157:. This was a significant amount of money since at the time a skilled craftsman would earn about 200 livres per year. The property included the Rodolphe forge, which had been created by Rodolphe de la Roche, the Magdelaine furnace, a hammer mill and a cutting mill. The mills were incomplete and the other equipment was in disrepair. Two years earlier the works had been sold for 1,500 livres to Louis de Ridouet-Sancé, who probably invested about 9,000 livres but failed to make the business profitable. Wendel had to borrow about 30,000 livres from banks in
193:. The letters patent confirmed his nobility independent of the forges, but noted that the nobility could not be formally proved since the titles had been "lost in the misfortune of war". Martin Wendel died on 25 June 1737, and his wife died on 12 September 1740. By the time Wendel died the value of the business was estimated at 700,000 livres. His son, François Ignace de Wendel, fought for protectionist tariffs on finished metal, combined with no taxes on import of raw material. Martin Wendel was followed by eight generations of steelmakers.
126:. In 1656 he married Dorothea Agnes Jacob, and in 1660 remarried, to Claire de Sansfeild. She was from an old family of the Duchy of Luxembourg. They had six daughters and three sons. The sons were Francois Wendel, who died on 23 February 1742 without heirs, Jean-Martin Wendel (1665–1737), who founded the industrial fortune of the family, and Jean-Baptiste Wendel, an advocate at the Parliament of Metz in 1721.
169:
Wendel, seigneur d'Hayange, with the purchase. In 1709 he requested cession of the
Morelle forge, which was ruined, since the owner Benoît de Malzy had failed to pay his feudal dues to Wendel as seigneur of Hayange. Acquisition of this forge was confirmed by 1711. On 17 November 1711 he purchased the position of King's Counselor in the Chancellery of the
181:
caused high demand for iron to make weapons. Jean-Martin Wendel's acquisition of the
Rodolphe forge marked the transition from artisan manufacture to industrialization. Exploiting local supplies of iron and wood, Wendel and his son Charles built Hayange into the largest iron enterprise in Lorraine in
226:
chancelleries, was the preferred post, with at least 3,200 created. An officeholder of 20 years, or one who died in office, attained full noble status in the second estate for himself and his heirs. Most of the new nobles were government officials, but there was a wide range of members of the upper
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The only commercial activities allowed to noblemen at the time were operating a forge, shipbuilding and glass making. A forge was an attractive option since it came with a title of nobility. The king used the sale of rights to operate forges as a source of revenue. Martin Wendel became Martin de
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Martin Wendel bought land, particularly woodland as a source of charcoal for the forges, and had five furnaces in operation by 1720. Around 1720 he rebuilt the
Hayange chateau. For most of the 18th century the forge sold all its output to the royal artillery works in Thionville. The
236:
After acquiring nobility the Wendel family enhanced their status by marrying into old families that had fallen on hard times. One Wendel bride, from a family that could be traced back to the middle ages, would say her people called her husband
138:, a domain that his mother brought as her dowry. His father owned several fiefs in Lorraine which he passed to Martin Wendel. Around 1700 Martin married Anne-Marie Meyer. His wife was the daughter of a wealthy
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Estimates of the number of new nobles created in France in the 18th century vary from 6,500 to 10,000. "King's secretary", a sinecure in the Paris or provincial
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606:
McCahill, Michael W. (Winter 1998), "Open Elites: Recruitment to the French
Noblesse and the English Aristocracy in the Eighteenth Century",
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The name "Wendel" is derived from the
Christian name Wendel or Wendelin (as in the town of Sankt Wendel in the Saar region). The
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bourgeoisie. Jean Martin Wendel, Jean
Dietrich and Elie Lefebvre were examples of successful industrialists who were ennobled.
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122:. Jean-Georges's son Christian Wendel was born on 23 April 1636 in Koblenz, and became a lieutenant in the army of
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636:
Nobiliaire universel de France: ou
Recueil général des généalogies historiques des maisons nobles de ce royaume
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Knowledge and the Family
Business: The Governance and Management of Family Firms in the New Knowledge Economy
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118:, married Marguerite de Hammerstein and became colonel of a regiment of Cravattes (Croatians) under the
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114:, who married Marie de Wanderve around 1600. His son Jean-Georges Wendel, born on 8 October 1605 in
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The first forge at
Hayange had been established in 1323, and others were soon added, but after the
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639:, Au bureau du Nobiliaire universel de France, Réimprimé à la Librairie Bachelin-Deflorenne, 1873
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142:(presumably a tax collector rather than a farmer). Before 1704 Wendel directed a forge at
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Giudice, Manlio Del; Peruta, Maria
Rosaria Della; Carayannis, Elias G. (2010-12-06),
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Martin Wendel used his wife's money to buy the iron forge of Hayange from King
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The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor
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585:"Wendel : Les secrets de longévité d'une " Maison " tricentenaire"
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Martin Wendel was granted letters patent dated 17 February 1727 in
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The Emergence of Modern Business Enterprise in France, 1800–1930
614:(4), The North American Conference on British Studies: 599–629,
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Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
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213:(1618–48) only the Rodolphe and Morelle forges remained.
153:. He paid 9,621 livres on 26 March 1704 for the works at
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134:Jean-Martin Wendel was born on 22 February 1665 in
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173:. This confirmed his position as a minor noble.
683:, Association Artistique de la Banque de France
494:(in French), Ville de Hayange, archived from
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26:
469:, Springer Science & Business Media,
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90:(22 February 1665 – 25 June 1737) was a
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435:Giudice, Peruta & Carayannis 2010
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110:can be traced back to Jean Wendel of
7:
583:Marseille, Jacques (November 2005),
725:18th-century French businesspeople
720:17th-century French businesspeople
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591:(in French) (207), archived from
287:Nobiliaire universel de France...
650:Smith, Michael Stephen (2006),
535:Landes, David S. (1999-05-17),
491:Hayange au travers des siècles
363:Hayange au travers des siècles
94:industrialist, founder of the
1:
272:Wendel – Section Genealogique
179:War of the Spanish Succession
656:, Harvard University Press,
515:, Harvard University Press,
124:Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine
165:to invest in the business.
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191:Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
146:, just north of Hayange.
566:Le Château Guy de Wendel
182:the eighteenth century.
509:James, Harold (2006),
98:steel making dynasty.
715:French industrialists
241:(the big ironmonger.
120:Emperor Ferdinand III
18:Jean Martin de Wendel
681:Section Genealogique
239:le gros quincailler
151:Louis XIV of France
171:Parliament of Metz
88:Jean-Martin Wendel
31:Jean-Martin Wendel
663:978-0-674-01939-3
548:978-0-393-06981-5
522:978-0-674-02181-5
512:FAMILY CAPITALISM
476:978-1-4419-7353-5
211:Thirty Years' War
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16:(Redirected from
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562:"Le Château"
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63:(1737-06-25)
61:25 June 1737
710:1737 deaths
705:1665 births
411:Landes 1999
136:Longlaville
81:Steel maker
70:Nationality
51:Longlaville
699:Categories
687:2017-07-11
669:2017-08-04
643:2017-08-04
599:2017-08-04
589:Les Enjeux
576:2017-07-11
554:2017-08-04
528:2017-07-03
502:2017-08-04
482:2017-08-04
447:Le Château
348:James 2006
323:James 2006
304:Smith 2006
163:Thionville
78:Occupation
43:1665-02-22
249:Citations
224:parlement
187:Lunéville
96:De Wendel
677:"Wendel"
92:Lorraine
628:4053851
456:Sources
155:Hayange
144:Ottange
140:fermier
116:Koblenz
102:Origins
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473:
112:Bruges
73:French
624:JSTOR
197:Notes
658:ISBN
543:ISBN
517:ISBN
471:ISBN
161:and
159:Metz
130:Life
58:Died
37:Born
616:doi
189:by
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355:^
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41:(
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