368:
35:
348:. The goals of the delegation were to open new trading ports with the country and establish a permanent mission there. Macartney had wished to meet Amiot in Beijing. However, he was too ill to meet the diplomat and instead sent him a portrait of himself and a letter, which was delivered on October 3, 1793. He gave his advice to Macartney and suggested that he leave China.
232:
at that time, to serve in an overseas mission, and was eventually given a mission to China. Earlier, in a letter to his brother, he had expressed his desire to serve in a delegation to this particular country. He left France in 1749, accompanied by
Chinese Jesuits Paul Liu and Stanislas Kang, who had
172:
on
February 8, 1718 to Louis Amiot, the royal notary of Toulon, and Marie-Anne Serre. He was the eldest of ten children: five boys and five girls. His brother Pierre-Jules-Roch Amiot would go on to become the lieutenant-general of the admiralty of Toulon and his sister, Marguerite-Claire was an
408:, the language of the emperor. He wrote a Manchu-French dictionary, which was published from 1789 to 1790 with the help of Bertin; Prince Hongwu, a member of the Qing imperial family, praised the dictionary. He also wrote a Manchu grammar, which was never published.
145:
of the
Society of Jesus at the age of 19. After he was ordained in 1746, he aspired to serve in an overseas mission. Eventually, he was assigned a mission in China and left France in 1749. He arrived at Beijing in 1751 and remained there for the rest of his life.
447:. These attempts, however, were not successful; when he asked the Chinese musicians for their opinions, they remarked that "your music was not made for our ears, nor our ears for your music". Lester Hu, assistant professor of musicology at the
149:
Amiot served as an intermediary between the academics of Europe and China. His correspondence provided insight on the culture of China to the
Europeans. He translated Chinese works into French. Most notably, his translation of
332:
After the death of
Bourgeois in 1792, Amiot started visiting the tombs of his Jesuit companions, where he prayed and meditated; he also carved the Jesuits' epitaphs on their tombs. News about the upheaval of the
251:
After his arrival in
Beijing, he was put in charge of the children's congregation of the Holy Guardian Angels. Alongside this, he studied the Chinese language. He adopted the Chinese name Qian Deming (
295:, issued on July 21, 1773, with which the Bishop of Rome officially ordered the suppression of the Society of Jesus. The brief reached the French Jesuits in China on September 22, 1775 via a German
265:. In 1754, Amiot made a young Chinese man by the name of Yang Ya-Ko-Pe his assistant and instructed him in the European manner. Yang died in 1784, after working with Amiot for over thirty years.
299:
named Joseph de Sainte-Thérèse. The
Jesuits of Beijing surrendered to it, resigned from the Society of Jesus and became secular priests. Wishing to keep the French mission alive, King
468:), a treatise on Chinese music, to Paris in 1754; he later acknowledged that it contained errors and was incomplete. Jean-Philippe Rameau referenced the work in his 1760 treatise,
484:
in 1779 and 1780. The author's supplements to the work were not published until 1997. He also sent collections of
Chinese music and instruments to France. In 1777, he sent a
411:
Amiot carried out scientific observations and experiments while working in China. For example, he made a record of the weather in
Beijing, which was published by
240:
on July 27, 1750. The
Jesuits of Beijing announced Amiot's arrival, along with that of the Portuguese Jesuits José d'Espinha and Emmanuel de Mattos, to Emperor
401:
in the West. The next translation of the work in a Western language would not be made until Everard Ferguson Calthrop published his English rendition in 1905.
285:. The Jesuit mission in China survived for a while after their suppression, being protected by the Qianlong Emperor himself. The final blow, however, would be
1507:
303:
sent them financial aid and appointed François Bourgeois as their administrator. Amiot was named as Bourgeois' replacement in the event of his absence.
229:
1512:
1248:
1532:
1527:
1497:
1437:"A Forgotten Friendship: How a French Missionary and a Manchu Prince Studied Electricity and Ballooning in Late Eighteenth Century Beijing"
345:
1127:
Chen, Shouxiang; et al. (October 3, 2022). "The Art of Instrumental Music in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties". In Li, Xifan (ed.).
337:
distressed him to the point that his physical and mental health declined, and thus he had to stop visiting the tombs by September 1792.
278:
448:
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233:
been sent to study in France and were returning to their home country. Kang died at sea, before the party could reach China.
105:
317:
1522:
1502:
1537:
281:
and the confiscation of its property. The society was abolished in France two years later, by the order of King
1517:
359:
for the deceased monarch. He died on the same night of October 8, or on the following day, October 9, 1793.
192:
on September 27, 1737; he remained a novice for two years. Afterwards, he taught at the Jesuit colleges of
180:
After finishing his studies in philosophy and theology at the Jesuit seminary in Toulon, Amiot entered the
481:
419:, but was discouraged by Prince Hongwu, for fear of the danger of flying and disseminating the discovery.
352:
1129:
1413:
1402:
1187:
1492:
1487:
474:, though Rameau's idea of harmony in Chinese music was erroneous. Amiot's own work on Chinese music,
436:
291:
1415:
Notices biographiques et bibliographiques sur les Jésuites de l'ancienne mission de Chine. 1552-1773
1404:
Notices biographiques et bibliographiques sur les Jésuites de l'ancienne mission de Chine. 1552-1773
435:. He tried to win over Chinese listeners by playing pieces by French baroque composers, including
1465:
1339:
1270:
1235:
485:
274:
248:
and arrived there five days later. They left Canton on June 2, and reached Beijing on August 22.
1457:
1387:
1331:
1294:
1225:
1194:
1144:
390:
341:
334:
310:, the foreign minister of France. His correspondences were published from 1776 to 1791 in the
62:
1210:
1159:
1449:
1364:
1323:
1260:
1217:
1171:
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286:
258:
185:
131:
313:
Mémoires concernant l’histoire, les sciences, les arts, les mœurs et les usages des Chinois
416:
412:
405:
262:
201:
1424:
1185:
Dobson, Sebastian (2013). "Lt.Col. E.F. Calthrop (1876–1915)". In Cortazzi, Hugh (ed.).
316:. He also corresponded with other European Academies, including brief contacts with the
244:, who ordered that they be taken to the capital. On March 28, 1751, they left Macau for
1208:
Hermans, Michael (September 28, 2019). "Appendix 2 Amiot's Life". In Parr, Adam (ed.).
385:
356:
156:
1481:
1353:"La mission française de Pékin après la suppression de la compagnie de Jésus en 1773"
1274:
1239:
1160:"Un éminent sinologue toulonnais du XVIIIe siècle, le R. P. Amiot, S. J. (1718-1793)"
321:
1380:
1426:
Joseph Amiot et les derniers survivants de la mission française à Pékin (1750-1795)
307:
127:
428:
306:
Subsequently, Amiot turned his attention to writing. He maintained contact with
193:
84:
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34:
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225:
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1335:
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300:
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245:
181:
174:
142:
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1352:
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212:
in the academic year of 1744–1745. He completed his theological studies at
1327:
1311:"Missionaries, Keyboards and Musical Exchange in the Ming and Qing Courts"
282:
241:
209:
205:
1469:
1436:
1343:
1310:
380:
213:
189:
151:
80:
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from 1745 to 1748 and was ordained as a priest on December 22, 1746.
169:
138:
123:
113:
58:
373:
Mémoires concernant l'histoire, les sciences et les arts des Chinois
1418:(in French). Imprimerie de la Mission catholique. pp. 861–862.
1407:(in French). Imprimerie de la Mission catholique. pp. 837–860.
1291:
Listening to China: Sound and the Sino-Western Encounter, 1770-1839
1249:"Chinese Ears, Delicate or Dull? Toward a Decolonial Comparativism"
432:
366:
237:
197:
122:; February 8, 1718 – October 8, 1793) was a French
160:
is the first rendition of the work into a Western language.
874:
872:
1386:. Translated by Rotschild, Jon. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
562:
560:
558:
1412:
Pfister, Louis (1932b). "Le Fr. Philippe-Stanislas Kang".
649:
647:
645:
1401:
Pfister, Louis (1932a). "Le P. Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot".
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596:
594:
592:
590:
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947:
739:
737:
91:
69:
44:
25:
1435:
1379:
1309:
1209:
1186:
1128:
389:was published. It includes a translation of the
1109:
488:, thus contributing to the development of the
463:
252:
8:
1442:East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine
863:
851:
803:
779:
767:
755:
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311:
18:French Jesuit missionary in China, 1718–1793
902:
878:
397:. Amiot was the first person to translate
33:
22:
1368:
1264:
1247:Hu, Zhuqing (Lester) S. (December 2021).
1189:Britain and Japan: Biographical Portraits
1175:
177:nun. Amiot maintained contact with both.
1293:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1164:Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé
1013:
914:
689:
653:
624:
451:has doubted the veracity of this story.
230:Superior General of the Society of Jesus
1193:. Vol. 8. Brill. pp. 85–101.
1097:
1085:
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989:
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1429:(in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils.
1061:
1037:
1001:
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1049:
953:
938:
791:
743:
7:
279:suppression of the Society of Jesus
1508:French Roman Catholic missionaries
1025:
477:Mémoire sur la musique des Chinois
449:University of California, Berkeley
415:in 1774. He also tried to build a
14:
1423:Rochemonteix, Camille de (1915).
261:in order to adapt himself to the
1131:A General History of Chinese Art
351:On October 8, 1793, the news of
379:In 1772 Amiot's translation of
454:Amiot sent his translation of
355:reached Amiot, who celebrated
118:
109:
1:
1513:Jesuit missionaries in China
318:Imperial Academy of Sciences
208:, where he was professor of
1533:French missionary linguists
1528:French expatriates in China
1498:18th-century French Jesuits
1434:Statman, Alexander (2017).
1216:. Brill. pp. 224–274.
1554:
1378:Peyrefitte, Alain (1992).
1266:10.1525/jams.2021.74.3.501
353:King Louis XVI's execution
269:Suppression of the Jesuits
130:, during the reign of the
1454:10.1163/26669323-04601007
1351:Marin, Catherine (2008).
1222:10.1163/9789004416215_009
1141:10.1515/9783110790924-014
464:
253:
32:
1308:Lindorff, Joyce (2004).
1158:Davin, Emmanuel (1961).
471:Code de musique pratique
39:Painting of Amiot, anon.
1289:Irvine, Thomas (2020).
480:was published twice by
102:Jean Joseph Marie Amiot
27:Jean Joseph Marie Amiot
1370:10.3917/trans.107.0009
1177:10.3406/bude.1961.3962
482:Pierre-Joseph Roussier
476:
470:
376:
340:In 1792, Britain sent
312:
1212:The Mandate of Heaven
427:Amiot could play the
404:Amiot could speak in
370:
126:priest who worked in
770:, pp. 151, 193.
342:a diplomatic mission
328:Later life and death
292:Dominus ac Redemptor
141:, Amiot entered the
1382:The Immobile Empire
1328:10.1093/em/32.3.403
842:, pp. 245–246.
1523:People from Toulon
1503:French sinologists
1253:Online.ucpress.edu
528:, p. 225–226.
377:
275:Parlement of Paris
168:Amiot was born in
1064:, pp. 33–34.
1004:, pp. 38–39.
864:Rochemonteix 1915
852:Rochemonteix 1915
804:Rochemonteix 1915
780:Rochemonteix 1915
768:Rochemonteix 1915
756:Rochemonteix 1915
717:Rochemonteix 1915
678:Rochemonteix 1915
666:Rochemonteix 1915
637:Rochemonteix 1915
613:Rochemonteix 1915
567:Rochemonteix 1915
514:Rochemonteix 1915
391:Yongzheng Emperor
344:to China, led by
335:French Revolution
99:
98:
95:Jesuit missionary
63:Kingdom of France
1545:
1538:Qianlong Emperor
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1110:Chen et al. 2022
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346:George Macartney
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287:Pope Clement XIV
263:culture of China
259:Chinese clothing
256:
255:
236:They arrived at
224:Amiot requested
220:Arrival at China
186:Society of Jesus
132:Qianlong Emperor
120:
111:
76:
55:February 8, 1718
54:
52:
37:
23:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1518:Manchurologists
1478:
1477:
1476:
1433:
1422:
1411:
1400:
1394:
1377:
1357:Transversalités
1350:
1307:
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903:Peyrefitte 1992
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879:Peyrefitte 1992
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460:Guyue Jingzhuan
425:
417:hot air balloon
413:Charles Messier
365:
330:
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222:
204:and finally at
202:Aix-en-Provence
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73:October 8, 1793
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1448:(46): 89–118.
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1322:(3): 403–414.
1305:
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1259:(3): 501–569.
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1170:(3): 380–395.
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1135:. De Gruyter.
1123:
1121:
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1114:
1112:, p. 237.
1102:
1100:, p. 260.
1090:
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1054:
1052:, p. 389.
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1016:, p. 411.
1006:
994:
992:, p. 108.
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970:
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958:
956:, p. 388.
943:
941:, p. 383.
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907:
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895:
883:
881:, p. 158.
868:
866:, p. 426.
856:
854:, p. 424.
844:
832:
830:, p. 254.
820:
818:, p. 253.
808:
806:, p. 219.
796:
784:
782:, p. 194.
772:
760:
758:, p. 180.
748:
733:
731:, p. 251.
721:
709:
707:, p. 236.
694:
692:, p. 837.
682:
670:
658:
656:, p. 838.
641:
629:
627:, p. 861.
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605:
603:, p. 233.
586:
584:, p. 232.
571:
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552:, p. 228.
542:
540:, p. 226.
530:
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399:The Art of War
386:The Art of War
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157:The Art of War
97:
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77:(aged 75)
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1393:9780345803948
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1359:(in French).
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690:Pfister 1932a
686:
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679:
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667:
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654:Pfister 1932a
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638:
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1316:Early Music
1062:Irvine 2020
1038:Irvine 2020
1002:Irvine 2020
927:Dobson 2013
492:in Europe.
429:harpsichord
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119:Qián Démíng
85:Qing Empire
1482:Categories
1050:Davin 1961
954:Davin 1961
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496:References
456:Li Guangdi
289:'s brief,
226:Franz Retz
164:Early life
128:Qing China
92:Occupation
51:1718-02-08
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381:Sun Tzu
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1271:S2CID
1236:S2CID
486:Sheng
433:flute
423:Music
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238:Macau
206:Nîmes
198:Arles
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1282:2022
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465:古樂經傳
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