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principles: inertia, action-reaction and constant ratio force to acceleration at any point. Among the innovations, he considered statics as a limited case of dynamics which was most innovative in France at the time. His basic ideas were first developed in his 1847 lecture notes, and they influenced many leading scholars in France and overseas. For example,
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From 1851, as a full professor at the École
Polytechnique, he developed a new university curriculum in mechanics (cours de Mécanique) in response to a re-structure of the engineering programme at École Polytechnique. Linking kinematics and dynamics, he argued that the mechanics is based upon three
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essay was the successful development of the backwater equation for steady, one-dimensional gradually varied flows in an open channel, together with the introduction of the step method, distance calculated from depth, and the concept of critical flow conditions. In 1828, Bélanger understood the
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An unusual aspect of Bélanger’s career was his most successful involvement in both professional engineering (1816–1838) and academic teaching (1838–1864), as well as his capabilities to develop fundamental new textbooks, widely respected in France and overseas (Chanson 2010).
180:. His notes formed a comprehensive treatise in hydraulic engineering. They were re-edited several times and used at the École des Ponts et Chaussées and École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, and available at the École Polytechnique et École des Mines de Paris.
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During his professional career, his 1828 treatise was a major contribution to modern open channel hydraulics. The work was focused on the study of gradually varied open channel flows. The originality of
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The correct application of momentum considerations to the hydraulic jump flow was derived 10 years later and first published by him in 1841 as part of a series of lecture notes for the
462:'Great Rivers History', ASCE-EWRI Publication, Proceedings of the History Symposium of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, Kansas City, USA, 17-19 May
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navigation canal. It was during these two missions that he studied specifically the hydraulics of gradually varied open channel flows. He later became a lecturer at the
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in a rectangular open channel in 1828. His true contribution in 1828 was the development of the backwater equation for gradually varied flows in open channels (
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on 4 April 1790, Bélanger was the son of
Charles Antoine Aimé Joseph Bélanger, master locksmith, and of Jeanne Françoise Joseph. He studied in Paris at the
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148:(1832–1923) who built the Eiffel tower and engraved Bélanger's name around the first floor together with the names of 71 other scientists.
259:"Notes sur l'Hydraulique" [Notes on Hydraulic Engineering] (in French). Paris: École Royale des Ponts et Chaussées. 1841: 223.
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Altogether Bélanger's 1828, and 1841 contributions to modern open channel hydraulics were remarkable and influenced the works by
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in France. In hydraulic engineering, he is often credited improperly for the application of the momentum principle to a
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A Course in
Mechanics or a Summary of Lessons on Dynamics and Statics and their Application to the Art of the Engineer
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Cours de Mécanique ou Résumé de Leçons sur la
Dynamique, la Statique et leurs Applications à l'Art de l'Ingénieur
509:[A Discussion of the Principles of the Mechanical Rationale in France at the close of the last Century]
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507:"Un Aperçu de la Discussion sur les Principes de la Mécanique Rationnelle en France à la Fin du Siècle Dernier"
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Jean-Baptiste Bélanger retired in 1864 and died on 8 May 1874 at
Neuilly-sur-Seine where his body was buried.
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Chanson, H. (2009b). "Hydraulic
Engineering Legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower". In Rogers, J.R. (ed.).
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Essai sur la
Solution Numérique de quelques Problèmes Relatifs au Mouvement Permanent des Eaux Courantes
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Proceedings of the
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Essay on the
Numerical Solution of Some Problems relative to Steady Flow of Water
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Worlds of Flow - A History of
Hydrodynamics from the Bernoullis to Prandtl
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rapidly varied nature of the jump flow, but he applied incorrectly the
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295:] (in French). Paris: Carilian Goeury et V. Dalmont. 1847.
482:"Jean-Baptiste Bélanger, Hydraulic Engineer and Academic"
41:(4 April 1790 – 8 May 1874) was a French applied
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