263:, "These wretched beings would have caused the heart of a Turk to melt with pity. They were half naked and covered with sores; some were eaten alive by worms. We clubbed together and made a collection to buy them shirts from the sailors who had them to spare. All we could do did not prevent the outbreak among them of a kind of pest, which spread throughout the ship, attacking all indiscriminately, and which carried off twenty of our men at a stroke... This sickness afforded a fine field for our zeal. Father Aulneau distinguished himself by his assiduity in serving the sick."
595:, who continued trading with the Dakota in defiance of the French Crown, Chief Sacred Born sued for peace. His decision was made following a massive retaliatory raid by the Iron Confederacy against the Prairie Dakota during their annual bison hunting migration. The raid had been led by La VĂ©rendrye, who by now had permission in advance from King Louis XV and his Ministers. Chief Sacred Born's apology was accepted without further incident and the fur trade in Dakota land was resumed.
572:. The Assiniboine and Cree Iron Confederacy also assembled at Fort St. Charles and demanded that La VĂ©rendrye lead them immediately in a war party to avenge the murder of his son, who had been adopted into a Cree family. La VĂ©rendrye refused to do this, however, without first asking for and receiving permission from Versailles. The French commander also considered it suicidal to lead a war party so late in the year, as a bountiful
708:, which had been laid at his feet. The party transferred all human remains and artifacts found at Fort St. Charles across the Canada–US border to St. Boniface College, where they were tragically lost in the November 1921 fire that destroyed the College. Whatever could be recovered was collected and reburied at the Aulneau-Vérendrye Memorial in the
411:
In a 1735 letter to fellow priest Fr. Bonin, Fr. Aulneau had prophetically written, "Doubtless I shall have to undergo many hardships... May God accept the sacrifice I make of my life... I can refuse him nothing... I shall deem myself happy were I deemed worthy of laying down my life for the One from
297:
then on record, on 12 August 1734. Father Nau wrote of Father
Aunleau, however, "God preserved him in health during the passage across, for the good of the ship, but scarcely had he set foot on shore, when in turn he was stricken down and brought by two different attacks to death's door. No one could
545:
reported the massacre to La
Verendrye, he wrote in a 17 September 1736 diary entry, "I dispatched the Sergeant with six men to raise the bodies of Reverend Father Aulneau and my son and on the eighteenth I had them buried in the chapel together with the heads of all the Frenchmen killed, they also
481:
to be located without any further delays, but they invariably refused to cover any of the costs. Meanwhile, La VĂ©rendrye's many creditors in Quebec and
Montreal were threatening dire consequences if La VĂ©rendrye did not immediately pay back his existing debts. Furthermore, according to visiting
1277:
534:. La VĂ©rendrye, who had then shipped the valuable beaver skins east in order to cover his debts and expenses, later wrote, however, that the loss of his son, his chaplain, and the 19 Voyageurs in what is now called the
407:
before accompanying the explorers on their long journey. His letters to his family showed a young man filled with excitement about his mission to the
Mandans, to whom he was eager to preach the Roman Catholic faith.
509:
In addition to his trading relationship and occasional military alliance with some Sioux enemies, La VĂ©rendrye is also strongly suspected by some historians of having covertly encouraged the
Assiniboine and Cree
256:
was stormy and, as was typical, the ship's passengers and crew shared diseases in the close quarters. A group of smugglers were also on board, and were being transported as prisoners to New France.
677:, which remains, according to Fr. Emmett Shanahan, "an island at which no pagan Indian will as much as look and who, should he have to pass it, will without fail cast upon the waters a handful of
362:, which are prized as the most precious trophies of their victories. This war was the occasion for us of much suffering during the winter, as we had no other nourishment than tainted
1217:
336:
98:
470:
354:. Fr. Aulneau admitted ruefully, however, "I am not very skilled at it. I have picked up but little during the winter, as all have been on a warlike expedition against the
346:
In a letter to fellow priest Fr. Bonin from Fort St. Charles on 30 April 1736, Fr. Aulneau related his efforts, under orders from his superiors, to compile the first ever
700:
of the United States. They excavated and examined the remains of the martyred priest and his companions. Fr. Aulneau was identified by the hook from the top of his
1262:
1227:
499:
458:. There were very understandable reasons for this, however, as La VĂ©rendrye had no other means to follow the orders of his King without facing financial ruin.
723:
in
Minnesota raised money to buy the site of Fort St. Charles and build a replica of the fort and it's Catholic chapel there, which was consecrated by Bishop
1212:
1197:
1272:
1232:
1237:
1202:
1247:
966:
Kalm, Pehr (1716-1779). "Travels into North
America", Forster, John Reinhold (translator), p. 278, August,1749, Wisconsin Historical Society, 2003.
474:
1257:
1242:
1222:
1207:
1192:
728:
212:
487:
301:
After recovering his health, he lodged at the Jesuit
College in Quebec, preparing for his final examination, which he passed during
412:
Whom I received it... You may hear the news of my death. I am disposed to offer Him with a light heart the sacrifice of my life."
947:
879:
375:
171:
His remains were recovered during an excavation of the ruins of Fort St
Charles in 1908 and, in 1961, Father Aulneau was dubbed "
133:
689:
230:
1267:
1252:
942:
607:
952:
884:
129:
758:. As of 1961, the statue was located at the base of the tower of St. Mary, Queen of Martyrs Roman Catholic Church in
442:
in retaliation for the Sieur de La VĂ©rendrye's practice, like many other
Frenchmen during the same era, of supplying
746:
A stone statue of Fr. Aulneau, with his hands outstretched as a sign of oblation and self sacrifice, was carved by
602:, began his journey west to join La VĂ©rendrye. Fr. Coquart spent some time at Fort St. Charles before moving on to
535:
491:
153:
313:
After receiving an assignment as chaplain, the missionary (whom the Indians called the "Black Robes") set out for
674:
424:
161:
32:
591:, resulting the temporary closure of all fur trading posts. After several years of receiving supplies only from
713:
455:
776:
599:
404:
137:
125:
709:
522:
skins from much further south in Minnesota, especially during the seasonal western migration of the local
495:
724:
611:
519:
324:
and the support of the church. He was to join the local Assiniboine and travel with them to the Mandan.
86:
415:
Within several kilometres of the fort, however, all members of the resupply expedition were killed by "
965:
260:
1187:
1182:
736:
654:
635:
577:
561:
was laid at his feet. The severed heads of the 19 voyageurs were buried together in a nearby trench.
462:
388:
320:
His letters to his mother in France reveal that he was afraid of being assigned so far away from his
121:
67:
747:
140:
at Fort Michilimackinac, before accompanying a years-long westward expedition in search of both the
1080:
1063:
1046:
1029:
981:
928:
855:
799:
755:
720:
666:
192:
20:
759:
751:
697:
447:
435:
339:, commander of the western district. At the time, Aulneau was posted farther west than any other
642:
1005:
619:
478:
428:
293:
made the same port after eighty days at sea and one of the longest voyages from France to the
208:
200:
165:
145:
90:
36:
28:
874:
1161:
771:
693:
592:
511:
383:
332:
314:
267:
102:
1151:
740:
379:
188:
106:
538:
was the greatest grief of his entire life and one from which he never completely healed.
358:, or Prairie Sioux. They have destroyed a few lodges, and some have returned with a few
670:
576:
harvest would be desperately needed to survive the coming winter without supplies from
527:
215:
641:
The letters of Aulneau to his family, which had almost miraculously survived the 1793
1176:
669:, to rediscover the old sites. Fort St. Charles remained illusive, but, based on the
603:
588:
584:
523:
503:
466:
439:
420:
363:
351:
157:
149:
141:
117:
71:
569:
531:
416:
400:
396:
196:
59:
24:
649:, France in 1889. They were first published in an English translation in 1893 as
564:
For the time being, the massacre ended plans for an immediate expedition to the
542:
451:
328:
275:
234:
82:
419:" war party consisting of an estimated 90 canoes, which had travelled down the
549:
The bodies of Fr. Aulneau and young La Verendrye were encased in a rough hewn
434:
The Lake of the Woods Massacre is believed to have been masterminded by Chief
347:
340:
283:
279:
246:
242:
78:
55:
40:
732:
573:
483:
321:
294:
226:
172:
110:
1137:
Paul Desjardins, "Le projet de mission du Père Aulneau chez les Mandanes,"
1106:, Edited by Father Arthur Jones, S.J., Montreal: Saint Mary's College, 1893
646:
477:, were increasingly impatient and rapidly escalating their demands for the
658:
615:
515:
359:
266:
Under orders from the General Superior of the Jesuits in New France, Fr.
238:
219:
204:
94:
63:
719:
To honor its Golden Anniversary in Minnesota, in 1949 the Fourth Degree
701:
682:
678:
44:
1015:, No. 3, 1982; Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 12 February 2010
705:
631:
565:
558:
550:
392:
223:
176:
52:
48:
1278:
Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
912:
Rare or Unpublished Documents II: The Aulneau Collection: 1734-1745
899:
Rare or Unpublished Documents II: The Aulneau Collection: 1734-1745
839:
Rare or Unpublished Documents II: The Aulneau Collection: 1734-1745
826:
Rare or Unpublished Documents II: The Aulneau Collection: 1734-1745
813:
Rare or Unpublished Documents II: The Aulneau Collection: 1734-1745
665:, which inspired a series of expeditions, encouraged by Archbishop
598:
It was not until 1741, however, that another Catholic priest, Fr.
554:
286:
996:, Ed. Fr. Arthur Jones, S.J., Montreal: Ste. Mary's College, 1893
132:, with a pre-winter resupply mission led by the commander's son,
443:
403:. In addition, the trip would allow Aulneau a last visit to the
302:
282:, and completed his journey partly in a launch and partly in a
645:, were shared with the Jesuit Order by Aulneau descendants in
673:
of local First Nations peoples, the Jesuits easily located
502:, to continue exploring to the westward until reaching the
1100:, Vol. IV, Toronto: University Associates of Canada, 1948
727:
on 5 July 1951. The property was then deeded over to the
391:. They were to pick up supplies for an expedition to the
233:
in 1720. He spent a number of years as an instructor in
191:
at the ancestral chateau belonging to his family near
152:. Instead, he and all others travelling with him were
494:
of a later century, was under strict orders from the
1094:. Nordell Graphic Communications, Staples, Minn.1984
914:, Archives of St. Mary's College, Montreal. Page 76.
901:, Archives of St. Mary's College, Montreal. Page 70.
841:, Archives of St. Mary's College, Montreal. Page 23.
828:, Archives of St. Mary's College, Montreal. Page 19.
815:, Archives of St. Mary's College, Montreal. Page 23.
305:, and was ordained to the priesthood in April 1735.
1155:, Available for download on "The Internet Archive"
1006:Graham A. MacDonald, Review of Robert M. Tegeder,
735:, and remained, as of 1961, the site of an annual
259:According to a letter by his fellow passenger Fr.
99:Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La VĂ©rendrye
943:"Gaultier de Varennes et de La VĂ©rendrye, Pierre"
1162:"The Vérendryes and Their Successors, 1727–1760"
951:. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.).
618:and the first to travel both North and West of
136:. Fr. Aulneau had hopes of a last visit to the
1008:Rediscovery & Restoration Fort St. Charles
883:. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.).
1168:. Series 3 (25). Manitoba Historical Society.
910:Edited by Rev. Arthur E. Jones, S.J. (1893),
897:Edited by Rev. Arthur E. Jones, S.J. (1893),
837:Edited by Rev. Arthur E. Jones, S.J. (1893),
824:Edited by Rev. Arthur E. Jones, S.J. (1893),
811:Edited by Rev. Arthur E. Jones, S.J. (1893),
610:) in 1743. Fr. Coquart is the first recorded
8:
1218:Catholic Church and minority language rights
587:was instead decreed by the King against the
438:and a disaffected minority of the Minnesota
1079:, Published by the Minnesota Fourth Degree
1075:Edited by Rev. Vincent A. Yzermans (1961),
1062:, Published by the Minnesota Fourth Degree
1058:Edited by Rev. Vincent A. Yzermans (1961),
1045:, Published by the Minnesota Fourth Degree
1041:Edited by Rev. Vincent A. Yzermans (1961),
1028:, Published by the Minnesota Fourth Degree
1024:Edited by Rev. Vincent A. Yzermans (1961),
980:, Published by the Minnesota Fourth Degree
976:Edited by Rev. Vincent A. Yzermans (1961),
927:, Published by the Minnesota Fourth Degree
923:Edited by Rev. Vincent A. Yzermans (1961),
854:, Published by the Minnesota Fourth Degree
850:Edited by Rev. Vincent A. Yzermans (1961),
798:, Published by the Minnesota Fourth Degree
794:Edited by Rev. Vincent A. Yzermans (1961),
211:, of La Touche. Jean Pierre studied at the
688:In 1908, a further Jesuit expedition from
1132:Les Jésuites et la N.-F. au XVIIIe siècle
630:The Catholic Church considers Aulneau a
245:to the priesthood, he sailed for Canada
787:
546:brought in accordance with my orders."
120:, Fr. Aulneau insisted on traveling to
557:of the fortress chapel. Fr. Aulneau's
187:Jean-Pierre Aulneau was born into the
868:
866:
864:
85:and his subsequent ordination to the
7:
1263:Native American history of Minnesota
1228:French-American culture in Minnesota
1092:Lake of the Woods: Earliest Accounts
638:the Native peoples to Christianity.
116:Only two years after his arrival in
1213:Burials at Saint Boniface Cathedral
1198:18th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
729:Roman Catholic Diocese of Crookston
387:were sent from Fort St. Charles to
1273:Pre-statehood history of Minnesota
1233:French Roman Catholic missionaries
366:, boiled or dried over the fire."
14:
1238:Jesuit missionaries in New France
1203:18th-century venerated Christians
945:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
490:, La VĂ©rendrye, similarly to the
488:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
446:to Sioux enemies, especially the
948:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
880:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
89:, Fr. Aulneau was assigned as a
81:following an 80 day voyage from
17:Jean-Pierre Aulneau de la Touche
1248:Martyred Roman Catholic priests
337:Pierre Gaultier de La VĂ©rendrye
1160:Champagne, Antoine (1968–69).
374:On June 5, 1736, Fr. Aulneau,
1:
1077:Catholic Origins of Minnesota
1060:Catholic Origins of Minnesota
1043:Catholic Origins of Minnesota
1026:Catholic Origins of Minnesota
978:Catholic Origins of Minnesota
925:Catholic Origins of Minnesota
852:Catholic Origins of Minnesota
796:Catholic Origins of Minnesota
568:and the other peoples of the
431:. The date was 8 June 1736.
376:Jean Baptiste de La VĂ©rendrye
179:" by Fr. Emmett A. Shanahan.
134:Jean Baptiste de La VĂ©rendrye
77:Shortly after his arrival in
1258:Native American Christianity
1243:Linguists of Algic languages
1223:Catholic Church in Minnesota
1208:American venerated Catholics
743:in honor of Father Aulneau.
681:to appease the anger of the
608:Portage la Prairie, Manitoba
395:people in what is today the
298:tell how he had been sick."
203:. His father was hereditary
1193:18th-century French Jesuits
1116:"Lettres du père Aulneau,"
953:University of Toronto Press
885:University of Toronto Press
309:Black robe in the Northwest
130:Lower Peninsula of Michigan
1294:
1098:The Encyclopedia of Canada
941:Zoltvany, Yves F. (1974).
739:and of a mid-July outdoor
536:Lake of the Woods massacre
492:Lewis and Clark Expedition
160:at what is still known as
877:. In Hayne, David (ed.).
873:Campeau, Lucien (1979) .
124:, located at what is now
87:Roman Catholic priesthood
714:Saint-Boniface, Manitoba
456:North American fur trade
777:Charles-Michel Mesaiger
600:Claude-Godefroy Coquart
553:and buried beneath the
405:Sacrament of Confession
138:Sacrament of Confession
1153:The Aulneau Collection
1127:, I, 98f.; II, 112–16.
1104:The Aulneau Collection
994:The Aulneau Collection
875:"Aulneau, Jean-Pierre"
710:St. Boniface Cathedral
690:Saint Boniface College
663:The Aulneau Collection
651:The Aulneau Collection
500:Marquis de Beauharnois
496:Governor of New France
327:He sailed through the
222:prior to entering the
156:by a war party of the
725:Francis Joseph Schenk
614:to visit present-day
612:Roman Catholic priest
520:North American beaver
274:fifteen leagues from
1253:Missionary linguists
737:Christian pilgrimage
655:St. Boniface College
578:Fort Michilimackinac
463:Palace of Versailles
389:Fort Michilimackinac
122:Fort Michilimackinac
1120:, 1926–27, 259–330.
1081:Knights of Columbus
1064:Knights of Columbus
1047:Knights of Columbus
1030:Knights of Columbus
982:Knights of Columbus
929:Knights of Columbus
856:Knights of Columbus
800:Knights of Columbus
756:St. Paul, Minnesota
721:Knights of Columbus
343:in North America.
270:, Fr. Aulneau left
193:Moutiers-sur-le-Lay
21:Moutiers-sur-le-Lay
1268:People from Vendée
760:Warroad, Minnesota
752:Macalester College
698:territorial waters
696:, just inside the
475:Minister of Marine
1141:, 1948–49, 55–69.
634:in the effort to
620:Lake of the Woods
593:coureurs des bois
479:Northwest Passage
471:Comte de Maurepas
454:, as part of the
429:Lake of the Woods
209:Lord of the Manor
201:Kingdom of France
166:Lake of the Woods
93:to the legendary
91:military chaplain
62:and a pioneering
37:Lake of the Woods
29:Kingdom of France
1285:
1169:
1166:MHS Transactions
1084:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1013:Manitoba History
1003:
997:
991:
985:
974:
968:
963:
957:
956:
938:
932:
921:
915:
908:
902:
895:
889:
888:
870:
859:
848:
842:
835:
829:
822:
816:
809:
803:
792:
772:Canadian Martyrs
694:Fort St. Charles
667:Adélard Langevin
512:Iron Confederacy
333:Fort St. Charles
315:Fort St. Charles
268:Pierre de Lauzon
261:Luc-François Nau
252:His crossing on
103:Fort St. Charles
1293:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1173:
1172:
1159:
1148:
1113:
1111:Further reading
1090:Lund, Duane R.
1087:
1074:
1070:
1057:
1053:
1040:
1036:
1023:
1019:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
975:
971:
964:
960:
940:
939:
935:
922:
918:
909:
905:
896:
892:
872:
871:
862:
849:
845:
836:
832:
823:
819:
810:
806:
793:
789:
785:
768:
675:Massacre Island
643:Vendée Uprising
628:
425:Massacre Island
380:French-Canadian
372:
317:in June 1735.
311:
241:. Prior to his
189:French nobility
185:
162:Massacre Island
109:of what is now
107:Northwest Angle
33:Massacre Island
19:(21 April 1705
12:
11:
5:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1157:
1147:
1146:External links
1144:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1130:Rochemonteix,
1128:
1121:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1068:
1051:
1034:
1017:
998:
986:
969:
958:
933:
916:
903:
890:
860:
843:
830:
817:
804:
802:. Pages 28-29.
786:
784:
781:
780:
779:
774:
767:
764:
748:Anthony Caponi
671:oral tradition
627:
624:
528:American bison
371:
368:
310:
307:
216:minor seminary
184:
181:
146:overland route
72:Cree languages
31:– 8 June 1736
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1290:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1139:SCHEC Rapport
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1002:
999:
995:
990:
987:
983:
979:
973:
970:
967:
962:
959:
954:
950:
949:
944:
937:
934:
930:
926:
920:
917:
913:
907:
904:
900:
894:
891:
886:
882:
881:
876:
869:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
847:
844:
840:
834:
831:
827:
821:
818:
814:
808:
805:
801:
797:
791:
788:
782:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
653:Academics at
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
625:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:Fort La Reine
601:
596:
594:
590:
589:Dakota people
586:
585:trade embargo
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
547:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:Dakota people
521:
517:
513:
507:
505:
504:Pacific Ocean
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:King Louis XV
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:Dakota people
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
421:Warroad River
418:
417:Prairie Sioux
413:
409:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:
381:
377:
369:
367:
365:
361:
357:
356:Maskoutépoels
353:
352:Cree language
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
318:
316:
308:
306:
304:
299:
296:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
257:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
182:
180:
178:
175:'s Forgotten
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
158:Dakota people
155:
151:
150:Pacific Ocean
147:
143:
142:Mandan people
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:Mackinaw City
123:
119:
118:North America
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
1165:
1152:
1138:
1134:, I, 212–25.
1131:
1125:Dictionnaire
1124:
1117:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1076:
1071:
1059:
1054:
1042:
1037:
1025:
1020:
1012:
1007:
1001:
993:
989:
977:
972:
961:
946:
936:
924:
919:
911:
906:
898:
893:
878:
851:
846:
838:
833:
825:
820:
812:
807:
795:
790:
745:
718:
712:Cemetery in
687:
662:
650:
640:
629:
597:
582:
570:Great Plains
563:
548:
540:
532:Great Plains
526:to hunt the
508:
460:
452:Cree peoples
433:
414:
410:
401:South Dakota
382:
373:
355:
345:
326:
319:
312:
300:
290:
271:
265:
258:
253:
251:
186:
170:
115:
76:
58:priest from
16:
15:
1188:1736 deaths
1183:1705 births
1118:APQ Rapport
606:(presently
543:Cree people
482:naturalist
448:Assiniboine
436:Sacred Born
335:along with
329:Great Lakes
276:Quebec City
235:La Rochelle
154:slaughtered
83:La Rochelle
68:Assiniboine
1177:Categories
1123:Le Jeune,
1083:. Page 29.
1066:. Page 33.
1049:. Page 33.
1032:. Page 37.
984:. Page 33.
931:. Page 37.
858:. Page 30.
783:References
626:Veneration
348:dictionary
341:missionary
284:birch-bark
280:New France
247:New France
243:ordination
183:Early life
79:New France
56:missionary
41:New France
733:Minnesota
574:wild rice
541:When the
514:into the
484:Pehr Kalm
384:voyageurs
370:Martyrdom
322:confessor
295:New World
249:in 1734.
227:novitiate
197:La Vendée
173:Minnesota
111:Minnesota
105:, on the
97:explorer
60:La Vendée
25:La Vendée
766:See also
704:and his
692:located
659:Winnipeg
616:Manitoba
516:poaching
469:and the
450:and the
239:Poitiers
213:Diocesan
205:Seigneur
95:Voyageur
64:linguist
51:) was a
702:cassock
683:Manitou
679:tobacco
636:convert
530:in the
486:of the
461:At the
378:and 19
350:of the
291:Le Ruby
272:Le Ruby
254:Le Ruby
148:to the
144:and an
128:in the
66:of the
45:Ontario
706:rosary
647:Vendée
632:martyr
566:Mandan
559:rosary
551:coffin
498:, the
473:, the
393:Mandan
360:scalps
224:Jesuit
177:Martyr
53:Jesuit
49:Canada
43:, now
661:read
555:altar
423:, at
397:North
287:canoe
220:Luçon
207:, or
741:Mass
444:guns
399:and
364:pike
303:Lent
237:and
70:and
754:in
750:of
685:."
657:in
580:.
518:of
427:in
331:to
278:in
231:Pau
229:at
218:of
168:.
164:on
113:.
101:at
74:.
1179::
1164:.
1011:,
863:^
762:.
731:,
716:.
622:.
583:A
506:.
465:,
289:.
199:,
195:,
47:,
39:,
35:,
27:,
23:,
955:.
887:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.