541:, acknowledge his advocacy for a one-button mouse but say that it was a decision reached simultaneously by others at Apple who had stronger authority on the issue. Raskin later stated that were he to redesign the mouse, it would have three clearly labeled buttons—two buttons on top marked "Select" and "Activate", and a "Grab" button on the side that could be used by squeezing the mouse. It has the three described buttons (two invisible), but they are assigned to different functions than Raskin specified for his own interface and can be customized.
80:
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first year; however, Hertzfeld describes Raskin's relationship to the drastically different finished Mac product more like that of an "eccentric great uncle" than its father. In Jobs's "Lost
Interview" from 1996, he refers to the Macintosh as a product of team effort while acknowledging Raskin's early role. Jobs reportedly co-opted some of Raskin's leadership philosophies, such as when he wrote the slogan on the Macintosh group's easel, "It's better to be a pirate than to join the Navy."
458:
678:" in user interface design, claiming that easy to use interfaces are often due to exposure to previous, similar systems, thus the term "familiar" should be preferred. Aiming for "intuitive" interfaces (based on reusing existing skills with interaction systems) could lead designers to discard a better design solution only because it would require a novel approach.
25:
257:(UCSD), but quit to teach art, photography, and computer science there. He worked as an assistant professor in the Visual Arts department from 1968 until 1974. There, he presented shows about toys as works of art. Raskin announced his resignation from the assistant professorship by flying over the Chancellor's house in a hot air balloon. He was awarded a
772:, Aviva, and Aenea, with honorary surrogate siblings R. Fureigh and Jenna Mandis. In 1985, Raskin described his house as "practically one large playground", with secret doors and passageways, an auditorium that seats 185, and a model airplane room. He said, "I decided when I grew up I was not going to give up the things I liked doing, and I've not."
394:
In
January 1978, Raskin joined Apple as Manager of Publications, the company's 31st employee. For some time he continued as Director of Publications and New Product Review, and also worked on packaging and other issues. He had concealed his degree in computer science, out of concern for cultural bias
323:
by
Collins in under a week. Later versions of the language utilized "typing amplification" in which only the first letter is typed and the computer provides the balance of the instruction eliminating typing errors. It was also the basis for programming classes taught by Raskin and Collins in the UCSD
582:
that the "Canon Cat is coming" months before it was available, Canon failed to follow through, never airing the completed TV advertisement at launch, only allowed the Cat to be sold by its typewriter sales people, and prevented Raskin from selling the Cat directly with a TV demonstration of how easy
548:
remembered Raskin's reputation for often inaccurately claiming to have invented various technologies. Raskin's resume from 2002 lends credence by stating he was "Creator of
Macintosh computer at Apple Computer, Inc." Raskin conceived and solely supervised the Macintosh project for approximately its
536:
Raskin is credited as one of the first to introduce Jobs and the Lisa engineers to the PARC concepts, though he ultimately dismissed PARC's technology and opposed the use of the mouse. Raskin claimed to have had continued direct input into the eventual Mac design, including the decision to use a
497:
and floppy drive, in a small case. It was text only, as Raskin disliked the computer mouse or anything else that could take his hands from the keyboard. Several basic applications were built into the machine, selectable by pressing function keys. The machine included logic to understand user
485:
from the Apple
Service Department, which was located in the same building as the Publications Department. Secretly bypassing Jobs's ego and authority by continually securing permission and funding directly at the executive level, Raskin created and solely supervised the Macintosh project for
441:, he stated that expandable computers like the Apple II were too complex, and development was difficult due to the unknown nature of the machine the program ran on. The machine he envisioned was very different from the Macintosh that was eventually released and had much more in common with
327:
Raskin curated several art shows including one featuring his collection of unusual toys, and presenting toys as works of art. During this period, he changed the spelling of his name from "Jeff" to "Jef" after having met Jon
Collins and liking the lack of extraneous letters.
249:
due to differences of opinion with his advisor. Even though he had completed work typical for a PhD, the university was not accredited for a PhD in computer science. The first original computer application he wrote was a music application as part of his master's thesis.
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it was to use. Shortly thereafter, the stock market crash of 1987 so panicked
Information Appliance's venture capitalists that they drained millions of dollars from the company, depriving it of the capital needed to be able to manufacture and sell the Swyft.
385:
Programming Manual. Raskin said "I was talking fifty dollars a page. They talked fifty dollars for the whole manual." Upon the Apple II unit with the serial number of "2", he reportedly wrote "a literate manual that became a standard for the young industry".
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at
Humanized, a company that was started shortly after Raskin's death to continue his legacy. Humanized released Enso, a linguistic command-line interface, which is based on Jef's work and dedicated in his memory. In early 2008, Humanized became part of
595:
Raskin was a long-time member of BAYCHI, the Bay-Area
Computer-Human Interface group, a professional organization for human-interface designers. He presented papers on his own work, reviewed the human interfaces of various consumer products (such as a
498:
intentions and switch programs dynamically. For instance, if the user simply started typing text it switched into editor mode, and if numbers are typed it switched to calculator mode. In many cases these switches were largely invisible to the user.
490:, securing office space, and recruiting and managing the original staff. Author Steven Levy said, "It was Raskin who provided the powerful vision of a computer whose legacy would be low cost, high utility, and a groundbreaking friendliness."
710:, target shooter, bicycle racer and an occasional model race car driver. He was a passionate musician and composer, publishing a series of collected recorder studies using the pseudonym of Aabel Aabius. In his later years he also wrote
572:. Released in 1987, the unit had an innovative interface that attracted much interest but it did not become a commercial success. Raskin claimed that its failure was due in some part to Steve Jobs, who successfully pitched Canon on the
655:
to mean "the ergonomics of the mind". According to Raskin Center, "Cognetics brings interface design out of the mystic realm of guruism, transforming it into an engineering discipline with a rigorous theoretical framework."
698:
as part of its permanent collection, the Los
Angeles County Museum of Art, and the University of California, San Diego. He received a patent for airplane wing construction, and designed and marketed radio controlled model
663:, one of the first user experience design companies. It is also used to describe educational programs intended to foster thinking skills in grades 3-12 (US) and for Cognetics, Inc., an economic research firm founded by
395:
against academia among the hobby-driven personal computer industry. He explained, "If they had known ... they might not have let me in the company, because there was such an antiacademic bias in the early Apple days."
398:
From his responsibility for documentation and testing, Raskin had great influence on early engineering projects. Because the Apple II only displayed uppercase characters on a 40-column screen, his department used the
603:
At the start of the new millennium, Raskin undertook the building of a new computer interface based on his 30 years of work and research, called The Humane Environment, THE. On January 1, 2005, he renamed it
533:, who around then had been co-leading the Macintosh team with Raskin, was on hiatus from the company following a traumatic airplane accident, allowing Jobs to take managerial lead over the project.
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containing an integrated application suite, also released on a disk as SwyftWare. Information Appliance later developed the Swyft as a stand-alone laptop computer. Raskin licensed this design to
2131:
560:
Raskin left Apple in 1982 and formed Information Appliance, Inc. to implement the concepts of his original Macintosh concept. The first product is the SwyftCard, a firmware card for the
576:
at about the same time. It has also been suggested that Canon canceled the Cat due to internal rivalries within its divisions. After running a cryptic full page advertisement in the
283:
programming language for use in teaching programming to the art and humanities students. The language was first used at the Humanities Summer Training Institute held in 1970 at the
403:(an Intel-8080-based machine running a proprietary operating system called Exec) to write documentation; this spurred the development of an 80-column display card and a suitable
2272:
1625:
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730:, and computing journals. One of his favorite pastimes was to play music with his children. He accompanied them on the piano while they played or sang while going through old
437:
was under development in 1978 and '79, Raskin was lobbying for Apple to create a radically different kind of computer that was designed from the start to be easy to use. In
1316:
Burr, J. et al., Cognetics: Thinking Skills Activities in Inventions/Technology and Science. Teacher's Manual and Student Manual. Philadelphia, PA: RBS Publications, 1992.
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Best known as a computer scientist, Raskin had other interests. He conducted the San Francisco Chamber Opera Society and played various instruments, including the
1474:
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1271:
740:
He was a toy designer. He designed Space Expander, a hanging cloth maze for a person to walk through. He designed Bloxes, a set of interlocking wood blocks.
552:
Apple acknowledged Raskin's role after he had left the company by gifting him the millionth Macintosh computer, with an engraved brass plaque on the front.
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The Archy project never included a functional ZUI, but a third party developed a commercial application called Raskin inspired by the same
760:, wherein he said: "Unlike science, nursing theory has no built-in mechanisms for rejecting falsehoods, tautologies, and irrelevancies."
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Through this time, Raskin continually wrote memos about how the personal computer could become a true consumer appliance. While the
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inspired him to design a competing product, called Notzo BASIC, which was never implemented. When Wozniak developed the first
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The prototype was similar in power to the Apple II and included a small 9-inch (230 mm) black-and-white character
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approximately its first year. This included selecting the name of his favorite apple, writing the mission document
442:
38:
1968:
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737:
Raskin owned Jef's Friends, a small company which made model airplane kits, which were sold through hobby shops.
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car he'd been asked to review), and discussed the work of his colleagues in various companies and universities.
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The term cognetics had earlier been coined and trademarked by Charles Kreitzberg in 1982 when he started
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616:. In the same period, Raskin accepted an appointment as Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at the
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one-button mouse as part of the Apple interface, instead of PARC's 3-button mouse. Others, including
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337:. He formed a company named Bannister and Crun, which was named for two characters playing in the
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It was clear that Macintosh was the most interesting thing at Apple—and Steve Jobs took it over.
246:
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for the Apple II, Raskin went back to his contacts at UCSD and encouraged them to port the UCSD
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529:-based Lisa design to Raskin's appliance-computing, "computers-by-the-millions" concept.
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972:"Steve Wozniak on Newton, Tesla, and why the original Macintosh was a 'lousy' product"
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2003:
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Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything
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624:, started designing a new curriculum on humane interfaces and computer enterprises.
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project in 1979 to implement some of these ideas. He later hired his former student
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Along with his undergraduate student Jonathan (Jon) Collins, Raskin developed the
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Raskin published a paper highly critical of pseudoscience in nursing, such as
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One of Raskin's instruments was the organ. In 1978 he published an article in
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521:'s attention drew toward Raskin's Macintosh project, intending to combine the
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2013:
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Audio interviews with Jef Raskin and photos from various periods of his life
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608:. It is a system incarnating his concepts of the humane interface, by using
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Jef Raskin married Linda S. Blum in 1982. They had three children together—
24:
1983:
1958:
1948:
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592:(2000), in which he developed his ideas about human-computer interfaces.
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374:
319:) and can not manipulate numbers. The language was first implemented in
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381:. Jobs hired Raskin's company Bannister and Crun to write the Apple II
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grant to establish a Computer and Humanities center which used several
218:
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1454:"Rogerian nursing theory: A humbug in the halls of higher learning".
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262:
456:
382:
226:
1090:"Steve Jobs: The Exclusive Biography by Walter Isaacson – review"
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passed down from his father. They routinely improvised together.
651:
Raskin expanded the meaning of the term "cognetics" in his book
2113:
1637:
1392:"The AMA History Project Presents: Autobiography of Jef Raskin"
1559:"THE MAC AND ME: 15 Years of Life with the Macintosh (Part 2)"
1524:"THE MAC AND ME: 15 Years of Life with the Macintosh (Part 1)"
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338:
18:
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Raskin occasionally wrote for computer publications, such as
1272:
Raskin fĂĽr Mac: Dateien und Ordner aus der Vogelperspektive
1254:
1354:, Communications of the ACM. 37:9, September 1994, pg. 17.
856:"In High-Tech Silicon Valley, Entrepreneurs Turn to Toys"
253:
Raskin later enrolled in a graduate music program at the
1502:"Jef Raskin, 61, Developer of Apple Macintosh, Is Dead"
1173:"Jef Raskin, 61, Developer of Apple Macintosh, Is Dead"
373:
in their garage workshop following the debut of their
1572:(3). Computer History Association of California: 21.
627:
His work is being extended and carried on by his son
173:; March 9, 1943 – February 26, 2005) was an American
1537:(4). Computer History Association of California: 9.
1854:
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426:) to it, which Apple later licensed and shipped as
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93:
70:
1075:"Steve Jobs, Jef Raskin, and The Humane Interface"
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1213:. Humanized Inc. January 16, 2008. Archived from
568:, which shipped a similar desktop product as the
1624:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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197:to a secular Jewish family, whose surname is a
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1649:
1606:. Archived from the original on March 3, 2005
960:Jef Raskin, "Computers by the Millions", 1979
8:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
674:Raskin discouraged using the informal term "
365:Raskin first met Apple Computer co-founders
2273:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in California
177:expert who conceived and began leading the
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2118:
2110:
1656:
1642:
1634:
714:articles for Macintosh magazines, such as
694:. His artwork was displayed at New York's
612:elements within his rendition of a ZUI or
465:has slight resemblance to Raskin's design.
407:for the Apple II. His experiences testing
291:. The language has only seven statements (
78:
67:
620:'s Computer Science Department and, with
1587:from the original on September 23, 2017.
1552:from the original on September 23, 2017.
1259:Raskin Apps / Media, Raskin Software LLC
749:on using computers with the instrument.
49:of all important aspects of the article.
1255:"Raskin - Beyond Desktop - Raskin Beta"
803:
16:American computer scientist (1943–2005)
2278:Human–computer interaction researchers
1617:
1429:"The Microcomputer and the Pipe Organ"
1237:"Raskin, A Finder Replacement for Mac"
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
1500:Elliott, Andrea (February 28, 2005).
1408:from the original on December 3, 2019
1171:Elliott, Andrea (February 28, 2005).
854:Pollack, Andrew (December 25, 1985).
7:
2283:Pennsylvania State University alumni
556:Pioneering the information appliance
1286:Anderson, Clifford (October 2007).
999:Appendix A, Pg. 209, last paragraph
783:, on February 26, 2005, at age 61.
255:University of California, San Diego
205:nickname for Rachel. He received a
1154:"More Antique Apples on the Block"
706:He was said to be an accomplished
544:In 2005, Macintosh project member
14:
2141:Original Macintosh developer team
1033:. January 8, 2002. Archived from
1010:"Steve Jobs - The Lost Interview"
2288:People from Pacifica, California
1123:. New York: Currency/Doubleday.
828:"A conversation with Jef Raskin"
422:(incorporating a version of the
23:
1604:"Raskin Family Press Statement"
1365:"Jef Raskin – Curriculum Vitae"
1288:"Thumbnail: Charlie Kreitzberg"
1088:Leith, Sam (October 25, 2011).
1031:"Jef Raskin - Curriculum Vitae"
974:. June 27, 2013. Archived from
718:, and many modeling magazines,
477:from UCSD to Apple, along with
377:personal computer at the first
37:may be too short to adequately
1327:"The Little Engine That Could"
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
2293:Stony Brook University alumni
1057:"The Father Of The Macintosh"
883:"The Father Of The Macintosh"
779:in December 2004 and died in
245:, after having switched from
243:Pennsylvania State University
2253:American computer scientists
1399:Academy of Model Aeronautics
811:Jef Raskin, "Meeting Merlin"
84:Raskin holds a model of the
1594:from Interaction-Design.org
1522:Raskin, Jef (August 1995).
1211:"Humanized Joining Mozilla"
517:team had "kicked him out",
424:Pascal programming language
259:National Science Foundation
2319:
2303:21st-century American Jews
2258:20th-century American Jews
1592:Publications by Jef Raskin
1427:Raskin, Jef (March 1978).
2147:
1352:Intuitive equals familiar
439:Computers by the Millions
379:West Coast Computer Faire
233:. In 1967, he received a
77:
1557:Raskin, Jef (May 1996).
1475:"Humbug: Nursing Theory"
401:PolyMorphic Systems 8813
324:Visual Arts Department.
276:which were more common.
189:Early life and education
175:human–computer interface
139:human–computer interface
2298:Writers from California
193:Jef Raskin was born in
149:Linda S. Blum (m. 1982)
2268:Canon (company) people
775:He was diagnosed with
614:Zooming User Interface
505:
466:
231:Stony Brook University
1666:history of Apple Inc.
1566:The Analytical Engine
1531:The Analytical Engine
793:Information appliance
661:Cognetics Corporation
618:University of Chicago
586:Raskin wrote a book,
488:The Book of Macintosh
460:
2263:Apple Inc. employees
1630:, February 27, 2005.
1390:Raskin, Jef (2002).
1298:on February 22, 2012
1191:The Humane Interface
997:The Humane Interface
893:on November 1, 2007.
781:Pacifica, California
696:Museum of Modern Art
653:The Humane Interface
589:The Humane Interface
313:IF IT IS " " JUMP TO
285:University of Kansas
127:Pacifica, California
1664:Key figures in the
1217:on January 20, 2008
579:Wall Street Journal
513:In 1981, after the
469:Raskin started the
185:in the late 1970s.
1761:Katherine L. Adams
1506:The New York Times
1456:Skeptical Inquirer
1331:The New York Times
1177:The New York Times
1115:Malone, Michael S.
1037:on October 3, 2003
467:
334:Dr. Dobb's Journal
247:mathematical logic
2225:
2224:
2107:
2106:
2024:Peter Oppenheimer
1924:Jean-Louis Gassée
1786:Dominic Giampaolo
1462:(5): 30–35. 2000.
1193:, Addison-Wesley
1189:Raskin, Jef 2000.
1152:Kahney, Leander.
1130:978-0-385-48684-2
978:on March 12, 2016
930:: Penguin Books.
777:pancreatic cancer
754:therapeutic touch
682:Outside interests
667:, a Professor at
449:-based machines.
361:Contractor writer
266:Data General Nova
164:
163:
119:February 26, 2005
64:
63:
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2134:
2127:
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2074:Michael Spindler
2034:Mark Papermaster
1999:Guerrino De Luca
1899:Satjiv S. Chahil
1889:Chrisann Brennan
1874:Fred D. Anderson
1791:John Giannandrea
1724:Michael Spindler
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1481:on July 10, 2001
1477:. Archived from
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1417:
1415:
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1371:on July 20, 2007
1367:. Archived from
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889:. Archived from
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758:Rogerian science
716:Mac Home Journal
509:
420:operating system
318:
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289:Lawrence, Kansas
272:rather than the
239:computer science
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88:in January 1999.
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1934:Nancy R. Heinen
1869:Angela Ahrendts
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1796:Lisa P. Jackson
1781:Craig Federighi
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268:computers and
201:from "Raske",
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135:Known for
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157:3, including
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104:March 9, 1943
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2094:Ronald Wayne
2084:Larry Tesler
2064:Bruce Sewell
2054:John Sculley
2038:
1979:Guy Kawasaki
1884:Susan Barnes
1826:Johny Srouji
1806:Luca Maestri
1801:Greg Joswiak
1718:John Sculley
1690:Ronald Wayne
1610:February 28,
1608:. Retrieved
1569:
1565:
1534:
1530:
1505:
1495:
1485:December 14,
1483:. Retrieved
1479:the original
1468:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1437:. Retrieved
1435:. p. 56
1432:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1398:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:the original
1359:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1330:
1321:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1296:the original
1291:
1281:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:the original
1205:
1190:
1185:
1176:
1166:
1157:
1147:
1119:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1094:the Guardian
1093:
1083:
1069:
1061:Folklore.org
1060:
1051:
1041:November 20,
1039:. Retrieved
1035:the original
1025:
1015:November 20,
1013:. Retrieved
1004:
996:
992:
980:. Retrieved
976:the original
966:
958:Jef Raskin,
954:
923:
920:Levy, Steven
891:the original
887:Folklore.org
886:
877:
867:February 16,
865:. Retrieved
859:
834:. July 2003.
831:
806:
774:
767:
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685:
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587:
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559:
551:
543:
539:Larry Tesler
535:
512:
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502:
492:
487:
468:
445:than modern
438:
432:
428:Apple Pascal
397:
393:
364:
342:
332:
330:
326:
305:PRINT "text"
278:
252:
192:
170:
166:
165:
121:(2005-02-26)
65:
52:
36:
34:lead section
2248:2005 deaths
2243:1943 births
2207:Bud Tribble
2162:George Crow
2157:Steve Capps
2009:David Nagel
1969:Ron Johnson
1909:Tony Fadell
1904:George Crow
1894:Steve Capps
1836:Bud Tribble
1831:John Ternus
1738:(1997–2011)
1732:(1996–1997)
1726:(1993–1996)
1720:(1983–1993)
1714:(1981–1983)
1708:(1977–1981)
1439:October 17,
1412:December 3,
1275:(in German)
610:open source
413:disk drives
405:text editor
211:mathematics
181:project at
171:Jeff Raskin
2238:Jef Raskin
2232:Categories
2197:Jef Raskin
2192:Susan Kare
2187:Steve Jobs
2182:Bruce Horn
2039:Jef Raskin
2019:Don Norman
1974:Susan Kare
1964:Steve Jobs
1954:Bruce Horn
1864:Gil Amelio
1816:Dan Riccio
1736:Steve Jobs
1730:Gil Amelio
1680:Steve Jobs
1221:August 25,
937:0140291776
799:References
732:fake-books
643:ZUI idea.
629:Aza Raskin
525:-inspired
523:Xerox PARC
519:Steve Jobs
508:Jef Raskin
390:Management
367:Steve Jobs
223:philosophy
199:matronymic
167:Jef Raskin
159:Aza Raskin
100:1943-03-09
72:Jef Raskin
2099:Del Yocam
2029:Rich Page
2014:Ike Nassi
1857:employees
1754:employees
1578:1071-6351
1543:1071-6351
1292:UPA Voice
1139:971131326
946:474924791
922:(2000) .
712:freelance
676:intuitive
647:Cognetics
641:Zoomworld
570:Canon Cat
471:Macintosh
463:Macintosh
453:Macintosh
435:Apple III
274:teletypes
179:Macintosh
86:Canon Cat
55:June 2020
39:summarize
1984:Alan Kay
1959:Jony Ive
1949:Rod Holt
1771:Eddy Cue
1766:Tim Cook
1742:Tim Cook
1673:Founders
1620:cite web
1582:Archived
1547:Archived
1403:Archived
1375:April 9,
1302:June 24,
1117:(1999).
982:June 23,
832:Ubiquity
787:See also
692:recorder
690:and the
562:Apple II
417:P-System
375:Apple II
301:PRINT IT
154:Children
1752:Current
1099:July 7,
701:gliders
634:Mozilla
495:display
447:desktop
321:Fortran
309:JUMP TO
293:COMMENT
219:physics
203:Yiddish
1855:Former
1576:
1541:
1337:May 6,
1197:
1137:
1127:
944:
934:
721:Forbes
708:archer
315:, and
297:GET IT
263:16-bit
213:and a
169:(born
146:Spouse
141:expert
129:, U.S.
110:, U.S.
1585:(PDF)
1562:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
1527:(PDF)
1406:(PDF)
1395:(PDF)
1158:Wired
727:Wired
688:organ
606:Archy
566:Canon
383:BASIC
356:Apple
241:from
229:from
227:music
183:Apple
1699:CEOs
1626:link
1612:2005
1574:ISSN
1539:ISSN
1487:2015
1441:2013
1433:BYTE
1414:2019
1377:2012
1339:2010
1304:2014
1223:2008
1195:ISBN
1135:OCLC
1125:ISBN
1101:2016
1043:2012
1017:2012
984:2018
942:OCLC
932:ISBN
869:2021
756:and
746:BYTE
515:Lisa
481:and
443:PDAs
369:and
317:STOP
281:FLOW
270:CRTs
225:and
116:Died
94:Born
770:Aza
669:MIT
598:BMW
527:GUI
339:BBC
287:in
237:in
217:in
209:in
2234::
1622:}}
1618:{{
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53:(
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