88:
views were often controversial, she was respected by her peers for the meticulous research. Her conclusions about the best way to approach beginning reading were unpopular when she first presented them, though they have subsequently gained acceptance in the literacy community. Chall's professional life was committed to children's successful reading acquisition, especially low S.E.S. (
36:
141:
when she was seven; Chall's native language was
Yiddish. Although there were no bilingual programs in the New York City public schools she attended, she quickly learned English. Unlike her older siblings, Chall began her schooling in the US and ultimately helped to teach her parents English so that
87:
Chall became deeply committed to teaching, to the importance of children's successful reading acquisition and the need to address failing readers, to the power of research to answer practical questions, and to the merit of understanding the historical background of research questions. Though her
207:(2000). In it, she divides American instruction into "child-centered" and "teacher-centered" approaches, suggesting that the 20th century was dominated by the former (discovery approaches) in spite of the research that supported a later theory (explicit teaching).
170:
to create and direct graduate programs in reading for master's and doctoral candidates. She founded the
Harvard Reading Laboratory in 1967, directing it until she retired in 1991. The laboratory is now named after her. She served on the board of directors of the
154:, where she received a M.A. in 1947 and a Ph.D. in 1952. Between 1950 and 1965 Chall rose from lecturer to professor at City College. Later she became the director of the Harvard Reading Laboratory at Harvard University. Chall died in 1999 at the age of 78. The
191:(1967) quickly became a classic. Major textbook publishers reacted by emphasizing more phonics earlier in their series. Chall's book was updated in 1983 (3rd edition in 1996) with even stronger research findings to support its conclusions.
175:, 1961–1964, and on the National Academy of Education's Commission on Reading that resulted in the report Becoming a Nation of Readers (1985). She received many professional awards, last given to her in 1996.
84:
psychologist, writer, and literacy researcher for over 50 years, believed in the importance of direct, systematic instruction in reading in spite of other reading trends throughout her career.
92:) children's. She was also committed to finding answers to failure among readers. She responded to the national concern over why many children were not learning to read well, made popular by
180:
1044:
223:
1019:
434:
1014:
110:, in 1948 which was considered the most valid and reliable of its kind for determining the readability of texts for several decades. In 1983, Chall added
1039:
1029:
389:
Chall, J.S. (1958). Readability: An appraisal of research and application. Columbus, OH: The Bureau of
Educational Research, Ohio State University.
53:
45:
1034:
81:
394:
A study in depth of first grade reading: An analysis of the interactions of professed methods, teacher implementation and child background
427:
334:
217:
197:
was published in 1983. In 1996, Chall and three graduate students wrote a guide to evaluating the level of texts' reading difficulty,
278:
232:
172:
308:
468:
955:
420:
107:
339:
184:(1955). Flesch attacked the prevailing ideas, saying that reading professionals had ignored their own research.
178:
Chall's most important professional contribution was a byproduct of the professional furor over Rudolf Flesch's
143:
122:
98:
1024:
947:
443:
366:
151:
264:
Chall, J.S. (1996). Learning to read: The great debate. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace
College Publishers.
1009:
1004:
674:
519:
500:
89:
974:
931:
114:
to her literacy contributions. Later, in 1996, she and three of her graduate students developed the
824:
757:
610:
527:
982:
840:
832:
709:
167:
551:
883:
800:
460:
155:
816:
792:
535:
344:
274:
915:
899:
891:
701:
682:
666:
856:
773:
765:
749:
725:
717:
658:
650:
591:
583:
559:
543:
283:
121:
Chall retired from the
Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1991. She died at 78 in
17:
408:
Qualitative assessment of text difficulty: A practical guide for teachers and writers.
199:
Qualitative
Assessment of Text Difficulty: A Practical Guide for Teachers and Writers.
998:
939:
923:
907:
642:
626:
618:
575:
476:
312:
138:
116:
Qualitative
Assessment of Text Difficulty: A Practical Guide for Teachers and Writers
93:
733:
484:
412:
864:
848:
741:
567:
238:
Board Member of
National Society for the Study of Education's Board of Directors
808:
492:
147:
396:. U.S. Office of Education U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
406:
Chall, J.S., Bissex, G.L., Conrad, S.S., & Harris-Sharples, S. (1996).
401:
Should textbooks challenge students? The case for easier or harder books.
242:
134:
369:. Harvard Graduate School of Education. Jeanne S. Chall (1921-1999)
142:
they could pass their citizenship exams. She graduated from the
416:
335:"Jeanne Chall, Reading Expert and Psychologist, Dies at Age 78"
29:
158:
episode "The Fox and the Crow" was dedicated to her memory.
279:"Jeanne S. Chall, 78, Educator and Expert in Early Reading"
205:
The
Academic Challenge: What Really Works in the Classroom
146:
in 1941 with a B.B.A. She served as research assistant to
228:
President of
National Conference on Research in English
57:
137:
in 1921 to Jewish parents, her family immigrated to
965:
874:
783:
692:
601:
510:
451:
224:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
106:. She and Edgar Dale also developed a formula, the
181:Why Johnny Can't Read—And What You Can Do About It
203:Chall's last work, published posthumously, was
428:
8:
1045:Harvard Graduate School of Education faculty
311:. s9.com. 21 September 2007. Archived from
435:
421:
413:
303:
301:
241:Served on National Advisory Committee on
80:(January 1, 1921 – November 27, 1999), a
1020:American people of Polish-Jewish descent
392:Chall, J.S. & Feldman, S.C. (1966).
257:
399:Chall, J.S. & Conrad, S.S (1991).
248:Served on the National Reading Council
1015:Polish emigrants to the United States
7:
82:Harvard Graduate School of Education
58:move details into the article's body
27:American educator and psychological
403:New York: Teachers College Press.
218:American Psychological Association
104:Learning to Read: The Great Debate
25:
343:. 2 December 1999. Archived from
233:International Reading Association
211:Professional leadership positions
189:Learning to Read the Great Debate
173:International Reading Association
1040:City College of New York faculty
34:
1030:City College of New York alumni
108:Dale-Chall Readability Formula
1:
245:and Related Reading Disorders
195:Stages of Reading Development
112:Stages of Reading Development
1035:Ohio State University alumni
410:Cambridge: Brookline Books.
1061:
444:E. L. Thorndike Award
367:"Jeanne Chall Reading Lab"
340:Harvard University Gazette
309:"Chall, Jeanne Sternlicht"
144:City College of New York
129:Biographical information
123:Cambridge, Massachusetts
166:In 1965 Chall moved to
78:Jeanne Sternlicht Chall
18:Jeanne Sternlicht Chall
125:on November 27, 1999.
235:'s Board of Directors
152:Ohio State University
99:Why Johnny Can't Read
675:Wilbert J. McKeachie
520:John Bissell Carroll
501:Robert J. Havighurst
277:(12 December 1999).
90:socioeconomic status
825:G. Michael Pressley
758:Richard C. Anderson
611:Richard C. Atkinson
560:J. P. Guilford
528:Robert L. Thorndike
162:Major contributions
983:Daniel L. Schwartz
948:Joanna P. Williams
841:Patricia Alexander
833:Jacquelynne Eccles
710:Herbert Klausmeier
477:B. F. Skinner
168:Harvard University
992:
991:
884:Richard Shavelson
801:John D. Bransford
461:Sidney L. Pressey
315:on 29 August 2008
275:Honan, William H.
156:Between the Lions
75:
74:
54:length guidelines
16:(Redirected from
1052:
985:
977:
958:
950:
942:
934:
926:
918:
910:
902:
894:
886:
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
827:
819:
817:Robert Sternberg
811:
803:
795:
793:Richard E. Mayer
776:
768:
760:
752:
744:
736:
728:
720:
712:
704:
685:
677:
669:
661:
653:
645:
637:
629:
621:
613:
594:
586:
578:
570:
562:
554:
546:
538:
536:John C. Flanagan
530:
522:
503:
495:
487:
479:
471:
469:William Brownell
463:
437:
430:
423:
414:
379:
378:
376:
374:
363:
357:
356:
354:
352:
331:
325:
324:
322:
320:
305:
296:
295:
293:
291:
271:
265:
262:
231:Board Member of
70:
67:
61:
52:Please read the
38:
37:
30:
21:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1049:
995:
994:
993:
988:
980:
972:
961:
953:
945:
937:
929:
921:
916:Stephen J. Ceci
913:
905:
900:Keith Stanovich
897:
892:Barry Zimmerman
889:
881:
870:
862:
854:
846:
838:
830:
822:
814:
806:
798:
790:
779:
771:
763:
755:
747:
739:
731:
723:
715:
707:
702:Richard E. Snow
699:
688:
683:Frank H. Farley
680:
672:
667:Merlin Wittrock
664:
656:
648:
640:
632:
624:
616:
608:
597:
589:
581:
573:
565:
557:
552:Robert M. Gagné
549:
541:
533:
525:
517:
506:
498:
490:
482:
474:
466:
458:
447:
441:
387:
382:
372:
370:
365:
364:
360:
350:
348:
347:on 29 June 2011
333:
332:
328:
318:
316:
307:
306:
299:
289:
287:
273:
272:
268:
263:
259:
255:
213:
164:
131:
71:
65:
62:
51:
48:may be too long
43:This article's
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
997:
996:
990:
989:
987:
986:
978:
975:Thomas L. Good
969:
967:
963:
962:
960:
959:
951:
943:
935:
932:Edward Haertel
927:
919:
911:
903:
895:
887:
878:
876:
872:
871:
869:
868:
860:
857:Bernard Weiner
852:
844:
836:
828:
820:
812:
804:
796:
787:
785:
781:
780:
778:
777:
774:Albert Bandura
769:
766:Lauren Resnick
761:
753:
750:David Berliner
745:
737:
729:
726:Samuel Messick
721:
718:Robert L. Linn
713:
705:
696:
694:
690:
689:
687:
686:
678:
670:
662:
659:Nathaniel Gage
654:
651:Ernst Rothkopf
646:
638:
630:
622:
614:
605:
603:
599:
598:
596:
595:
592:Patrick Suppes
587:
584:Julian Stanley
579:
571:
563:
555:
547:
544:Benjamin Bloom
539:
531:
523:
514:
512:
508:
507:
505:
504:
496:
488:
480:
472:
464:
455:
453:
449:
448:
442:
440:
439:
432:
425:
417:
386:
383:
381:
380:
358:
326:
297:
284:New York Times
266:
256:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
239:
236:
229:
226:
222:Fellow of the
220:
212:
209:
163:
160:
130:
127:
73:
72:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1057:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:American Jews
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
984:
979:
976:
971:
970:
968:
964:
957:
952:
949:
944:
941:
940:Robert Slavin
936:
933:
928:
925:
924:Michelene Chi
920:
917:
912:
909:
908:Sandra Graham
904:
901:
896:
893:
888:
885:
880:
879:
877:
873:
866:
861:
858:
853:
850:
845:
842:
837:
834:
829:
826:
821:
818:
813:
810:
805:
802:
797:
794:
789:
788:
786:
782:
775:
770:
767:
762:
759:
754:
751:
746:
743:
738:
735:
730:
727:
722:
719:
714:
711:
706:
703:
698:
697:
695:
691:
684:
679:
676:
671:
668:
663:
660:
655:
652:
647:
644:
643:Anne Anastasi
639:
636:
631:
628:
627:Robert Glaser
623:
620:
619:Jerome Bruner
615:
612:
607:
606:
604:
600:
593:
588:
585:
580:
577:
576:David Ausubel
572:
569:
564:
561:
556:
553:
548:
545:
540:
537:
532:
529:
524:
521:
516:
515:
513:
509:
502:
497:
494:
489:
486:
481:
478:
473:
470:
465:
462:
457:
456:
454:
450:
445:
438:
433:
431:
426:
424:
419:
418:
415:
411:
409:
404:
402:
397:
395:
390:
384:
368:
362:
359:
346:
342:
341:
336:
330:
327:
314:
310:
304:
302:
298:
286:
285:
280:
276:
270:
267:
261:
258:
252:
247:
244:
240:
237:
234:
230:
227:
225:
221:
219:
215:
214:
210:
208:
206:
201:
200:
196:
192:
190:
185:
183:
182:
176:
174:
169:
161:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
139:New York City
136:
128:
126:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:, by writing
101:
100:
95:
94:Rudolf Flesch
91:
85:
83:
79:
69:
59:
55:
49:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
956:Steve Graham
734:James Greeno
635:Jeanne Chall
634:
485:Lee Cronbach
407:
405:
400:
398:
393:
391:
388:
371:. Retrieved
361:
349:. Retrieved
345:the original
338:
329:
317:. Retrieved
313:the original
288:. Retrieved
282:
269:
260:
204:
202:
198:
194:
193:
188:
186:
179:
177:
165:
132:
120:
115:
111:
103:
97:
86:
77:
76:
66:October 2022
63:
46:lead section
44:
1010:1999 deaths
1005:1921 births
865:Carol Dweck
849:Jere Brophy
742:Lee Shulman
568:Jean Piaget
373:17 December
351:17 December
319:17 December
290:17 December
999:Categories
809:Joel Levin
493:Cyril Burt
446:recipients
253:References
216:Fellow in
148:Edgar Dale
56:and help
243:Dyslexia
187:Chall's
133:Born in
981:2021:
973:2020:
954:2019:
946:2018:
938:2017:
930:2016:
922:2015:
914:2014:
906:2013:
898:2012:
890:2011:
882:2010:
863:2009:
855:2008:
847:2007:
839:2006:
831:2005:
823:2004:
815:2003:
807:2002:
799:2001:
791:2000:
772:1999:
764:1998:
756:1997:
748:1996:
740:1995:
732:1994:
724:1993:
716:1992:
708:1991:
700:1990:
681:1989:
673:1988:
665:1987:
657:1986:
649:1985:
641:1984:
633:1983:
625:1982:
617:1981:
609:1980:
590:1979:
582:1978:
574:1977:
566:1976:
558:1975:
550:1974:
542:1973:
534:1972:
526:1971:
518:1970:
499:1969:
491:1968:
483:1967:
475:1966:
467:1965:
459:1964:
135:Poland
966:2020s
875:2010s
784:2000s
693:1990s
602:1980s
511:1970s
452:1960s
385:Notes
375:2010
353:2010
321:2010
292:2010
150:at
96:'s
1001::
337:.
300:^
281:.
118:.
436:e
429:t
422:v
377:.
355:.
323:.
294:.
68:)
64:(
60:.
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.