on his way to testify in an unrelated cattle-rustling trial against a friend of Terry's being
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and the
Mexican government in the 1820s and the pacification of local Native American tribes. Within the decades leading up to the American Civil War, Fort Bend country grew into one of the largest and most prosperous slaveholding communities in Texas. Black slaves were either moved with the white
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While the
Jaybird-Woodpecker war was not inevitable, the emergence of younger White males wanting to renew White supremacy and the national Democratic renewal of the late 1880s created an emotionally charged political atmosphere in Fort Bend County. Within the White community, tensions increased
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in 1870, Black males were given the right to vote, who essentially became a powerful
Republican voting block. As a result of outnumbering White males, the vote of freedmen carried most elections that occurred during Reconstruction, the period after the Civil War when Texas was under military rule
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Despite losing political power and some economic power with the splintering of plantations, Fort Bend Whites maintained their hold on the county economically and socially. White land owners controlled over 80% of the land, which resulted in a high level of tenant farmers and sharecroppers as
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African
Americans because the only competitive contest was that within the Democratic Party. A similar White primary measure was adopted by the state legislature in the early 20th century. The Jaybird Democrats retained control until their provision was overturned by a ruling by the
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Subsequently, the
Jaybirds held a meeting on October 22, 1889, creating the Jaybird Democratic Organization of Fort Bend County. It dominated local politics for decades into the 1950s. The faction established a "White-only" preliminary ballot for county offices. This effectively
122:(the first uniformed state militia company formed after the Civil War), a complete reorganization of county government resulted in the removal or resignation of all Woodpecker officials and the selection of Jaybirds or persons acceptable to the Jaybirds to fill those offices.
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Retaliatory murders occurred on both sides. The violence culminated in the Battle of
Richmond, the county seat, on August 16, 1889, when sheriff Tom Garvey (a Woodpecker) was killed. Seven people were killed in all these incidents. Following this,
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was ratified, in 1864, the result being that millions of slaves were suddenly free. In Fort Bend County, this new amendment resulted in the freeing of Blacks, who accounted for over 80% of the population at that time. With the enactment of the
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the Black voters in the county by using a "Whites-only" ballot in preliminary party voting from 1889 until 1953. The Jaybird organization and the disfranchisement spread to other counties in the state and remained active politically until the
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while transitioning back to statehood in the Union. Also significant was the breaking up of the old plantations into smaller land units, many of which were either purchased by new immigrant farmers from Europe or were rented by Black
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The Jaybird-Woodpecker War ended when the Jaybirds defeated the Black-supported Woodpeckers in a battle in Richmond, Texas, the county seat of Fort Bend County, in August 1889. With support from Texas Governor Lawrence Ross and the
287:. On January 21, 1890, he was gunned down by Gibson's brother Volney Gibson and a group of Jaybirds, while walking up the stairs to the Galveston courtroom for the preliminary hearing in his trial for the murder of Ned Gibson.
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Leslie Anne Lovett. "The Jaybird-Woodpecker War: Reconstruction and redemption in Fort Bend County, Texas, 1869-1889." (1994) Master’s Thesis, Rice University.
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By that time, two White primary processes authorized by the state government had been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court; the second was in
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188:. The conflict over slavery impacted how the war began, played out, and influenced Fort Bend political and social life for over 100 years.
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between those who supported the Republican or independent county officials and a politically frustrated White community of former
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Yelderman, Pauline. The Jay Bird Democratic Association of Fort Bend County: A White Man's Union. (Waco: Texian Press, 1979).
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After a turbulent era of more than 20 years, the White citizenry once more controlled the government. The effects of the
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279:. All of the Woodpecker candidates were elected or re-elected (many had won election in 1884) to their slate of office.
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Staff, Lynching in Texas. "Lynching of Lamar Johnson - October 13, 1888". Lynching In Texas. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
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This revolver was likely used by Earle McFarlane during the Jaybird-Woodpecker War in Richmond, Texas.
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The Jaybird-Woodpecker War: Reconstruction and redemption in Fort Bend County, Texas, 1869-1889
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The Jaybird-Woodpecker War: Reconstruction and redemption in Fort Bend County, Texas, 1869-1889
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Eternity at the End of a Rope: Executions, Lynchings and Vigilante Justice in Texas, 1819-1923
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433:"Fort Bend museum highlights Jaybird Woodpecker feud with re-enactment, lectures, tours"
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https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/15468/31295005457121.pdf?sequence=1
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feud echoed in local politics for decades. The Jaybird victory basically restored
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673:, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
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The roots of the Jaybird-Woodpecker violence stretch back to the emergence of
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held in a neighboring town. Terry was arrested, but posted bail and moved to
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Fort Bend Courthouse became the epicenter of the Jaybird-Woodpecker War.
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The conflict allegedly derived its name from Bob Chapel, a local
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Gary Brown, "The Jaybird-Woodpecker War of Fort Bend County"
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Rice, Lawrence Delbert. "The Negro in Texas 1874-1900" 1968
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plantation society in Fort Bend County and the end of the
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196:Fort Bend County was colonized by families of the
521:Caldwell, Clifford R.; DeLord, Ron (2016-03-03).
192:Antebellum Plantation Society in Fort Bend County
162:declared the Jaybird primary unconstitutional in
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102:factions fighting for political control of
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209:Post-Civil War Society in Fort Bend County
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154:won a lawsuit against the practice in
671:Jaybird Association Papers, 1887-1922
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578:"Terry v. Adams, 345 U.S. 461 (1953)"
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364:Fort Bend Southwest Star Newspaper
160:Supreme Court of the United States
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1440:Riots and civil disorder in Texas
665:https://hdl.handle.net/1911/13861
98:(1888–89) was a feud between two
1430:Rebellions in the United States
879:Big Fight at the Jenkins Saloon
602:"The Jaybird Woodpecker Battle"
360:"The Jaybird Woodpecker Battle"
267:man who was said to sing about
552:OLSON, BRUCE A. (2010-06-15).
100:United States Democratic Party
1:
1401:List of Old West gunfighters
1333:Baxter's Curve Train Robbery
1328:Overland Flyer Train Robbery
1122:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War
460:Lovett, Leslie Anne (1994).
407:Lovett, Leslie Anne (1994).
156:United States District Court
1298:Canyon Diablo Train Robbery
999:Long Branch Saloon gunfight
794:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
322:United States Supreme Court
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1397:List of Old West gunfights
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1278:Jonathan R. Davis Gunfight
1152:Placer County Railroad War
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1288:Skeleton Canyon massacres
974:Short–Courtright Shootout
804:Vaudeville Theater ambush
784:Guadalupe Canyon Massacre
759:Gunfight at Blazer's Mill
1137:McIntosh County Seat War
929:Skeleton Canyon shootout
859:Shootout at Wilson Ranch
849:Shootout on Juneau Wharf
764:Battle of Lincoln (1878)
497:Handbook of Texas Online
492:"Jaybird-Woodpecker War"
1435:Fort Bend County, Texas
1405:List of Old West lawmen
1283:Northfield Bank Robbery
1062:Regulator–Moderator War
989:Anderson-McCluskie duel
658:Enchanted Rock Magazine
330:, 345 U.S. 461 (1953).
113:Fort Bend County, Texas
104:Fort Bend County, Texas
1445:Texas Democratic Party
1338:Jarbidge Stage Robbery
1313:Fairbank Train Robbery
1303:Wham Paymaster robbery
1142:Deschutes Railroad War
1117:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
1024:Higgins–Standifer duel
924:Power's Cabin shootout
914:Shootout in Sonoratown
894:Canyon Diablo shootout
829:Battle of Tres Jacales
824:Battle of Stone Corral
677:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
554:"HOUSTON LIGHT GUARDS"
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96:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
46:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
39:considered for merging
18:Jaybird-Woodpecker War
1395:Further information:
1379:Rock Springs massacre
1293:Battle of Coffeyville
1217:San Elizario Salt War
1127:Brooks–McFarland feud
1092:Colorado Railroad War
969:Duels of Tom Carberry
874:Chinese Massacre Cove
869:Battleground Gunfight
774:Mussel Slough Tragedy
769:Variety Hall shootout
754:Battle of Bates Point
744:Gunfight at Hide Park
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176:Roots of the conflict
148:civil rights movement
141:in the county. They
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1308:Black Bart Robberies
1082:Horrell–Higgins feud
994:Canton–Dunn Shootout
959:Hickok–Tutt Shootout
949:Broderick–Terry duel
889:Gunfight at Spokogee
854:Hot Springs gunfight
120:Houston Light Guards
1374:Hay Meadow massacre
1323:Big Springs Robbery
1247:Stuart's Stranglers
1197:Pleasant Valley War
1162:Colorado Labor Wars
1132:Reese–Townsend feud
1029:Western Code Duello
1014:Burton Mossman duel
1004:South Pass Shootout
839:Gunfight at Morenci
789:Battle of the Plaza
749:Goingsnake massacre
135:post-Reconstruction
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1318:Gage Train Robbery
1257:Deep Creek murders
1242:Sheepshooters' War
1232:Fence Cutting Wars
1207:Colorado Range War
1187:Johnson County War
1167:Idaho labor strike
1097:Earp Vendetta Ride
1077:Sutton–Taylor feud
1067:Lincoln County War
1009:Walker–Graham duel
899:Shootout in Benson
884:Thibodaux massacre
844:Blackwell gunfight
819:Battle of Cimarron
809:Hunnewell gunfight
525:. Sunstone Press.
336:Smith v. Allwright
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186:American Civil War
168:, the last of the
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1384:Morewood massacre
1364:Lexington murders
1262:Spring Creek raid
1212:Colfax County War
1202:Castaic Range War
1087:Brooks–Baxter War
1019:Silks–Fultom duel
964:Duels of Jim Levy
909:Battle of Eufaula
834:Battle of Ingalls
799:Trinidad Gunfight
682:Handbook of Texas
531:978-1-63293-088-0
466:(Thesis thesis).
437:Houston Chronicle
413:(Thesis thesis).
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1252:Hashknife Outfit
1192:Mason County War
1147:Boyce–Sneed feud
1107:Flynn–Doran feud
1072:Lee–Peacock feud
1057:Tutt–Everett War
984:Mart Duggan duel
919:Gleeson gunfight
864:Gunfight in Moab
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612:2020-05-17
587:2020-05-18
582:Justia Law
563:2020-05-17
472:1911/13861
443:2020-05-17
419:1911/13861
370:2020-05-17
343:References
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182:antebellum
1271:Robberies
1222:Pecos War
941:showdowns
939:Duels and
736:Gunfights
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679:from the
306:declared
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1347:See also
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339:(1944).
304:Sul Ross
301:Governor
269:jaybirds
259:Conflict
59:Location
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30:template
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77:Outcome
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1403:, and
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85:Deaths
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1039:Feuds
724:feuds
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