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Although
Kambanda pleaded guilty after receiving legal counsel, his lawyer argued that the prime minister was a "puppet" of the military, who had dragged him from his bank, after killing the previous prime minister, to legitimize their control of their country. He asked the ICTR for a sentence of two
388:
in the 'Military 1' trial of senior military leaders. That testimony was the former Prime
Minister's first and only public testimony on the 1994 events in Rwanda and in which he said that he had never found a plan to commit genocide. The decisions of the ICTR regarding Kambanda have been subject to
650:
Kambanda's decision to defend himself for four months was scarcely recorded in the court's proceedings, and when he opted for counsel, the first act of the counsellor (who is characterized as 'inept') was to sign a confession to the prosecution's case. This analysis concludes that the appeal was
638:
Although he was able to select his own choice of lawyer from a screened list, the court's
Registrar held the final say. Not only was his attorney chosen by the court that was prosecuting him, the registrar is officially required to select a counsel 'prudently' with regard to their cost, and
362:, the Rwandan Ambassador to Tanzania, was the only Rwandan official who attended the sentencing. She thought it was fair that Kambanda received a life sentence and his crimes had been recognized by the international community. She noted that Rwanda was "not looking for revenge".
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strategically flawed, and that the probable reason for the legal "carelessness" was that
Kambanda was the face of genocide in Kigali; no more time could be wasted before he was given the court's most severe punishment, without recourse to appeal.
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In his appeal, Kambanda said that his confession had been in error, due to poor or misunderstood counsel. He said that his objective was not to plead guilty but to tell the truth. According to the ICTR appeal:
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on the
Kambanda case, concerned that the former prime minister and his fellow accused were 'ordinary men'. Although admitted crimes of action and inaction are cited, the commentary notes that Kambanda and
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with the knowledge that they would be used to massacre civilians. He was found guilty after pleading guilty, a plea he later rescinded, but which rescission the Court did not accept.
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As a head of government convicted by an international court, Kambanda is an important figure, with the verdict against him forming a precedent against the legal principle of
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The thesis is that
Kambanda's conviction was accelerated to bolster confidence and support of the court within Rwanda. The principal charge against the workings of the
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lawyers were initially excluded from the list (despite these countries supplying the majority of qualified French speakers who have passed the ICTR bar).
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605:"Of what are ordinary human beings capable -- be it in Rwanda, Bosnia, Cambodia, El Salvador or elsewhere? Who is capable of genocide? And who is not?"
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299:, were both assassinated. He remained in the post for the hundred days of the genocide until July 19, 1994. After leaving office he fled the country.
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402:"Kambanda noted that while he felt politically responsible for what happened, he did not feel guilty at the time and does not feel guilty now."
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Ultimately, the critique is not on the grounds of justice (Kambanda was certainly guilty), but concern that the court ultimately produced a
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This verdict was upheld by the ICTR Appeal
Chamber on October 19, 2000, and Kambanda is currently jailed in Koulikoro Prison in
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is a detailed account of the
Kambanda trial and the politics & jurisprudence of ICTR, written by the
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of the sentencing phase, including Mr. Jean
Kambanda's acknowledgement of his original guilty plea.
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to become the chair of the bank. At the time of the April 1994 crisis he was vice president of the
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550:- Human Rights Watch on the implications of the Kambanda conviction to Pinochet case (from 1998).
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The
International War Crimes Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) pressroom report on the Kambanda appeal
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Failing in his duty to prevent the genocide which occurred while he was prime minister
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522:"Rwandan genocide: Inside the prison holding Africa's most notorious war criminals"
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The court concluded that this defense against a charge of genocide was irrelevant.
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on July 18, 1997, after a seven-week multinational stakeout and transferred to the
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on the organization of the genocide, which forms an important source document for
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On September 4, 1998, the ICTR condemned Jean Kambanda to life imprisonment for:
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Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by international courts and tribunals
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442:(Hardcover ed.). London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 232.
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Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwanda Genocide and the International Community
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House of Lords Should Stand on "Right Side of History," says Rights Group
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237:(born October 19, 1955) is a Rwandan former politician who served as the
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598:(his fellow accused) were "Pillars of their communities". It concludes:
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He was sworn in as prime minister on April 9, 1994 after the president
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Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
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years because he acted "under duress with limited responsibility".
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People convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
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Commentary from the Center for International Human Rights
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Rwandan people convicted of crimes against humanity
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is that Kambanda's right to counsel was overridden.
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The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide
415:(which was used to reject an extradition order for
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384:In 2006 he testified for the defence of Colonel
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850:Republican Democratic Movement politicians
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633:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
338:Genocide, and Agreement to commit genocide
313:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
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315:. The court accused him of distributing
900:Rwandan politicians convicted of crimes
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613:Judgment and Sentence of Jean Kambanda
47:April 9, 1994 – July 19, 1994
840:People from Southern Province, Rwanda
564:The BBC story on Kambanda's testimony
491:Simmons, Ann M. (September 5, 1998).
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464:"Jean Kambanda – TRIAL International"
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865:Rwandan people convicted of genocide
689:April 9, 1994 – July 19, 1994
272:and began his career as a low-level
493:"Rwandan Ex-Premier Gets Life Term"
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875:Rwandan people imprisoned abroad
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622:California Western School of Law
880:Prisoners and detainees of Mali
618:The Sacrifice of Jean Kambanda
286:Republican Democratic Movement
125:Republican Democratic Movement
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137:National University of Rwanda
895:People extradited from Kenya
585:The ICTR official transcript
520:Tyson, Paul (21 July 2015).
346:Aiding and abetting genocide
245:from the start of the 1994
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393:Responsible but not guilty
284:section of the opposition
261:came into effect in 1951.
855:Prime ministers of Rwanda
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734:Prime ministers of Rwanda
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501:. Los Angeles, California
307:Kambanda was arrested in
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685:Prime Minister of Rwanda
436:Prunier, GĂ©rard (1995).
239:Prime Minister of Rwanda
35:Prime Minister of Rwanda
750:post abolished, 1962–91
354:crimes against humanity
303:Criminal responsibility
184:crimes against humanity
342:Incitement to genocide
270:commercial engineering
678:Agathe Uwilingiyimana
297:Agathe Uwilingiyimana
149:, banker, and former
68:Agathe Uwilingiyimana
56:Théodore Sindikubwabo
695:Faustin Twagiramungu
276:banker, rising as a
243:caretaker government
80:Faustin Twagiramungu
295:and prime minister
293:Juvénal Habyarimana
253:to plead guilty to
546:2008-07-20 at the
386:Theoneste Bagosora
274:United Popular BPR
251:head of government
210:Imprisoned at
16:Rwandan politician
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692:Succeeded by
596:Jean-Paul Akayesu
498:Los Angeles Times
264:Kambanda holds a
249:. He is the only
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194:Life imprisonment
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675:Preceded by
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419:, for example).
417:Augusto Pinochet
373:Blaming the army
247:Rwandan genocide
214:Koulikoro Prison
201:Date apprehended
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105:October 19, 1955
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90:Personal details
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503:. Retrieved
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472:. Retrieved
468:the original
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407:Legal legacy
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205:18 July 1997
75:Succeeded by
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845:Hutu people
830:1955 births
790:Habumuremyi
389:criticism.
63:Preceded by
824:Categories
755:Nsanzimana
656:show trial
474:2018-01-10
423:References
321:ammunition
317:small arms
278:technocrat
147:Politician
143:Occupation
132:Alma mater
101:1955-10-19
745:Kayibanda
505:March 29,
52:President
43:In office
800:Ngirente
795:Murekezi
770:Kambanda
645:Canadian
570:'s book
544:Archived
527:ITV News
329:Gitarama
255:genocide
180:Genocide
780:Rwigema
624:(2004).
309:Nairobi
288:(MDR).
241:in the
190:Penalty
785:Makuza
641:French
578:
446:
325:Butare
282:Butare
266:degree
216:, Mali
115:Rwanda
643:and
576:ISBN
507:2016
444:ISBN
367:Mali
327:and
319:and
182:and
166:Mali
111:Huye
95:Born
33:5th
323:in
268:in
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483:^
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99:(
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