537:
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Transport
Koalisyon (1-UTAK), Alliance of Transport Operators and Drivers Association of the Philippines (ALTODAP), and Coalition of Operators, Drivers, Employees, Atbp. (CODE-X), and the Philippine Confederation of Drivers and Operators – Alliance of Concerned Transport Organizations (PCDO-ACTO). Pangkalahatang Sanggunian Manila & Suburbs Drivers Association (PASANG-MASDA) also expressed support. Their president Obet Martin stated, "it was high time for the country to replace the current jeepneys to more modern and more efficient units".
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521:, chair of the Senate public services committee, has expressed doubt over the governments readiness to implement the program nationwide. According to Poe, the government will have to shell out ₱415 billion for full implementation of the scheme, far more than the ₱2.26 billion it approved. She has suggested that the PUV Modernization Program be implemented in select cities instead.
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440:) on December 14-15, with their continued call to scrap the December 31 deadline and the complete removal of the mandatory franchise consolidation and the PUV Modernization Program. However, upon the recommendation of Transport Secretary Jamie Bautista, President Marcos extended the deadline up to April 30, 2024, since a large number of franchise holders hasn't consolidated yet.
177:, buses, and other public utility vehicles (PUVs) that are at least 15 years old and replacing them with safer, more comfortable and more environmentally-friendly alternatives over the next three years. Currently, there are 220,000 jeepney units operating throughout the country. The program also calls to all PUV Drivers and Operators to join or form a Transport Cooperative.
4924:
480:"that should not be handed over to huge corporations and their profit interests". The policy brief recommends alternatives proposed by transport groups that would create employment in the transport industry, including in the repair and manufacture of parts for rehabilitated jeepneys, as well as provide safe, reliable, and affordable transport to commuters.
611:(KMU) and PISTON, the ₱1.4 million to ₱1.6 million cost of new jeepneys will adversely affect the livelihood of 600,000 public utility jeepney (PUJ) drivers and 300,000 small operators. For drivers, operators, and other transport stakeholders, the modernization may result in possible losses of jobs and businesses.
598:
At a roundtable discussion at the
University of the Philippines in 2024, retired University of the Philippines scientist Teodoro Mendoza said that claims of the DOTr and the LTFRB that there will be no fare increases are false. He estimated fares of ₱27 to ₱40 based on a modern jeepneys price of ₱2.5
375:
Compared to traditional jeepneys, modern jeepneys are 1,766.7 percent more expensive at ₱2.8 million per unit. A subsidy of ₱160,000 will cover no more than 5.7% of the total cost of one modern jeepney. According to one computation, jeepney drivers will need to earn ₱3,500 per day to repay their debt
305:
In
January 2018, Metro Manila's Inter-Agency Council on Traffic (i-ACT) launched operation 'Tanggal Bulok, Tanggal Usok', targeting vehicles for environmental and safety violations such as smoke belching, worn out tires and lack of seat belts. As of January 23, a total of 1087 vehicles, mostly Public
234:
Moreover, the government believes that the program's environmental and economic benefits would be felt by commuters, operators, and drivers alike: commuters will profit from the changes in routes and optimized networks. Because of the reduced traffic congestion and pollution, drivers will have higher
658:
The transport group Stop and Go
Coalition held a strike on September 24, 2017. On October 16 and 17, PISTON held a two-day transportation strike. In a press statement, Alliance of Concerned Transport Organizations President Efren de Luna stated that their group did not join the transport strike as
506:
Even before its launch, the program was received negatively by various transport groups. While Senate Bill 1284 and House Bill 4334, the program's enabling legislation, were still pending in
February 2017, some jeepney drivers launched numerous strikes and demonstrations in Metro Manila and in key
475:
The franchise consolidation guidelines prohibit individual jeepney owners from applying for their own franchise. According to a study by the
University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies, this presents a risk of corporate takeover of the transport sector, which would
578:
Business leaders from the
Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Employers Confederation of the Philippines, and the Philippine Exporters Confederation Inc. criticized the negative impact the modernization program will have on the livelihoods of jeepney operators, drivers, and drivers'
493:
At least twenty government agencies and twenty-four transport groups from across the country supported the launch of the program. Among transport groups that supported the initiative are the Panta
Transportation Network, Federation of Jeepney Operators and Drivers Association (FEJODAP), 1-United
358:
Under PASADA, a maximum of 95 percent of the cost of the vehicle, and a maximum of 75 percent of the cost of the support facilities comprise the total loan per borrower. The government will also offer a maximum subsidy of ₱80,000 to cover the equity payment. The subsidy was raised to ₱160,000 in
524:
Senator Poe and Senate
Majority Leader Vicente "Tito" Sotto III have called for a "middle ground" solution, saying that old but road worthy PUVs should be allowed to operate. However, the DOTr has given no clear commitment to their suggestion. Senator Franklin Drilon criticized the program's
673:
In
October 2023, Senator Grace Poe called on the Department of Transportation to suspend the implementation of the jeepney modernization program amid corruption allegation in the LTFRB. LTFRB Chair Teofilo Guadiz III was suspended over corruption allegations related to the granting of route
570:
Church groups such as the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP), Caritas Philippines, and Philippine Misereor Partnership, Inc. said the program should consider the effect on families and jobs. The CBCP called on the government to "ensure a just transition that protects the
532:
In July 2024, Senate President Chiz Escudero said the jeepney modernization program should be suspended because operators could not afford the expensive modern jeepneys. In the same month 22 Philippine Senators signed Senate Resolution No. 1096 calling for the suspension of the program. The
466:
Other jeepney groups and cooperatives reported that franchise consolidation resulted in financial losses, large debts, and having their livelihoods taken. One modern jeepney driver said that his income was significantly reduced due to a quota system that replaced the boundary system.
720:. On the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program, the Court further required submission of status updates on consolidating PUV franchises on a per-route basis, on the Local Public Transport Route Plan per locality and the Route Rationalization Plan, and the hearings before the
314:
In October 2017, the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) presented sixteen prototype jeepneys. These models were all locally manufactured and based on guidelines set by the DOTr. Features include:
574:
Labor groups Trade Union Congress of the Philippines, Sentro ng mga Nagkakaisa at Progresibong Manggagawa (Center of United and Progressive Workers) and Federation of Free Workers criticized the loss of jobs that the modernization program will cause.
4366:
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and fellow members of the Makabayan bloc in the House of Representatives filed a resolution asking the Land Transportation Franchising Regulatory Board (LTFRB) to scrap the December 31, 2023, deadline for franchise consolidation.
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A memorandum of understanding with the Land Bank of the Philippines was also signed by the DOTr to set up a ₱1 billion financing for PUJs via the Special Environment-Friendly and Efficiently Driven (SPEED) Jeepney Program.
1970:
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estimates that each jeepney replacement will cost around ₱1.4 million to ₱1.6 million. However, based on an interest rate of 6% per annum and a payment period of 7 years, the actual cost of a jeepney reaches ₱2.1 million.
528:
Senate Minority Leader Koko Pimentel in January 2024 said the high cost of modernization would place drivers in debt and lead to a crisis in transportation. He said the government should suspend the program indefinitely.
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Transport group PISTON claims that commuters will be hit with an increased fare of at least ₱20. Manibela suggested a minimum fare increase of ₱25 to ₱30 to cover the cost of acquiring a modern jeepney. Research group
4184:
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A 2019 study also showed that majority of commuters prefer to ride an e-jeepney than a conventional jeepney in areas where it is available, as it provides a safer, environment-friendly, and more comfortable ride.
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According to a Development Bank of the Philippines representative, loans for modern jeepneys may only be considered upon the creation and approval of local public transport route plans by local government units.
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A 2023 policy paper by the University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies argues that the high cost of modern jeepneys will result in the cost being borne by commuters.
567:
Kabataan party-list Rep. Raoul Manuel in December 2023 said he hoped that the jeepney phaseout would be canceled to ensure that drivers and small operators would be able to keep their livelihoods.
388:
stated that a number of expenses were overlooked—such as the setting up of charging stations, maintenance, and vehicle insurance—when the jeepney modernization was piloted in General Santos City.
355:' Program assistance to Support Alternative Driving Approaches (PASADA). The program will feature a 5-percent equity for vehicle purchase, 6-percent interest rate and seven-year repayment period.
621:, transport groups argued that the modernization plan violated the right of jeepney drivers to gainful employment and livelihood and would result in worsening social inequality in the country.
3435:
173:(DOTr) of the Philippines in 2017, with the goal of making the country's public transportation system efficient and environmentally friendly by 2020. The program calls for the phasing-out of
235:
monthly pay and benefits, as well as better health. Finally, with less traffic, operators will be able to take more passengers and save money under the franchising plan by pooling services.
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noted how the program displaces single franchise owners, owing to provisions in the law requiring franchises to own a minimum of 20 units, amounting to ₱7 million of capital. Youth group
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Cooperative Development Authority has noted that jeepney driver-operator groups have not been included in technical working groups for the jeepney modernization program. Vice President
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Some jeepney drivers have reported financial losses caused by franchise consolidation. Citing data from the Development Bank of the Philippines and Land Bank of the Philippines,
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The Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board said that 38,000 drivers could lose their jobs, based on the number of unconsolidated jeepneys as of January 2024.
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Utility Jeepneys (PUJs), were flagged down, apprehended and issued summons. To accommodate affected passengers, the Armed Forces of the Philippines offered free rides.
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in June 2017, and they altered the process of issuing jeepney franchises by implementing new route planning criteria and establishing new vehicle and driver standards.
3337:
640:, Melford, Armak, Wild Country, Hayag, and Morales Motors have already lost their jobs owing to uncertainties brought about by the push for the modernization program.
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While reception among the general populace have been positive, some transport groups have criticized the program as it might lead to losses of jobs and businesses.
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A 2023 Senate resolution stated that "the LTFRB should not coerce PUV operators into complying with their guidelines without addressing the sector’s concerns."
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estimates that fares could increase to ₱50 within 5 years (from the current minimum fare of ₱13) owing to the corporatized setup of the modernization program.
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2021:
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held a 3-day strike in November 2023 to protest the PUV Modernization Program. Members of Pasang Masda and FEJODAP joined the strike according to Manibela.
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said in a January 2024 statement that the modernization plan should not be done at the expense of jeepney operators' right to a sustainable livelihood.
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million. Jeepney manufacturer Sarao Motors said fares will increase given the high monthly loan amortization that operators will have to pay to banks.
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they found that PUV modernization wants to ensure the security of passengers and to have an environmentally sustainable mode of transportation.
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said jeepney drivers and operators, as well as the riding public, should be allowed to take part in public consultations regarding the program.
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The House of Representatives was set to begin in January 2024 an inquiry into allegations of corruption relating to the modernization program.
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The program aims to change the current franchising system, revise and introduce new routes and provide education to jeepney drivers.
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said that more than a thousand jeepney drivers and operators were burdened by large debts after joining cooperatives.
338:
189:
1888:
1777:
436:, which led to another transport strike by transport group Pinagkaisang Samahan ng Tsuper and Opereytor Nationwide (
351:
An estimated ₱1.5 billion will be given to transport corporations and cooperatives to purchase new PUVs through the
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The December 31, 2023, deadline for the consolidation of PUV drivers and operators was not extended by President
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Under the OFG, Local Government Units are required to come up with their own Local Public Transport Route Plans.
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1942:"Church, rights body push for 'inclusive, just transition' of jeepney modernization as phaseout deadline looms"
717:
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According to Elmer Francisco of Francisco Motors, many workers at jeepney manufacturers Francisco Motors,
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2003:
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1044:"Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program In The Philippines: Definition, Purpose and Operation"
243:
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These plans will be based on existing and projected travel patterns and will be considered by the
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Transport and youth groups, together with SCMP, calling for economic aid and calling out against
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184:-compliant engine or an electric engine to lessen pollution. Some proposed requirements include
4963:
4789:
4729:
4687:
3934:
3640:
3332:
1778:"'Hodge-podge planning': How DOTr mismanages PUV modernization program, according to senators"
1233:
913:"Socio-Economic and Environmental Analyses of Sustainable Public Transport in the Philippines"
709:
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17:
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further marginalize jeepney drivers. The policy brief contends that public transport is a
433:
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resolution sought to prevent the loss of livelihood among jeepney drivers and operators.
51:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3762:
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2110:"Barriers and Drivers of Transition to Sustainable Public Transport in the Philippines"
297:
in issuing new franchises. Single-unit operators will no longer be granted franchises.
1226:"As the Philippines scraps iconic jeepneys, drivers and operators struggle with costs"
992:"14 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT PUBLIC UTILITY VEHICLES (PUV) MODERNIZATION PROGRAM"
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2221:"Anti-poor? How gov't defends PUV modernization, why jeepney stakeholders oppose it"
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2108:
Guno, Charmaine Samala; Collera, Angelie Azcuna; Agaton, Casper Boongaling (2021).
911:
Agaton, Casper Boongaling; Collera, Angelie Azcuna; Guno, Charmaine Samala (2020).
725:
705:
637:
541:
511:
248:
2079:"Can jeepney fares stay at P15 after modernization? Experts fear it could double"
2004:"Transport groups to stage 2-day strike to protest vs jeepney 'phase-out scheme'"
283:
The Omnibus Franchising Guidelines (OFG) were signed by Transportation Secretary
4856:
3939:
2433:
1763:"Poe, Sotto: Allow old but roadworthy jeepneys on the road | Inquirer News"
1552:"UP paper: Jeepney 'modernization' risks corporate takeover of transport sector"
549:
1916:"Makabayan's Christmas wishlist: Halt jeepney phaseout, secure long-term peace"
1864:"Public feels impact of nationwide strike vs jeepney phaseout, corporatization"
1316:"In numbers: Why jeepney phaseout is anti-poor, will do little for environment"
1154:"DBP TO PROVIDE PHP1.5-B FINANCE FACILITY FOR DOTR'S PUV MODERNIZATION PROGRAM"
4784:
4327:
3984:
3645:
1577:"24 AGENCIES, 20 TRANSPORT GROUPS AND COOPERATIVES PUSH FOR PUV MODERNIZATION"
735:
4939:
1237:
1128:"DBP to provide P1.5-B finance facility for DOTr's PUV Modernization Program"
396:
According to the DOTr, the proposed implementation time frame is as follows:
1971:"Philippine business leaders join call to save jeepneys from phase-out plan"
694:
518:
264:
2319:"LTFRB corruption allegations could be roadblock for jeepney modernization"
1724:"Include jeepney drivers, passengers in PUV modernization talks – Robredo"
1417:"Transport group, Makabayan want jeepney franchise consolidation scrapped"
1367:
2126:
2109:
713:
662:
460:
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2337:"House panel readies probe into alleged corruption in PUV modernization"
3615:
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2402:
1102:"Proposed designs of modernized jeepney models, unveiled to the public"
929:
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772:
174:
81:
2022:"Manibela: ₱25-₱30 jeepney fare needed to cover cost of modernization"
1680:"Despite strike, other transport groups OK with jeepney modernization"
1500:"Jeepney drivers, operators say consolidation caused financial losses"
3620:
2382:"Transport group asks SC to stop April 30 PUV consolidation deadline"
2293:"MANIBELA starts 3-day transport strike vs PUV modernization program"
1469:"A thousand consolidated jeepneys suffered financial loss - Manibela"
181:
2053:"P50 minimum jeepney fare 'seen in 5 years' under PUV modernization"
1285:"Explainer: Why some transport groups support jeepney modernization"
1259:"DOTR SECRETARY TUGADE SAYS PUV MODERNIZATION PROGRAM NOT ANTI-POOR"
1526:"The modernization plan is changing jeepney drivers' lives forever"
895:"Poe: Math shows operators lose in gov't bid to modernize jeepneys"
376:(compared to drivers' current estimated income of ₱2,000 per day).
4048:
3962:
3347:
3164:
2195:"CHR fears PUVMP may jeopardize 'right to sustainable livelihood'"
1889:"IN PHOTOS: Independence Day 2021 protests around the Philippines"
1088:"'Tanggal Bulok, Tanggal Usok' ops sweep off dilapidated jeepneys"
535:
337:
270:
258:
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1706:"Transport strike: Why pick on jeepneys to fix traffic problems?"
1443:"PUV modernization: Understanding defiance of operators, drivers"
798:"Gov't allots P2.2 billion to subsidize PUV modernization –LTFRB"
188:
cameras, an automated fare collection system, speed limiters and
2272:"No classes at all levels, no gov't work on Monday – Malacañang"
185:
4052:
3417:
2406:
2356:"SC asks DOTr, LTFRB to comment on PUV modernization TRO plea"
1655:"Major transport groups to skip 2-day strike slated next week"
851:"EXPLAINER: What's the reason for the 2-day transport strike?"
31:
214:
The program, according to the DOTr, has the following goals:
1804:"Pimentel wants indefinite suspension of PUV modernization"
1342:"[Analysis] The economics of jeepney modernization"
1802:
Santos, Eimor; Mantaring, Jelo Ritzhie (January 3, 2024).
1838:"Senate seeks halt to state's jeepney modernization plan"
964:"Transport group holds strike to oppose jeepney phaseout"
825:"DOTr launches modernization program for jeepneys, buses"
1394:"Marcos extends jeepney consolidation to April 30, 2024"
1208:"DOTr hits Piston 'propaganda' on modernization program"
996:
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION – PHILIPPINES FACEBOOK PAGE
1602:"Public and private sectors push for PUV modernization"
116:
Phase-out and replacement of all PUVs 15 years or older
406:
2019–2020 Highly Urbanized Cities, Rest of the Country
180:
Replacement vehicles are required to have at least a
2246:"Why some transport groups oppose PUV modernization"
865:"Jeepney modernization program kicks off next month"
702:
Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board
295:
Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board
118:
Formation or Participation of Transport Cooperatives
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2143:"38,000 drivers could lose jobs with modernization"
945:"Why some transport groups oppose jeepney phaseout"
544:
hike and jeepney phaseout amidst COVID-19 pandemic.
130:
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88:
4385:Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act
4041:indicate defunct, proposed, or under construction.
2169:"SC asked to press the brakes on jeepney phaseout"
1368:"PBBM: No extension of PUV consolidation deadline"
247:A prototype of a Class II Modernized Jeepney from
161:), formerly and still commonly referred to as the
548:In the House of Representatives, Representative
1649:
1647:
571:livelihoods of jeepney operators and drivers".
403:2018–2019 Metro Manila, Metro Cebu, Metro Davao
986:
984:
654:2023–2024 transport strikes in the Philippines
650:2017–2019 transport strikes in the Philippines
4064:
3429:
2418:
554:Student Christian Movement of the Philippines
8:
3687:Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program
422:Davao Public Transport Modernization Project
163:Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program
69:Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program
68:
3914:Mactan–Cebu International Airport Authority
1749:"Poe: Govt not ready for PUV modernization"
4192:
4071:
4057:
4049:
3720:
3481:
3436:
3422:
3414:
3170:
3004:
2874:
2736:
2681:
2554:
2447:
2425:
2411:
2403:
1914:Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (December 25, 2023).
525:mismanagement and "hodge-podge planning".
67:
27:Type of utility vehicle in the Philippines
4380:Free Internet Access in Public Places Act
2270:Roxas, Pathricia Ann (October 15, 2017).
2125:
1836:Ordoñez, John Victor D. (July 31, 2024).
1627:"PUV modernization program gains support"
1063:"DOTr launches OFG for PUV Modernization"
1018:"DOTr launches PUV Modernization Program"
928:
4991:Public transportation in the Philippines
2141:Cruz, Beatriz Marie (January 10, 2024).
849:Francisco, Katerina (October 16, 2017).
4775:Good conduct time allowance controversy
3919:Clark International Airport Corporation
3464:Department of Public Works and Highways
1392:Bajo, Anna Felicia (January 24, 2024).
789:
708:within 10 days, the April 29 temporary
4996:Road transportation in the Philippines
4959:
3909:Manila International Airport Authority
155:Public Transport Modernization Program
4935:
4450:Community-Based Monitoring System Act
2380:Torres-Tupas, Tech (April 29, 2024).
2219:Yu, Lance Spencer (January 9, 2024).
2167:Santos, Tina G. (December 21, 2023).
1998:
1996:
1964:
1962:
1940:Reyes, Ronald O. (January 16, 2024).
1831:
1829:
1717:
1715:
1550:de Santos, Jonathan (April 2, 2023).
1545:
1543:
1498:Sarao, Zacarian (November 22, 2023).
1467:Velasco, Raheema (January 25, 2024).
1061:Furigay, Charolette (June 20, 2017).
400:Q4 2017 Pilot program in Metro Manila
7:
5006:Duterte administration controversies
4923:
4510:Amendments to the Public Service Act
4415:Philippine Identification System Act
4298:Public Utility Vehicle modernization
2193:Relativo, James (January 12, 2024).
1862:Salamat, Marya (February 27, 2017).
1776:Tuquero, Loreben (October 3, 2019).
1283:Yu, Lance Spencer (March 14, 2023).
906:
904:
632:Job loss among jeepney manufacturers
617:In a 2023 petition filed before the
556:(SCMP) slammed President Duterte on
267:Class II Jeepney prototype by Centro
4106:Davao City 1st district Congressman
2354:Torres-Tupas, Tetc (May 14, 2024).
2077:Yu, Lance Spencer (April 8, 2024).
2051:Relativo, James (January 3, 2024).
2028:. December 28, 2023. Archived from
1441:Peña, Kurt Dela (January 4, 2024).
564:policies such as jeepney phaseout.
353:Development Bank of the Philippines
4465:Transnational Higher Education Act
4420:Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act
3843:Philippine Nautical Highway System
3604:Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service
3469:Office for Transportation Security
1340:Punongbayan, JC (March 10, 2023).
728:Attorney Camille Sue Mae L. Ting.
25:
4505:Department of Migrant Workers Act
4253:Revolutionary government proposal
4102:(2013–2016, 2001–2010, 1988–1998)
3445:Transportation in the Philippines
1969:Robles, Raissa (April 30, 2024).
1722:Cepeda, Mara (October 23, 2017).
1524:Bueno, Anna (December 18, 2020).
823:Talabong, Rambo (June 19, 2017).
768:Transportation in the Philippines
443:Gabriela Women's Party-list Rep.
386:Philippine Transportation Journal
328:Automated fare collection systems
301:Crackdown on dilapidated vehicles
224:Disciplined and competent drivers
108:Safety and environmental concerns
4958:
4946:
4934:
4922:
4911:
4910:
4832:2020–2022 Taal Volcano eruptions
4780:Shutdown of ABS-CBN broadcasting
4582:
4575:
3398:
3397:
3386:
1180:"PUV modernization gains ground"
1042:Kasilag, Jacob (June 30, 2021).
752:
738:
687:Supreme Court of the Philippines
342:Interior of a new modern jeepney
334:New exits on the right-hand side
74:
36:
4495:Alternative Learning System Act
4490:Bayanihan to Recover as One Act
1016:Patena, Aerol (June 20, 2017).
507:cities throughout the country.
4480:National Academy of Sports Act
4018:Transportation in Metro Manila
4013:Traffic law in the Philippines
3978:Legazpi Grand Central Terminal
3973:Santa Rosa Integrated Terminal
3677:No Contact Apprehension Policy
2114:World Electric Vehicle Journal
1206:Rey, Aika (October 15, 2017).
1:
3682:Number coding in Metro Manila
3564:Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System
1415:Cruz, RG (December 7, 2023).
1314:Rivas, Ralf (March 6, 2023).
560:2021 as a "puppet" enforcing
417:Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System
18:Jeepney modernization program
4817:Water crisis in Metro Manila
4762:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino
4475:Bayanihan to Heal as One Act
4094:President of the Philippines
4023:Transportation in Metro Cebu
3731:Philippine National Railways
3459:Department of Transportation
2892:Business process outsourcing
1581:Department of Transportation
1263:Department of Transportation
1158:Department of Transportation
698:Department of Transportation
197:Land Bank of the Philippines
171:Department of Transportation
169:), is a program made by the
4526:State of the Nation Address
4375:Anti-Distracted Driving Act
4318:Canadian waste repatriation
4313:Repatriation of Kuwait OFWs
4283:K-12 implementation process
3868:Maritime Industry Authority
3702:Vehicle registration plates
3662:Anti-Distracted Driving Act
778:Taxicabs of the Philippines
5032:
4822:30th Southeast Asian Games
4756:Mula sa Masa, Para sa Masa
4735:Diehard Duterte Supporters
4395:Ease of Doing Business Law
4340:COVID-19 pandemic response
4268:Burial of Ferdinand Marcos
4150:Administration and cabinet
3858:Philippine Ports Authority
647:
626:Commission on Human Rights
471:Risk of corporate takeover
4872:
4725:Hugpong sa Tawong Lungsod
4573:
4435:Universal Health Care Act
4328:Manila Bay rehabilitation
4086:
4036:
3780:Metro Manila Rail Network
3369:
3007:
2877:
2684:
2557:
2386:Philippine Daily Inquirer
2360:Philippine Daily Inquirer
2173:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1920:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1504:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1447:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1366:Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey.
962:KG (September 25, 2017).
384:A study published in the
142:Transportation Secretary
73:
45:This article needs to be
4112:Vice Mayor of Davao City
3899:Civil Aviation Authority
2796:House of Representatives
2689:Administrative divisions
1975:South China Morning Post
722:House of Representatives
619:Philippine Supreme Court
218:Safe and comfy transport
4827:2019 Reed Bank incident
4440:Magna Carta of the Poor
4114:(2010–2013, 1986–1987 (
4028:Metro Manila Dream Plan
3995:Cebu South Bus Terminal
3990:Cebu North Bus Terminal
3904:Civil Aeronautics Board
689:, instead of issuing a
428:Franchise consolidation
4785:PhilHealth controversy
4430:Rice Tariffication Law
4410:Bangsamoro Organic Law
4303:Boracay rehabilitation
4243:Freedom of Information
3968:Metro Manila terminals
3509:Pan-Philippine Highway
3393:Philippines portal
2937:Science and technology
1372:Philippine News Agency
669:Corruption allegations
583:Possible fare increase
545:
411:Complementary Programs
343:
280:
268:
256:
100:Transportation program
4842:Red-tagging incidents
4770:Dengvaxia controversy
4563:August 7, 2016 speech
4500:BFP Modernization Act
4470:Malasakit Centers Act
4350:vaccination programme
4345:community quarantines
4333:Manila Dolomite Beach
4288:Marawi rehabilitation
3348:Sport and martial art
2764:Executive departments
1232:. February 27, 2023.
951:. September 26, 2017.
746:Transportation portal
714:supplemental petition
685:On May 14, 2024, the
603:Effect on livelihoods
539:
341:
274:
262:
246:
4878:← Benigno Aquino III
4720:Hugpong ng Pagbabago
4715:Coalition For Change
4460:Philippine Space Act
4278:Proclamation No. 216
4237:Philippines v. China
4229:Build! Build! Build!
3955:Intermodal terminals
3213:Fashion and clothing
3054:Environmental issues
2981:Water and sanitation
2818:Regional Trial Court
2663:World Heritage Sites
2127:10.3390/wevj12010046
1765:. December 11, 2017.
1708:. February 27, 2017.
1134:. September 10, 2017
897:. December 10, 2017.
221:Reliable travel time
80:A modern jeepney in
4796:Domestic incidents
4664:Elizabeth Zimmerman
4273:Proclamation No. 55
4170:Impeachment efforts
4160:International trips
4100:Mayor of Davao City
3863:Cebu Port Authority
3667:Automotive industry
3203:Cultural properties
2969:Tourist attractions
2516:Japanese occupation
2325:. October 10, 2023.
2299:. November 22, 2023
2010:. October 15, 2017.
1814:on January 10, 2024
1536:on October 4, 2023.
1479:on January 27, 2024
1090:. January 23, 2018.
875:on October 22, 2017
70:
5016:2019 controversies
5011:2018 controversies
5001:Decorated vehicles
4811:Republic v. Sereno
4485:Anti-Terrorism Act
4293:2017 ASEAN Summits
4263:Executive Order 26
4258:Executive Order 10
3817:Davao People Mover
3514:Metro Manila roads
3218:Historical markers
3076:Indigenous peoples
2952:Telecommunications
2726:Political families
2567:Biosphere reserves
2343:. January 7, 2024.
2032:on January 4, 2024
1686:. October 17, 2017
1108:. October 12, 2017
930:10.3390/su12114720
760:Philippines portal
546:
344:
331:Front-facing seats
281:
279:Modernized Jeepney
269:
257:
4973:
4972:
4885:Bongbong Marcos →
4837:COVID-19 pandemic
4805:Mangkhut (Ompong)
4790:Pharmally scandal
4730:Davao Death Squad
4688:Sebastian Duterte
4672:(common-law wife)
4670:Honeylet Avanceña
4624:2016 presidential
4571:
4570:
4400:Mental Health Act
4248:AFP modernization
4046:
4045:
3853:Pasig River Ferry
3826:
3825:
3710:
3709:
3580:Davao Bus Project
3411:
3410:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3275:Traditional games
3110:Income inequality
3093:Human trafficking
2994:
2993:
2957:Telephone numbers
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2731:Political parties
2704:Foreign relations
2671:
2670:
2544:
2543:
2529:Marcos presidency
2520:Postcolonial era
1396:. GMA News Online
1295:on August 8, 2024
1230:The Straits Times
710:restraining order
609:Kilusang Mayo Uno
230:Spacious jeepneys
151:
150:
66:
65:
16:(Redirected from
5023:
4962:
4961:
4950:
4938:
4937:
4926:
4925:
4914:
4913:
4586:
4579:
4193:
4155:Executive orders
4073:
4066:
4059:
4050:
4006:Related articles
3945:Expressway tolls
3754:Mindanao Railway
3721:
3482:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3415:
3401:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3171:
3125:Overseas workers
3047:Higher education
3005:
2875:
2813:Court of Appeals
2769:Executive office
2737:
2682:
2555:
2496:Pre-colonial era
2448:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2089:on July 21, 2024
2085:. Archived from
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1977:. Archived from
1966:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1810:. Archived from
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1532:. Archived from
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1475:. Archived from
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1291:. Archived from
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1178:Iglesias, Myla.
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
988:
979:
978:
976:
974:
959:
953:
952:
941:
935:
934:
932:
908:
899:
898:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
871:. Archived from
861:
855:
854:
846:
840:
839:
837:
835:
820:
814:
813:
811:
809:
794:
762:
757:
756:
755:
748:
743:
742:
724:, said SC Court
558:Independence Day
455:Financial losses
227:Fair regulations
78:
71:
61:
58:
52:
40:
39:
32:
21:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5020:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4893:← Jejomar Binay
4868:
4852:Vamco (Ulysses)
4800:Siege of Marawi
4750:Mocha Uson Blog
4693:
4658:Soledad Duterte
4652:Vicente Duterte
4640:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4567:
4514:
4361:
4357:Balik Probinsya
4191:
4121:
4082:
4080:Rodrigo Duterte
4077:
4047:
4042:
4032:
4001:
3949:
3923:
3877:
3873:Josefa Slipways
3822:
3768:
3748:South Main Line
3742:North Main Line
3706:
3672:Driving license
3650:
3540:
3473:
3447:
3442:
3412:
3407:
3387:
3385:
3357:
3284:
3253:Public holidays
3169:
3098:Sex trafficking
2990:
2856:
2774:Law enforcement
2735:
2667:
2631:Protected areas
2540:
2509:American period
2477:
2437:
2431:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2297:GMA News Online
2291:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2199:Philippine Star
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2057:Philippine Star
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1981:on May 15, 2024
1968:
1967:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1895:. June 12, 2021
1887:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1684:GMA News Online
1678:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1606:Manila Bulletin
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1556:Philippine Star
1549:
1548:
1541:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1067:Business Mirror
1060:
1059:
1055:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
990:
989:
982:
972:
970:
961:
960:
956:
943:
942:
938:
910:
909:
902:
893:
892:
888:
878:
876:
869:CNN Philippines
863:
862:
858:
848:
847:
843:
833:
831:
822:
821:
817:
807:
805:
802:GMA News Online
796:
795:
791:
786:
758:
753:
751:
744:
737:
734:
693:, required the
683:
671:
656:
646:
634:
624:The Philippine
605:
590:IBON Foundation
585:
504:
491:
486:
473:
457:
434:Bongbong Marcos
430:
413:
394:
382:
380:Others expenses
373:
349:
312:
303:
253:Almazora Motors
241:
209:
138:Rodrigo Duterte
117:
84:
62:
56:
53:
50:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5029:
5027:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4978:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4919:
4906:
4905:
4903:Sara Duterte →
4900:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4807:
4802:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4766:Controversies
4764:
4759:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4685:
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4455:Sagip Saka Act
4452:
4447:
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4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
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4325:
4323:ICC withdrawal
4320:
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4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
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4145:First 100 days
4142:
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4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4103:
4097:
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3848:Shipping lines
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3763:Panay Railways
3759:
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3727:
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3529:Mindanao roads
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3250:
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3102:
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3100:
3090:
3085:
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3078:
3068:
3067:
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3061:
3059:Climate change
3051:
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3049:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2995:
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2976:Transportation
2973:
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2959:
2949:
2944:
2942:Stock exchange
2939:
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2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2636:National parks
2628:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2604:Extreme points
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2582:Climate change
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2534:Fifth Republic
2531:
2526:
2524:Third Republic
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2504:Spanish period
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
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2237:
2211:
2185:
2159:
2147:Business World
2133:
2100:
2069:
2043:
2013:
1992:
1958:
1932:
1906:
1880:
1854:
1842:Business World
1825:
1794:
1768:
1754:
1740:
1711:
1697:
1671:
1643:
1631:Journal Online
1618:
1593:
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1516:
1490:
1459:
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1008:
980:
954:
936:
917:Sustainability
900:
886:
856:
841:
815:
804:. July 2, 2017
788:
787:
785:
782:
781:
780:
775:
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682:
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645:
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401:
393:
390:
381:
378:
372:
371:Debt repayment
369:
348:
345:
336:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
319:Euro 4 engines
311:
308:
302:
299:
251:coachbuilt by
240:
239:Implementation
237:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
208:
205:
149:
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140:
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14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5028:
5017:
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4908:
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4891:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4863:
4862:Megi (Agaton)
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
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4833:
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4778:
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4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4745:Duterte Youth
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:18th Congress
4708:
4706:
4705:17th Congress
4703:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4676:Paolo Duterte
4674:
4671:
4668:
4666:(former wife)
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4627:
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4607:
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4578:
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4503:
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4428:
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4309:
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4299:
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4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4224:DuterteNomics
4222:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4185:SONA protests
4183:
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4178:
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4019:
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3996:
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3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3810:Cebu Monorail
3807:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
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3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3597:EDSA Carousel
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3555:Bus companies
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:Visayas roads
3522:
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3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
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3404:
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3380:
3377:
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3371:
3368:
3354:
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3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:Sign language
3341:
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3331:
3329:
3326:
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3321:
3319:
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3095:
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3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:Ethnic groups
3069:
3065:
3064:Deforestation
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
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2922:National debt
2920:
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2917:Fiscal policy
2915:
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2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
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2828:
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2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Supreme Court
2806:
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2801:
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3135:Prostitution
3032:Demographics
2902:Central bank
2845:Marine Corps
2825:Armed Forces
2709:Human rights
2694:Constitution
2643:Ramsar sites
2389:. Retrieved
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313:
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4405:E-NIPAS Act
4367:Legislation
4108:(1998–2001)
4096:(2016–2022)
3519:Luzon roads
3492:Expressways
3105:Immigration
2907:Child labor
2882:Agriculture
2852:Coast Guard
2786:Legislative
2721:Legal codes
2594:Earthquakes
2458:Archaeology
2434:Philippines
2277:October 16,
2230:January 11,
2204:January 12,
2152:January 13,
2062:January 11,
2036:January 11,
1951:January 23,
1925:January 12,
1899:December 2,
1818:January 10,
1690:October 17,
1664:October 12,
1561:January 11,
1452:January 13,
1426:January 12,
1400:January 25,
1351:January 13,
1268:October 16,
1212:Rappler.com
1191:October 16,
1163:October 16,
1138:October 16,
1132:Interaksyon
1112:October 16,
1072:October 16,
1027:October 16,
1022:Interaksyon
1001:October 16,
973:October 17,
879:October 16,
834:October 16,
829:Rappler.com
681:Legal issue
550:Sarah Elago
478:public good
265:Isuzu QKR77
4980:Categories
4952:Wikisource
4684:(daughter)
4210:Federalism
4135:Transition
4127:Presidency
3985:Metro Cebu
3795:Manila MRT
3790:Manila LRT
3692:Road signs
3646:UV Express
3452:Government
3328:Great Seal
3265:Psychology
3228:Literature
3223:Inventions
3022:Corruption
3017:Censorship
2887:Automotive
2748:Executive
2741:Government
2599:Ecoregions
2491:Prehistory
2483:Chronology
1377:January 1,
784:References
695:defendants
648:See also:
579:families.
562:neoliberal
310:Prototypes
192:monitors.
136:President
4964:Wikiquote
4592:Elections
4425:DHSUD Act
4390:TRAIN Law
4308:NTF-ELCAC
3940:BeepRides
3258:Festivals
3243:Mythology
3155:Squatting
3150:Sexuality
3120:Languages
3042:Education
2986:ZIP codes
2830:Air Force
2779:President
2699:Elections
2653:Volcanoes
2626:Mountains
2550:Geography
2473:Political
2451:Overviews
2120:(1): 46.
2093:August 2,
1847:August 1,
1586:April 14,
1238:0585-3923
542:oil price
519:Grace Poe
502:Criticism
484:Reception
347:Financing
4940:Wikidata
4916:Category
4660:(mother)
4654:(father)
4629:campaign
4519:Speeches
4197:Policies
4180:timeline
4175:Protests
3894:Airlines
3889:Airports
3882:Aviation
3801:SkyTrain
3785:Stations
3736:Stations
3724:Railways
3641:Kuliglig
3631:Trisikad
3626:Tricycle
3611:Bicycles
3545:Vehicles
3504:Highways
3403:Category
3333:Language
3145:Religion
3140:Refugees
3083:Genetics
3012:Abortion
2947:Taxation
2803:Judicial
2677:Politics
2658:Wildlife
2587:Typhoons
2468:Military
1873:July 21,
1868:Bulatlat
1787:July 21,
1733:July 21,
1636:June 21,
1611:June 21,
968:GMA News
949:Philstar
732:See also
700:and the
663:Manibela
644:Protests
517:Senator
461:Manibela
277:Tata 407
175:jeepneys
57:May 2024
4928:Commons
4698:Related
4445:4Ps Act
4039:Italics
3928:Payment
3636:Taxicab
3616:Jeepney
3592:BGC Bus
3536:Bridges
3374:Outline
3290:Symbols
3198:Cuisine
3175:Culture
3130:Poverty
3115:Kinship
3037:Divorce
3000:Society
2964:Tourism
2870:Economy
2752:Cabinet
2614:islands
2577:Climate
2572:Borders
2463:Economy
2443:History
2391:May 16,
2365:May 16,
2225:Rappler
2083:Rappler
1985:May 17,
1946:SunStar
1893:RAPPLER
1782:Rappler
1728:Rappler
1346:Rappler
1320:Rappler
1289:Rappler
773:Jeepney
489:Support
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4645:Family
3621:Kalesa
3576:Davao
3318:Flower
3298:Anthem
3270:Sports
3193:Cinema
3088:Health
2912:Energy
2897:Census
2791:Senate
2648:Rivers
1236:
1185:Malaya
718:PISTON
706:Answer
438:PISTON
392:Phases
359:2020.
182:Euro 4
123:Budget
113:Target
4690:(son)
4678:(son)
4215:9-1-1
4165:Polls
3963:Luzon
3838:Ports
3831:Water
3655:Other
3570:MyBus
3559:Cebu
3485:Roads
3338:Motto
3238:Music
3233:Media
3208:Dance
3165:Pinoy
3160:Women
3027:Crime
2927:Labor
2757:lists
2621:Lakes
207:Goals
167:PUVMP
105:Cause
4556:2021
4551:2020
4546:2019
4541:2018
4536:2017
4531:2016
4219:8888
4217:and
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3716:Rail
3551:Bus
3497:List
3478:Road
3353:Tree
3313:Flag
3303:Bird
3248:Name
3188:Arts
2932:Peso
2840:Navy
2835:Army
2714:LGBT
2562:Bays
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2367:2024
2305:2023
2279:2017
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2180:2023
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1270:2017
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1234:ISSN
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1106:UNTV
1074:2017
1029:2017
1003:2017
975:2017
881:2017
836:2017
810:2018
652:and
195:The
186:CCTV
159:PTMP
153:The
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89:Date
4116:OIC
3323:Gem
2122:doi
2026:CNN
1808:CNN
1530:CNN
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